{
    "title": "6-Shogaol (Extract of Ginger) vs Cancer",
    "inventor_name": null,
    "publication_year": 2015,
    "device_name": null,
    "goal": "Demonstrate that 6-shogaol, a ginger constituent, can inhibit cancer growth, invasion and metastasis.",
    "problem_addressed": "Cancer cell proliferation, tumor formation and metastasis.",
    "concept_summary": "6-Shogaol is a natural phenolic compound from ginger that induces apoptosis, autophagy, and inhibits multiple signaling pathways (NF-kappaB, MMP-9, STAT3, CCL2) in cancer cells, leading to reduced tumor size and metastasis in vitro and in mouse models.",
    "detailed_description": null,
    "category": "Medical & Dental Technologies",
    "principles": [
        "Apoptosis induction via reactive oxygen species",
        "Autophagy activation",
        "NF-kappaB pathway inhibition",
        "MMP-9 down-regulation",
        "STAT3 signaling inhibition",
        "CLL2 cytokine suppression",
        "Microtubule damage and mitotic arrest"
    ],
    "scientific_domains": [
        "Pharmacology",
        "Oncology",
        "Biochemistry",
        "Molecular Biology"
    ],
    "mechanisms_of_action": [
        "Induces ROS-mediated apoptosis",
        "Triggers autophagy in cancer cells",
        "Blocks NF-kappaB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation",
        "Reduces MMP-9 gene expression and secretion",
        "Inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation",
        "Suppresses TADC-derived CCL2 production",
        "Damages microtubules leading to mitotic arrest"
    ],
    "materials": [
        "6-Shogaol (C17H24O3)"
    ],
    "energy_sources": [],
    "inputs": [
        "Cancer cell lines (e.g., MDA-MB-231, A549, HCT-116)",
        "Mouse tumor models"
    ],
    "outputs": [
        "Reduced tumor size (56% in mouse prostate model)",
        "Increased cancer cell apoptosis",
        "Decreased cell invasion and metastasis",
        "Lowered MMP-9 and CCL2 levels"
    ],
    "claimed_performance": "56% reduction of mouse prostate tumor size; 10,000-fold greater efficacy than Taxol against cancer stem cells in vitro.",
    "experimental_evidence": "Multiple peer-reviewed studies report apoptosis induction, MMP-9 inhibition, NF-kappaB suppression, STAT3 inhibition, and in-vivo tumor size reduction and metastasis inhibition in mouse models.",
    "replication_status": "Several independent studies (Georgia State University, other labs) have reproduced anticancer effects of 6-shogaol in vitro and in mice.",
    "keywords": [
        "6-Shogaol",
        "Ginger",
        "Apoptosis",
        "Cancer",
        "NF-kappaB",
        "MMP-9",
        "STAT3",
        "CLL2",
        "Metastasis"
    ],
    "related_technologies": [
        "Chemotherapy",
        "Natural product drug development",
        "Targeted cancer therapeutics"
    ],
    "controversy_level": "low",
    "confidence_score": 0.9,
    "practicability_score": 0.6,
    "fringe_score": 0.2,
    "evidence_strength": 0.7,
    "risk_score": 0.2,
    "trl_estimate": 4,
    "source_urls": [
        "http://www.healthnutnews.com/new-study-shows-ginger-is-10000x-stronger-than-chemo-and-only-kills-cancer-cells",
        "http://www.Wikipedia.org/",
        "http://www.aphios.com/products/research-chemicals/6-shogaol.html",
        "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950516",
        "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706603",
        "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf504934m",
        "http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/40/4/742.full"
    ],
    "organizations": [
        "Georgia State University",
        "University of ... (implicit from article references)",
        "National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)"
    ],
    "applications": [
        "Cancer therapy",
        "Anticancer drug development",
        "Immunotherapeutic agent for metastasis control"
    ],
    "limitations": [
        "Lack of human clinical trial data",
        "Stability issues (unstable at room temperature, oxygen, light)",
        "Potential metabolism to less active or unknown metabolites"
    ],
    "open_questions": [
        "Efficacy and safety in humans",
        "Optimal dosing regimen",
        "Long-term pharmacokinetics and metabolism"
    ],
    "red_flags": [
        "Insufficient clinical evidence"
    ],
    "evidence_quotes": [
        "6-Shogaol reduced mouse prostate tumor size by 56%...",
        "6-Shogaol is 10,000 times more effective than Taxol at killing cancer stem cells...",
        "6-Shogaol inhibited PMA-stimulated MDA-MB-231 cell invasion with a dose-dependent reduction in MMP-9...",
        "6-Shogaol decreased cancer-induced up-regulation of CCL2 in tumor-associated dendritic cells, preventing metastasis...",
        "M9 and M11 are bioactive metabolites that can inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis..."
    ]
}