KharnoukovAkula **![](0logo.gif) [rexresearch.com](../index.html)** --- **Roman KARNOUKHOV Akula Generator** --- **[Alexender FROLOV : *New Sources of Energy*](../pdf/frolovnewsourcesofenergy.pdf) ( Excerpt )** ...One of the authors who successfully developed this topic is Roman Karnoukhov (Roman Akula in Internet publications). Roman Karnoukhov's generators are based on modern semiconductor electronics. **Fig. 41. Karnoukhovas generator.** ![](akula1.jpg) Fig. 41 shows a generator that works in stand-alone mode and it can provide 400 watts of power to the payload. On the left side of the photo we can obviously see a "high voltage coil-inductor" with toroidal capacitor at the top of the high voltage coil. It creates an electric field around itself. On the right side of the photo you can see the "receiving" coil that generates a current in the load circuit. There is no toroidal capacitor at the end of the areceivinga coil. Perhaps the electric field in the area of this "receiving" coil is strong enough to induce charges directly in the wires of the winding of this coil. Here is effect of electrical induction, not an electromagnetic induction. Another photo, Fig. 42, shows a horizontal version. Both coils, i.e. the source and the receiver, are on the same axis... **Fig. 42. One of the high voltage generators.** ![](akula2.jpg) --- [**http://www.overunity.com**](http://www.overunity.com) **OverUnity Research > Benches > Grumage (Moderator: Grumage) > Akula0083 30 watt self running generator.****2022-02-26, 23:03:57** If you just want to tune the transformer. In this connection type you will need to use inverter circuit to pulse L2 . But also as soon as you discharge C3 there will be much more current consumed on L1 for C3 recharge. You can try to solder circuit as I provided with fixes (just the driving transistor might be connected in different way) and you will see. Also to isolate MOSFET - the dual/triple shotky diodes in series between coil and transistor solves problem. img wattsup Thanks for your posts. This problem of mine should be present in many mosfet pulsing systems. Right now I removed everything from the mosfet and I am just using it via a 12vdc battery and some leds with the FG around 1-2 Hz and 10% duty and 4-5 volts amplitude. Back to basics. The problem is at the 90% off time, the LEDS are still slightly lit which is a major no no if you are looking to pulse the L1 from nothing to full impulse thus creating the maximum change in the core that would then be imparted to L2. I made a small diagram showing this simple set-up that does not produce clear off times on the LED. Without clear off times, you get weak pulsing and low change in the core. I know I am a dumb ass when it comes to formal EE but I remember very clearly at the top of this thread where I explained great concerns in the diagram. Seems like we are coming full circle here with guys having the device long enough on the bench with the AK30 circuit as originally shown and now looking to make changes that reflect a more logical circuit function. At the time I tried explaining that since B+ enters L1, exits L1 through D5 and then heads to the load, this means the load is receiving a positive B+ at all times. This means at the base of L1 where the mosfet is, that line is always an active B+ (always passing B+) and not the true negative side of a normal coil pulsing scheme where the B+ is dead ended until it is connected to ground via the mosfet. These are two totally different effects. Now when the mosfet closes, the ground is hitting the B+ that is exiting the L1 but is still continuing on to the load as B+. So what does that mosfet pulse accomplish? A major mix up or a token pulse riding above straight DC to load. Then you have L2 and we all are wondering what the hell the polarities are in that coil when is becomes energized via the core flux. Having only R3 between the B+ and top of L2 means B+ is entering the top of L2 which means the bottom of L2 should be negative if the coil is to function in any form of directionality. But the bottom of L2 has a D6 diode pushing the B+ into L2 and that comes from D5 and that is also going to the load. So you have L2 that is biased to B+ from both ends at all times, then how can you expect L2 to produce a clear polarity of its ends to then push some B+ back into C11 to initiate some level of looping? You cannot. L2 is just being held in, hmmmmmm, call it "stasis" since that L2 is simply being frozen in place. L2 has no possible way of anchoring itself to a ground on one side, (lowest potential) to then produce a high positive on the other side to initiate any output. It cannot. That's why I mention to @T-1000 to consider putting a diode between R3 and C11, to keep B+ out of L2 and let that new diode recharge and hold C11. Then the D6-R2-C4 is doing what for L2. We are hoping it will produce a floating ground so L2 can generate some form of clear polarity but I am sure this combo is doing absolutely nothing in that regard because the only thing circulating in that combo is straight B+ which is much more stronger and consistent then any change that can occur via flux transfer to a frozen L2 . If that combo generated any form of B-, it would be shorted out continuously thus creating a major waste of energy. The final point is how to make sure the mosfet pulsing is causing a true on/off of the B+ going through L1 because your scope can see and show the pulse but it cannot confirm if the pulse is going through L1 or is the scope just showing the mosfet pulse that hits the gate and is simply reverberating throughout the circuit or system. How do you know your mosfet is pulsing the L1? Hahaha. Always questions. wattsup PS: I am adding the following pdf on MagAmps because the circuits shown are so close to Akula, TK devices. I think the MagAmp is exactly what Akula made with the yoke device. The yoke device he wants us to forget. He used the yoke to pulse the main coils. I had tried this during the yoke builds we did with Wesley and had found that when I pulsed one primary and applied DC to the other primary, the secondary voltage dropped from around 650 to around 250 volts. This means the yoke could be used as a huge mosfet. led-pulse1.jpg magnetic\_amplifiers.pdf **** And yet another one to hopefully glean some more insight from: **** I think Avalon succesfully replicated Akula small device. [**https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgYLVyswgeQ&feature=youtu.be**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgYLVyswgeQ&feature=youtu.be) Ok, here is circuit attached from akula himself. :) ![](a003.jpg) The idea behind is - after first pulse you let BEMF to reach maximum and hit with current from transistor again on its peak time so the magnetic domains when coming back wil be supported by current and voltage from BEMF WILL ADD with current from transistor so C28 cap will charge from much higher voltage on positive half-cycle. The LEDs are powered from BEMF. After this pulse you need to let ferrite's magnetic domains to return into first position. This is why there is low frequency in akula's ferrite case. EDIT: "ND3/4D>>NDoD3/4 D?D3/4DuND1/2D, NND3/4 D2D1/2DuD1 D'D3/4D+/-D degD2D>>D,D1/2 D?D3/4D2ND3/4ND,ND,D>>N NND3/4D+/-N D1/2Du D1/4NND,NND deg N ND?ND degD2D>>DuD1/2D,DuD1/4 NND degD1/2D*D,NND3/4ND3/4D2! D degND3/4 ND?NNND deg D2 ND3/4 NND3/4 D3DuD1/2DuND degND3/4N D1/2Du ND1/4D3/4DPDuN ND?ND degD2D>>NN NND degD1/2D*D,NND3/4ND degD1/4D, ND degDo DoD degDoD deg D1/2D degD'D3/4." - the main transistor driver correction added in second circuit edition... DcurrencyDDDD Dnot a4.JPG Ok, here is circuit attached from akula himself. :) The idea behind is - after first pulse you let BEMF to reach maximum and hit with current from transistor again on its peak time so the magnetic domains when coming back wil be supported by current and voltage from BEMF WILL ADD with current from transistor so C28 cap will charge from much higher voltage on positive half-cycle. The LEDs are powered from BEMF. After this pulse you need to let ferrite's magnetic domains to return into first position. This is why there is low frequency in akula's ferrite case... The generator in left is said to be 1:1 by akula, the correction generator in the right was not in video. Also that generator is supposed to reset circuit by recharging power input capacitor when parameters change (due temperature/humidity/etc). So it is up to you to replicate effect now... :) T-1 is a PUT, "programmable unijunction transistor", but I think there must be an error in the schematics because it will be instantly destroyed upon turn on as both C28 and C40 have nothing to limit the current that will circulate in those devices upon turn on of T-1. The polarity of operation appears correct. I think the idea was to use the extra winding to create a high voltage charge on C40, then discharge at the correct time through the PUT and into C28 to pump it up, but I think it will destroy the PUT unless some surge limiting resistor is inserted in the loop. A small inductor would be even better as it won't dissipate the energy. PUT's can only take so much current, but a PUT can be fabricated from two complementary transistors, similar to an SCR. A PUT just brings out the unused terminal. See also "silicon controlled switch" a four terminal device where both the SCR and the PUT "gate" connections are available. Akula is a careful designer with good attention to detail, however like most proprietary recipe's the chef leaves out some ingredients or adds others so no one can exactly duplicate his soup. peace bro img T-1000 There is one mistake in circuit diagram I just noticed - the VT14 has wrong arrow, it is supposed to be PNP transistor KT361A - http://alltransistors.com/pdfdatasheet\_russia/kt361a-b-v-g-d-e.pdf Hopefully that will not stop from trying circuit as everyone gone quiet here... T-1 is a PUT, "programmable unijunction transistor", but I think there must be an error in the schematics because it will be instantly destroyed upon turn on as both C28 and C40 have nothing to limit the current that will circulate in those devices upon turn on of T-1. The polarity of operation appears correct. I think the idea was to use the extra winding to create a high voltage charge on C40, then discharge at the correct time through the PUT and into C28 to pump it up, but I think it will destroy the PUT unless some surge limiting resistor is inserted in the loop. A small inductor would be even better as it won't dissipate the energy. PUT's can only take so much current, but a PUT can be fabricated from two complementary transistors, similar to an SCR. A PUT just brings out the unused terminal. See also "silicon controlled switch" a four terminal device where both the SCR and the PUT "gate" connections are available. Akula is a careful designer with good attention to detail, however like most proprietary recipe's the chef leaves out some ingredients or adds others so no one can exactly duplicate his soup. Good evening ION Another discrepancy is the fact that the KT361A is a PNP and his schematic shows a NPN symbol....... Doesn't the Cathode go to ground on the PUT in standard configuration? Akula has his upside down with the Anode on ground. ![](a002.jpg) --- [**Replication of Roman Karnoukhovas (Akula) device by Sergei Stalker (translation rev.3)**](rkrev3.pdf)**Contents** Introduction Controller for FE generator Controller for Tesla Transformer Controlled kacher General diagram of the device Device schematics Push-pull schematic and tuning Resonator coil (grenade) A1/4 wave resonance Pulse amplifier schematic Work of controlled Tesla coil, preliminary tuning DC-DC converter for Tesla coil or kacher --- [**https://www.overunityresearch.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=5gvrm67i0upmb6a842fdnsd3v6&topic=4154.msg96061#msg96061**](https://www.overunityresearch.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=5gvrm67i0upmb6a842fdnsd3v6&topic=4154.msg96061#msg96061) NOTE: Conclusions [in Blue type] regarding (1.) "First; where does the excess energy come from?" and (2.) "Second; how is the high voltage Tesla or Katcher related to the overall operation; is it energy related and how does it transfer to the energy removal coil?" now appear to be pre-mature, and may not be fully correct or complete. Our appologies for any inconvience or problems this "optimistic conclusion" may have caused. As outlined in Reply #2502 below: [**https://www.overunityresearch.com/index.php?topic=3926.msg96225#msg96225**](https://www.overunityresearch.com/index.php?topic=3926.msg96225#msg96225) **Dissappointing Results** With deep remorse we must now be conclude that sustained Overunity, FE, CE (or what ever you want to call it) is extremely unlikely from any Dally, Shark, Ruslan type device. Extensive investigation and analysis of a variety of these apparatus has not uncovered any means by which this excess energy phenomenon can be sustained. This conclusion is also supported by years of failed reproduction attempts done by scores of developers and researchers and considerable, extensive, internal work. Our latest batch of detailed CAE runs were inconclusive at best. With sadness and disappointment we now conclude our search. We hoped that we were wrong; but our efforts must come to an end. Best of luck to all. solarlab --- [**https://lenr.su/forum/index.php?threads/replikacija-konstrukcii-romanakarnouxova-akula.3/**](https://lenr.su/forum/index.php?threads/replikacija-konstrukcii-romana%02karnouxova-akula.3/)**Replication of Roman Karnoukhovas (Akula) device by Sergei Stalker (translation rev.3)** Every novice experimenter in the field of construction of fuel-less generators will inevitably encounter the problem of constructing control circuits for a device, the so-called controllers. And here there are two main directions: 1. circuitry based on logic elements. 2. circuitry on programmable chips. At the same time, the power modules that will be controlled by these controllers are identical. Which way to go is a personal choice of everyone, there are advantages and disadvantages in both directions. But practice has shown that programmable controllers are prone to errors due to the influence of electromagnetic radiation on them during the operation of Tesla coils and resonators, and the system of full shielding with a metal case with its grounding did not save them from "hanging". Therefore, I personally settled on logic with a low degree of integration, direction 1. The video "FEG Controller" shows a schematic diagram of such FEG device controller. The circuit was designed by me and tested in practice. [**https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeEaKI1TZ3s**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeEaKI1TZ3s) Controller for FE generator video transcript: 0:00 Hi everyone Stalker with you today we will talk about FEG controller quite difficult topic for discussion many of those who made FEG donat like talking about it nevertheless I think that I have to show and explain what here and why here a schematic of the controller made by me 0:32 here is how it looks like in device it divided in two parts here we have push pull controller also two trimmers to control Tesla coil pulses width of the pulse burst and itas phase relative to push pull and here a module for Tesla coil control 0:55 in this video we will look in details in module controlling push pull and all this surrounding and in next video we will into Tesla coil controller ok, so letas start 1:14 whatas first ? Here a pulse generator I didnat want to invent anything, you can use other chips if you like here I am using TL494 here you see we have power supply coming in 7812 regulator, capacitor on the input 1:34 capacitor on the output, choke and one more capacitor after it you can see it here on the board here 7812 choke, capacitors next, this was power for all chips in this controller main chip used is TC4093 2:00 here are logical elements inside it Russian analog is K561TL1 what is this elements are ? Element is Shcmitt trigger with inverse output and two AND inputs 2:35 here you can see pin numbering and power supply pins ok, letas move forward we make generator with TL494 you can use any other chip you like 3:00 I would like to bring to your attention capacitor here 6800pf I was tuning system approximately to 15khz this controller will work +/-10khz from this if you need other frequency some components in this schematic will change 3:30 please note capacitor and here two resistors they define frequency here 5k and 500 ohm in series here these two resistors on the board why? 3:53 we need this to be able fine tune the frequency otherwise you will not see all interesting athingsa so I can tune frequency with 0.001hz precision nothing we can do, itas a way how system works tuning should be very precise 4:15 do you remember that once Ruslan Kalabuhov mentioned that he has frequency adjusting resistor and you can attach a small motor to turn it and it is very difficult to de-tune system next we could send generator outputs directly to MOSFET drivers but this doesnat work for us 4:40 we need to add one more chip and made delay with it delay implemented with R and C at the 4093 inputs how this work signal from TL494 go thru resistors 10ohm come to 4093 input 5:11 it come thru 4093 and feed to resistor resistor limiting current and so it allow to adjust charging time of this capacitor so the higher resistance the longer capacitor will be charging and so we have here interesting effect here I will explain it 5:50 we have slow rising edge and trigger has a point where it is switching from 0 to 1 so the longer this rising edge the longer delay 6:12 so changing resistor we can control the delay we do this because it will help us control Tesla coil so that we could move along all current sine 6:45 if we do not make this delay our Tesla will late and we will be making pulses at a wrong time there is no reason beat into falling sine slope and even more strange would be pulse during dead time 7:07 there is such disinformation in the web in dead time current is zero, so canat accelerate nothing at that moment ok, next so we made a delay for both channel after that we send our signals to drivers 7:30 here are drivers, I have here UCC37322 how I showed earlier there no need for such powerful drivers this is my test and prototype board so I use it for different purposes 7:55 Ok, so common power it marked here +15v then drivers also powered with 15v and push pull output stage powered with 24v how it made on the board here a use DC-DC step down 24a15v 24v comes from these power supplies 8:37 here you see wire going directly to driver powerful without 7812 it is presented here we have pol cap here and ceramic 4.7uf on each drive power pins and here resistors and push pull output stage you can watch it in a separate video about push pull 9:12 we will not look into it there were no changes at that part ok, we made delayed signals for push pull now original signal go to this socket here it is on the board you can see a piece of wire here here you can see it well 9:46 we need this so that we can chose on what halph of sine we will work on positive or on negative half we can connect one or another output of TL494 10:37 here we have a part of schematic which controls Tesla coil i.e. it controls phase and length of Tesla coil pulse burst how it works selected signal from TL494 go to input of another TC4093 similar time delay circuit here here 4700pf capacitor for delay and then signal go to similar TC4093 which performs function of subtracting signal from itself how it works? 11:46 I will explain it with this picture for example letas assume we have such signal here we have Schmitt trigger with inverse output we get this signal, wide 12:03 then this signal go to resistors here it is 10k then we do interesting thing we feed signal and inverse and delayed signal to another element and so what happen letas check input 5 we have here original signal but on 6 input we have delayed signal and so what 2AND logic doing, it subtract signals then we just need to invert it one more time 14:13 I will show how it works when we look how Tesla coil works 14:52 now it is clear why we need delay for push pull we use not delayed signal to control Tesla coil co we can move along all sine wave 15:11 now I will show how this works letas see how delay working yellow is on the TL494 output here it is blue on the MOSFET gate now I will turn delay adjusting trimmer and we will see how delay circuit working 15:51 now you can see that because of capacitor there already small delay now I will start turning you see yellow is TL494 output and blue is driver output you see signal delayed 16:18 on the circuit this is one of these two resistors when tuning you will need to adjust both channels so that phase between them 180 degree how usually push pull work 17:00 also this delay circuit does not affect duty cycle I will change now duty cycle letas see 17:11 see what happen I change dyty cycle on TL494 and so it changing on the driver output so it works, we can control duty cycle also 17:37 ok, so our delay works so our system can work with Tesla coil leading push pull pulses now I will reconnect blue channel to output where we control Tesla coil 18:06 here this output on the schematic 18:17 two TC4093 chips controlling phase and length and outpout socket with 3 wires output, ground and power 18:36 here these 3 wires black is ground, red is power and white is signal here it is on the Tesla coil control board now I will connect scope probe and we will see how pulse burst controlled 19:10 letas see yellow probe still on TL494 output now first I will turn this trimmer which controls phase and then next this one which controls length 19:35 now changing length difficult with left hand but I will try 19:58 we see that pulse burst length is decreasing so this circuit working fine we can tune even one pulse on the Tesla coil 20:27 now turning back, it get wider this was one resistor here another which controls phase here it moving we can see why delay needed we canat move output outside the original pulse 21:19 so if we would not have delay, we will be late but now in this position our signal is leading the current sine so we can work in the region where current sine crossing zero and start rising 22:00 so here we are working in the rising part of sine wave 22:22 and here we can work on falling part of sine wave for that we need such delayed setup now it synchronized with one channel we can reconnect to the second channel using this socket 22:48 here it is on the board ok, next letas see what is happening inside the pulse burst here it in bigger scale 23:06 here blue channel scope probe I reconnect it to the driver output which controls Tesla coil here you can see pulse inside the pulse burst very nice so that we can control Tesla from the push pull board 23:51 for example I changing length 24:11 also can make it shorter see we can make almost nanosecond generator with this setup astrucka with just one pulse here you see just one pulse so we can make 2, 3,4,5 pulses we actually donat need more for this Tesla coil 4-6 pulses, no more, more are useless 25:01 when we look how this board works here we have frequency and duty cycle controls for these pulses but this will be in the next video 25:31 here the pulse burst we can also change itas position (phase) you can see it is moving circuit allow adjustment in wide range so very nice for tuning now driver working on MOSFET gate 26:23 currently frequency about 1.6mhz here this nice pulse edges give UCC37322 driver on the gate quite nice looking signal for such frequency 26:58 So here it is such controller build it, no pity I spent long time to design it working but it is fine people doing a secret out of it but I say you honestly, this is just 10% of the working device :) absolutely no reason to make secret out of it ok, what I would like to show here on TL494 we have a input pin 3 marked with a star my circuit is multi functional I didnat show here I have one more chip so it is possible to make push pull also producing pulse bursts e.g. for controlling Tesla coils so if somebody interested you apply high level to pin 3 and TL494 stops and so you get modulated push pull one more time schematic everything is easy obtainable, I didnat want use 5v logic because we will be starting our system from 12v battery 28:28 so we will have 12v right away and this DC-DC converter will make 15v from 24v when system running so we power drivers with 15v and logic thru 7812 regulator all RC now shown for 12v power if you wan use other voltage all timing will change because Schmitt trigger levels will change now this 1000pf and 6800pf carefully selected for 12v operation if you can find TC4093 you can use Russian K561TL1 now this values are for 15khz central frequency but you can change it if you need, just change these RCs everything will work circuit tested, feel free to replicate :) In the video "Controller TT" the high-voltage module for the Tesla transformer (TT), which is compatible with the synchronization system of the FEG controller, has been discussed in detail. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bhc1xFNgrVA video transcript 0:00 hello everyone, stalker with you, we continue today we will talk about control circuit for our Tesla coil about the board for it, first, look here my control schematic 0:16 now we have reached this place there is an output from this control board of push-pull synchronization and where is one chip for controlling phase and another for controlling length of pulse burst here three wires go to Tesla control board 0:41 Tesla coil control board we place scope probe now we will observe the scope traces on the yellow channel of the oscilloscope 1:00 it is connected directly to what comes from the push pull board we should get these sync pulses now we will make them bigger on the scope here the width of these sync pulse is changed by 4093 chip 1:20 if I turn trimmer resistor on the board here you can see now I am decreasing width of this pulse and this pulse length will define number of pulses in the pulse burst 1:42 everything in order, but if somebody interested here total consumption of the entire controller with all drivers 1:57 so and here is the schematic of the Tesla coil control board itself what are we seeing here so here have arrived the power supply 15volts also came pulse itself and common wire 2:18 here it is, red is power supply, black is common, white thin wire is synchronization signal ok, what we see also power supply comes to 7812 regulator with standard components around, choke needed for noise filtering and one more capacitor 2:40 same power arrangement as on previous board and very important driver powered directly, not thru 7812 regulator this is mandatory 3:00 ok, letas look further what we have first our signal comes to ir2113 driver itas first channel, this is pin 10 and comes out at pin 7 thru resistor to diode kd522 or any other fast pulse diode (translator note: e.g. 1N4148) 3:23 and come to this jumper this jumper is presented on the board here it is also visible here metal jumper set what is it it gives us if this jumper is removed from Tesla will work in a similar way as Kacher in continuous mode the generator will not be interrupted and will go in continuous generation 3:56 who needs this function, removes the connection and that's it Tesla turns into kacher further from it the signal goes to our chip TC4093 then what happens here on this chip we will take a closer look at picture make it clear here the logic 4:25 our signal that comes from the push pool is here this one on the oscilloscope, so it gets to the driver to the first channel amplified and hits the diode after what is the logical element of this chip here on this logical element implemented oscillator this is marked here frequency in the pulse burst this is resistance 200ohm 260 ohm from output to the input is sent to the capacitor as well 5:00 how this schematic works we have, when the input is a low signal level here let's say in the Schmitt trigger inverts our high level signal high signal level sent through resistors to the input capacitor, the capacitor is charged to high potential to the point of trigger and output signal resets to low after this capacitor is discharged again there is a high signal level and that's it 5:39 repeats, that is, we have here on this the circuit assembled an auto-generator its frequency changed by this resistor, i.e. we change the number of charges that go on the plate of this capacitor, this time setting circuit 5:54 creates for us a generation, what makes diode here then through diode it a high level comes through the driver this diode switches on sharply saturates capacitor and since here the high level is kept here at the output low all schematic stops and there is no generation what we need this signal for ? 6:20 this signal is actually this one large rectangle this is the time for which this capacitor is locked and this time which is given for that the schematic make continued generation in this way implemented frequency oscillator for Tesla coil 6:44 further, why is the driver used here you won't be able do anything without it you can try, without driver it will always have the first pulse width different in relationship to other pulses 7:00 and stability will be lost, in addition here you can see that and output from this logical element goes also to the second driver input and through it goes further to the next RC, that is, the driver we have completely separates this logical element from all influences from the outside, from power supply noise 7:30 and from the subsequent circuit the decoupling occurs and this circuit is very stably keeps frequency in this way we achieve and thermal stability and remove frequency drift 7:50 further according to the schematic output of this one frequency goes to the next chain that also sets the time, it is responsible for the duty cycle duty cycle varies from 30 and practically up to 50 percent depending on frequency, but there might be 48 percent somewhere maximum 8:10 thru damping resistor and trimmer resistor 310ohm and capacitance 470 pf and also come to same chip TC4093 to the second logical element circuit work the same way we adjust the number of charges passing in a unit of time charging the capacitor and therefore we work same way also at the hysteresis point of this trigger of this element and we change duty cycle here mandatory element this little resistor is 1k without it this will work at all 9:00 next, we still need one element for inversion and we we get our pulse bursts, that is, the schematic is simple and reliable as a Kalashnikov rifle I it recommend for use we have analyzed the logic and so here how it looks on the schematic 9:27 driver, components around it, diode, jumper signal comes to logical element here is our resistors presented this is frequency adjusting trimmer and capacitance well and here from the output we take the amplified 9:57 signal, we get an output at pin 4 so it go again to second driver channel 20 ohm resistance and that's the duty cycle adjustment here is the resistor 1k further happens one more inversion here input 10:14 logic element inputs 9 and 8 output 10, from it go to another element inputs 13 and 12, inverted and go through resistance 10 ohm to the driver, we have here ucc37322 10:42 from the driver signal go thru 1.5 ohm to gate, transistor k2611 the transistor works through fast diode in this case mur860 and then I picked it up here resistance 2 ohm it is needed for the operation of this transistor without overload, further, to the Tesla inductor (translator note: inductor = primary coil) 11:07 so how it looks on the board, well, here's our dumping resistance 1.5 ohm here is the discharge resistance at the gate 1k by the way, guys, I haven't finished drawing, it have to be done, without it will not work for this case now we will correct how it looks right in front of you 11:41 we draw resistance and here it is to the common wire, and like this we pass and sign 1k key powered through the DC-DC converter in my case made a converter 12 to 200 volts 12:19 here this board, also push pool type in this converter I made voltage feedback so we have ability to adjust nominal supply voltage, ok, we see plus go directly to the inductor here for the Tesla coil and our minus goes to transistor source pin 12:50 voltage adjustment is an important factor for the tuning of the entire this system so not only duty cycle here, but also Tesla coil power supply voltage it needs to be adjusted, the system will not work if you feed too much voltage or too little, that is, this parameter is needed to be tuned individually in further videos I will show how it works, Tesla coil, although I already have on my channel video recorded about Tesla coil and preliminary tuning now I will show scope traces here is quite acceptable in in my case, 130 volts are now set 13:36 only 4 pulses and the system works very well I'll show the schematic once again and go to scope traces 13:50 so the second channel is blue now directly on the transistoras gate is turned on, and we see we have pulse bursts making bigger scale here in in this case, we now have two and a half pulses 14:15 from system goes now I will find my screwdriver and we will adjust on the board here frequency control trimmer resistor and duty cycle of the pulses control I will turn now the trimmer resistor on this board it is pulse burst width control 14:46 let's see how the circuit works see what I'm doing, now I'm decreasing we'll see decreasing sync pulse and here on the blue trace 15:00 we see that with this system it is possible to generate even one pulse so you can do even a nanosecond pulse generator with this setup you can make width so small that there will be only one pulse for example, I add 2 pulse, 3 it is generally adjustable up to 10 pulses all I will not show it all here 4, try it yourself when you build it 5 and so on, let's go back at I'm interested in work with 4-5 impulses no more needed, so now let's follow 15:39 I will now be working on the duty cycle in the pulse burst the resistance that responds for duty cycle duty cycle regulated anywhere from 30 to 50 percent the same I said, here letas look 16:00 by the way frequency adjustment of the system itself, it will also influence the higher the frequency, the more we have pulses in the burst, but now I will turn the trimmer resistor for duty cycle is the minimum duty cycle and we begin to increase it is clearly visible that the duty cycle in the bursts increases the pulse burst itself does not move anywhere from sync pulse everything works fine 16:31 duty cycle will be clearly regulated even on one pulse now I will decrease pulse burst up to one pulse for example, select the number of pulses here our picture 17:00 set the sync pulse down, so that it was clearly visible now we see that we have on each sync pulse single the pulse in the system now duty cycle at the maximum, that is full-fledged nanosecond generator here maximum duty cycle and now I will reduce duty cycle 17:35 you can see that it is regulated like this in wide range if you need reduce even more the duty cycle, for example, for a nanosecond generator you just add the frequency on the master oscillator and the duty cycle will be much less 18:00 so, why we need adjustment for for duty cycle for Tesla coil ? this is an important parameter, this is also needed for system synchronization it works in pair with adjustment of supply voltage important parameter, when you do tuning do not forget to about this because with no adjustment of duty cycle in the pulse burst you will fail this is how compact it looks everyone will make board for themselves 18:37 yes, I want you to pay attention, see resistor here these are 2 ohms how they are made, on heatsink I placed 3 in paralleled by 2 watts because through them we have a high current which goes to Teslaas coil inductor is mandatory for cooling, here is the diode, in this enclosure mur860 it directly goes to the drain of this transistor k2611 19:00 good luck to everyone in the design, wait further videos support my channel with your athumb upa button letas work together Another version of the high-voltage module is presented in the video "Controlled kacher", which can also be connected to the FEG controller instead of the TT controller module. This high-voltage unit is assembled according to the schematic of a controlled auto-generator. **** video transcript 0:00 good time today to everyone I will tell today how to make a circuit of controlled kacher for our systems the schematic turned out to be working ok modulation can produced by an impulse of a given duty cycle with frequencies from tenths of hertz up to 50 khtz when system works 0:23 on the kacher's circuit, that is high voltage Tesla coil commutation with acolda end connected to the base of the transistor or up to 100 khz if this circuit is to be used as a switch when working on a resistive load such as a incandescent lamp 0:52 here you can see that the values are indicated, divider resistors, here are the values in brackets, these ones resistors selected for those who will make the system as a switch to work on an active load so that here on the base of the transistor 1:18 with these values of 350ohms and 740ohms the system create a bias of 4.7volts in this point if we look measure voltage here with the disconnected base of transistor 2sc5200 1:40 this divider creates 4.7volts with supply voltage which is 15 volts in this system value in brackets our main value which will be used on the kacher's circuit and also by analogy with the previous schematic which gave 3.3k and 2.7k (showing schematic of non-modulated kacher) 2:10 the circuit through which the kacher is powered similar, and in this system here it is presented except that it is drawn here DC-DC converter step-up DC-DC converter 2:34 I also gave it in my videos from 12v, there is output voltage from 50 to 200 volts this circuit of controlled kacher start working in the region of 10 volts supply voltage (at this point) 2:55 I tested it up to 100 volts, in particular our transistor operational up to 200 volts main power switch circuit is fully compatible with in this schematic which I also gave 3:19 you can watch my video acontroller for FEGa except for one moment this is how it connected the same connector and we continue here (on another schematic) one important thing, such that for controlled Tesla coil 3:45 control pulses we needed like this, a long signal with a small pause between them, this pause is for controlled Tesla and 4:03 formed these pulse bursts according to its logic in previous videos we also sorted out this moment for this board it is not right to be compatible we need to remove one inversion in this case, we do not connect to the pin 10 of TC4093 that goes to the output but to the pin 11, that is, we remove one inversion and then we have a signal at the input here is such a form, we can we set its duty cycle controlling 4:50 running time of the controlled kacher circuit and to implement this schematic of controlled kacher and we need two chips, one of them is famous driver for my previous video ir2113 this is a two-channel driver that does not forms dead time between signals and second chip TC4093 is 4 Schmitt trigger with 2 AND inputs and inversion on the output 5:39 several resistors, pay special attention to resistors that bias the gate of the transistor of p conduction because transistor of p conduction needs to control of negative voltage, and n channel transistor we control with positive potential, with them all easier, for p channel it is necessary make a system that controls with negative voltage and this one our divider, we will be interested in which in ultimately determines consumption and stability of this circuit 6:33 the divider on the gate of the transistor irf4905 is selected in such a way that here the negative voltage was about 14.7volts it is the same as n channel transistors can be controlled by voltage up to 20 volts but most importantly, this divider is chosen so so that this transistor during its operation lengthened the time of signal 7:06 in relation to that time which comes from the drain of the n channel control transistor this is one of the features of this schematic is also need a fast schotky diode in this case sr510 but actually a 2sc5200 transistor and two n channel transistors 7:37 now let's analyze the logic of this schematic I prepared a drawing which will make it easier to understand how this works according to the schematic, driver our chip TC4093 and schematically indicated the switches that work in the schematic, that is, first transistor, second, third, but our main 4 we do not denote it here it does not participate in the logic, it is a power switch 8:16 look, control signal with some the duty cycle that we set with using an external generator it goes directly to the first channel the driver has an output from the pin 1 and go to transistor 2 transistor 2 in our case, this is this transistor, which controls p channel transistor, now the logic of the action, the control transistor one that shorting base of the power transistor to ground, we control it through logical 9:11 elements of the TC4093 why it is done ? to add some time delay by several inversions logic elements create small delay in order to to shift signals in time 9:33 now let's figure out what's going on the outputs of the driver here after we submitted this signal to driver, we have at pin 7 a signal with a lag relative to signal on pin 1 here it is shown on a time diagram that signal on pin 1 is slightly ahead of signal on pin 7 10:11 then the signal goes to the transistors they are marked here and what happens here you need to understand that transistors, they have properties as well as logic gate invert signal we are considering this process, that is, it was here is the signal on the second transistor it inverted but he turned here is our signal shaded at the time as the signal on the first transistor also invert to this signal but the time lag between them remained 10:51 since these transistors have the same marking, the time the delays on them are the same transistors are same series so far we have time delays only due to elements of TC 4093 11:12 then the signal from transistor 2 through the resistor divider falls on transistor 3 and resistor divider selected so that on transistor 3 we have signed here duty cycle increases so that it increased the duty cycle of this signal 11:34 it inverts our signal, shaded, but together with the fact that he it inverts, it it also increases it in time, while transistor 1 leaves the signal inverted but time with respect to the input signal but and does not change in time and if you check these points with a dual channel oscilloscope 12:00 it will be clearly seen that the signal is on the drain transistor 3 increased its duration in relation to the input signal and it will also be noticeable time shift, this is done so that the transistors worked with overlapping signal, artificially we create in this system the pass thru current between two transistors 12:34 in this case it is not dangerous because transistors operates in such mode to a resistor through a diode, that is, this resistance converts the thru current to thermal energy resistor this by the way, it doesn't get very hot I recommend to put here here in these circuits here are 2watt resistors 13:04 but 1watt also fit well, and these like 1watt can be used and so now, if we go to the next point here I drew signals here 13:20 if we disconnect transistor 1 from the divider by resistor, we will see such a signal its form here will be exactly this this will be the control signal which comes out of the drain of the transistor three that is p channel transistor it has such a rising edge and some falling edge 13:48 but longer in time and if now let's see the signal that comes out from the drain of the transistor 1 it has a delay since we formed it here this delay, and its leading edge falls here at this point 14:10 the moment occurs when this transistor opens some time where transistors work with overlapping and actually, our signal takes this shape this we need, some smoothing of rise edge given transistor take this very well and works in switching mode fine that is, do not worry about this leading edge especially when the system works in 14:45 kacher mode and it doesn't matter how leading edge looks like because kacher for a while like any coil Tesla accelerates to its maximum just this insignificant time is enough to accelerate it and so more this smooth edge observed somewhere from 40khz and above at lower frequencies it is practically appears as a rectangular 15:21 and so, for what did we do this moment with overlapping ? in the first place, this moment with overlapping allows you to cut off from the circuit here this resistor and sharply set the base of our power switch to ground since the switch is n-channel conductivity negative potential voltage on its base it is abruptly close it the same time this key still plays a very important role it does not allow the kacher to start in the sense that it is marked with a dotted line that we have a common ground conductor is also a grounded wire 16:17 that this transistor excludes not only this resistor also sets the base on ground and also connects the cold end of Tesla coil directly to the ground further any osculations that could excite generation of this power switch, they can no longer get to base, because base and emitter junction the power switch has some resistance which is more than resistance of the open MOSFET transistor switch and therefore, the ground is connected with cold end of 17:02 high-voltage coil and no longer any oscilations can force the given transistor to operate in generator mode the only thing that can be seen when work at high frequencies about 20 to 50 kHz if your kacheras high voltage coil has a good quality factor you can watch the moment of rise that we are 17:37 we will further consider this on scope traces rise to the maximum and then the tail of decay if modulation is enough close in time at frequencies above 20 khz then you can see such a moment that fading tail intersects with the moment increase that is, at the moment kacher no longer works but because of his Q factors still exist in it damped oscillations but at the same time such a switching circuit damped oscillation is only free the kacher does not work at this moment and consumes nothing 18:13 letas consider circuit solutions in this case we can observe that the chain through which the power supply connected remains the same from the previous schematic of an regular (translator note: continuous mode) kacher and here it is presented in this diagram this circuit has input terminals, connect positive and negative poles of power supply, capacitance here further, filter with opposite winding, further, again the main filter capacitor and high frequency film capacitor we analyzed this moment and for this board 19:02 I just made an additional board which controls our power switch the switches are on the heatsink here its clearly visible by the way the heatsink is too big for it it doesnat get too hot, ok put on a smaller one and so we we can observe our chip here as on which implements delay TC4093, dual channel driver other components, input with filters and now we have the main divider to the base of our power switch 3.3k, 2.7k, schottky diode sr510 19:56 and here are three transistors that are on a common radiator transistors a little warm therefore put them on the radiator, you can use individual smaller heatsinks I use heatsink to mechanically reinforce prototype board I tried use minimum components, system workable the power supply is connected to the inductor instead of inductor as I said earlier, you can connect resistive load and use circuit to operate switch 20:44 now we will connect the circuit to the driver and let's see its capabilities in action this is how the breadboard is assembled and connected to the ground because the grounding for this system plays an important role connected power supply I use two laboratory power supplies the separate one has a rating of 15 volts a consumption is visible now logical part without applied signal 21:19 we will change the voltage at the input here PSU voltage adjusted with this trimmer and we will observe the power consumption, signal will be feed directly from the laboratory signal generator it is now in pulse mode pulse amplitude we will have 10 volts 21:45 in a positive half-cycle with a duty cycle starting 10 percent will use scope to see what it hapening main power supply for the power switch connected to this point and then goes to other parts according to the diagram ok, switched on the circuit it starts working from the control signal with a duty cycle of 17 percent is now in 22:17 this case, the frequency is 10 kilohertz for the convenience of observing the signals, we see that the system does not consume much the logical part, here we have a voltage supply and current consumption at which this system has entered a stable generation 22:43 now we can observe that the field is not too large around the system i.e. if I touch with neon bulb it lights up and here the oscilloscope probe is near we can observe scope traces 23:00 how does it work now kacher at this supply voltage we see that the quality factor of the system is very high we can also see additional wave which carries out some amplitude modulation in the system and you canl experiment an interesting moment now, if you bring your hand to the high-voltage coil you can see how the system reacts 23:40 for a proper test, we will now increase supply voltage of our system example works well confidently here we apply 55v see consumption slightly increased signal naturally goes off scale and you can already hear that appeared at the end aphitonkaa (translator note: HV HF discharge) we now hear the sound from frequency 10 khz let's try to increase the duty cycle 24:23 increasing the duty cycle, we observe changing the scope trace already visible increases from duty cycle consumption of the system, clear that aphitonkaa has become powerful stretches up to 1.2-1.5 centimeter we see scope trace that the working time of our system increases, raise the control duty cycle impulse then now set 40 percent duty cycle of the control pulse 25:15 the scope trace has this shape, but we already have such a mode on the system which is not interesting because the duty cycle is very large visually you see that aphitonkaa became a very powerful neon bulb glows at a long distance and it burns very well with this frequency 24:45 by the way, with this schematic you can do singing Tesla coil which will play midi file now I will show you by an example frequency you can listen to the sound right now 26:00 now we have 3 khz and now we hear a sound that our aphitonkaa produce we'll see that at 3 kilohertz happens you can move to 26:27 1 khz, the tone sound, now I change the frequency here it goes already there in inaudible range now 25 khz see that also modulation of kacher works ok, I will reduce duty cycle 26:57 to 30 percent that is the system works stable, aphitonkaa powerful enough at 30 percent at frequency of 25 kilohertz we have this voltage and current consumption 27:18 here I set 20 percent duty cycle consumption immediately dropped noticeably in general, the system will work somewhere here with this consumption 23-25 percent of the control impulse, the total consumption now let's see the frequency capabilities 25 khz 35 khz 45 khz 28:04 it can be seen that the modulation system carried out 55khz here the work of the system stops at 55 percent because you need to add the duty cycle I added a control pulse, up to 35 percent and the system started working again 28:39 the adjustment range is very wide let's play again in the musical mode 28:57 very interesting thing now we can move to 100hz, can make 50 hz for modulation here is 50 hertz now I will show scope traces here they are, we see that 29:35 I have this shape and I reduce now 15 percent is clearly audible the transformer sound is the same as it works, starts sparking on metal object with a frequency of 50 hertz 30:00 that is, a circuit even for experiments very good for those who want study and build something like that interesting even just for demonstration 30:19 this sound is now from aphitonkaa 31:00 played enough, build your own and play with it the thing is cool, I turn it off, pulsing all channel off, only the consumption of the logical parts and now we see that consumption of power stage is zero 31:26 let's move on specifically to our tasks the circuit remains working even when connecting a large enough antenna we can also observe that it produce aphitonikaa with the same modulation frequency on the antenna itself that is, the antenna itself is produce aphitonkaa on metal object when connected antenna we have a large the diameter of the electric field that is neon bulb reacts from big enough distance consumption with antenna here 32:08 now I would like to note such an important feature of the kacher setup now I will scale up the scope trace to carrier signal, see clear sine 32:25 observe: I put my hand closer, I can see that the frequency float, that is, you can see here now on the oscilloscope that kacher this circuit which is auto generator with feedback to the base transistor and in our system it useful so that when this is here the antenna is with us directly over the inductor of the system 32:46 the magnetic field of the inductor creates a interference to the antenna and this potential voltage sent through high-voltage coil to the base of our power transistor, in this way, kacher has one irreplaceable plus in relation to controlled Tesla coil just for the for those who will work on the so-called glitch chips TL494 33:21 this is the effect that now feedback is provided when the hand approaches, it also works and from interference from the inductor and it turns out such a moment that kacher makes it easier phase-adjust frequencies among themselves on the low part of our what is happening in the circuit push pull inductor and our high voltage high frequency system precisely because it 33:56 auto-generator controlled by Tesla coil unfortunately, this does not allow there either this moment has to be corrected manually therefore other things being equal conditions when working on a kacher, tuning of the system is easier 34:12 there is also a moment, that kacher is very clear seen that it ringing, now it is observed that signal has reached its maximum even if we will now change the duty cycle control signal to 20 percent we also see that when the system has a good Q-factor, tail ringing is big enough 34:44 how to get rid of it the system, that is, we we see that we have some moment acceleration to the maximum and then decline you can get rid of this tail just apply the usual schematic solution, here at the tip of the antenna where we have aphitonkaa on metal object we make an spark gap to the ground and by spacing tune it 35:16 here see scope trace, see I bring a metal object and the ringing disappears now the ringing goes away in our the system now I will try to tune more precisely 35:40 so that we see this moment 35:50 it is clearly seen that the ringing is cut with with the help of a spark gap, this is the whole tail can be cut very well by the way the spark gap will regulate the final amplitude on our high-voltage terminal I wish you all successful experiments and all the best The video "General diagram of the device" shows a block diagram of the connection of all electronic modules and considers the implementation of the "self-looped" power system. **** video transcript 0:00 good time to everyone I have been questioned for a long time on my channel about the general block diagram, how modules are connected to each other, its main components I did not give this schematic for some time for certain reasons because it was necessary to check out many options and evaluate their mutual work in a common system on this picture is presented block diagram 0:38 of the device that we are now will analyze I want to say that it is the option on which I am now settled I don't want to impose it on anyone because there is some confusion between those who talks about how it works 1:00 this does not mean that people are cheating it can mean one thing that there are many versions of this device that's why one person can speak one and the other radically the opposite I want to give a little advice, best when you build device like this to rely on your own opinion, do your own experiments and draw conclusions from them and above all believe the testimony specifically of your devices 1:53 so my main component of this device is our coil, it will be the reactor in which process takes place and if people do devices and the same processes in occur in the inductor, then the statement is true that, this coil they already have simply a pick-up coil can be wound as you want, e.g. as one layer coil 2:27 if the main process is running in the inductor I work with other design principle, therefore, to the manufacturing of this coil we have certain requirements how to make it I already made a video which is called aa resonatora 2:53 further, the second main component is low-frequency master oscillator it is made on the basis of the push-pull which works on a ferrite core with a gap and from the ferrite core, there are two secondary windings 3:20 3-4 turns one winding and about 20 turns second winding, here this winding 25 turns is connected to the main coil to the cold end and it all forms a aloopa 3:44 this loop on low frequency is not resonant, here you can see that I marked the decoding in the figure, characters means D right winding direction, D left winding direction, and asterisk means to adjust during tuning these components such as capacitors or windings, the number of turns must be selected in practice for particular device 4:12 about direction so here the symbols are indicated where the right ones and the left in this case is a certain rule that I try stick it right-handed winding for magnetic field and left winding for electric field 4:40 so there is a moment that introduces some misunderstandings how to wind right and left winding I like define and in particular, if we wind the coil, let's say here we have a wire, frame, we take 5:00 left hand and clamp the beginning of the wire now if we do winding with the right hand and then look along direction how we wind and what is seen is winding goes clockwise 5:26 defines that it is a winding is right-handed if we take wire with his left hand and we clamp it and wind it on the other side and now we want to determine the direction of winding then we also need to look at direction from left to right and look from 5:55 the side to which the wire rises on the frame and here we clearly see that our winding is made against clockwise means this will be left side winding 6:12 this module of converter in practice looks like this ferrite from deflector system of old TV usually these are there the low-frequency ferrites you can use a ferrite ring also without gap, just when no gap the tuning gets a little more complicated 6:45 tuning of push-pull but since this one goes split into 2 halves from the factory there is no difficulties with it 7:00 the fact that these are here 3turns pickup coil we have it on the opposite halve of the core in relation to turns controlled by transistors here are 8-10 turns primary windings of push pull gaps, we have gaps in these points so 3 turns coil should be on the opposite side it is form a decoupling transformer we have this white wire, these 25 turns, here is their output, which then follow the schematic to the cold end of our coil and to capacitance that connects afterwards 8:00 with the hot end of the coil these are the leads which go directly to the drains of transistors here in the center you can see the middle point of these windings here it is goes with us to plus of power supply converters and also see that on on the back we have the main storage capacity for push pull 8:32 and the plus connects to the center point this is our wire going to minus which goes to the sources of transistors but this is generally a power supply wire, this one 8:53 the question arises for what purpose we connected this coil in series with twenty five turns this is done so that in the system forming a serial oscillator circuit of inductor with these 3 turns not just have a sinusoidal oscillations of a certain frequency but these sinusoidal oscillations should be amplitude modulated if we look here, at this point, with correct tuning, we will see that our carrier signal is modulated then 9:35 we can see either afisha like signal with modulation to a zero or a partial modulation but modulation in the inductor circuit must be at least 50 percent of amplitude for the same purpose we have power supply to the converter not 12 volts but 24 this increase in power supply voltage allows us reduce number of of turns 10:07 which we wind here number of these turns decreases therefore 25 turns of left winding are also marked with an asterisk and on the number of these turns need to be tuned to that moment so active voltage which is supplied into this circuit when you see what a in inductor you have amplitude modulations 10:38 carrier signal without such modulation in inductor you will not be able get the system working at all might have noticed that I am using for inverter power supply not one unit with rated output voltage 24 volts but two power supplies connected in series with a rating of 12 volts 11:04 using power supplies from the company Navigator rated 5 amp at 12.5v volts power supplies designed to keep running the system in offline mode when it goes to rated power 11:26 this connection of power supplies allows start the system from battery at 12 volt start is done like this first this toggle switch closes power supplied to the converter, also goes to all control chips in all modules, we already looked schematics of the of these modules 12:00 and also power, after this button is closed, goes to the converter that supplies power for Tesla coil or kacher, with such connection at this point, there is no need to put a diode that blocks the voltage that comes from the power supply when the system running on itself this battery can remain in the system, no need to disconnect it, and while this toggle switch is closed it battery is charging 12:38 for clarity we will test the system with two power supplies connected in series, we have two power supplies 12 volts each we have a starting battery, this is the output we have this point which connects plus battery, the second output is our 24 volt output which subsequently go to power of push pull converter 13:20 connected now common of multimeter with minus of battery and measure the voltage on battery see it is 12.9 volts now i am connecting to pin which in future will be 24 volts from the power supply, here in this one here 13:52 and the middle point, the connection of two power supply, connected to the battery we see that the voltage of battery minus drop on diodes in power supplies appeared on output second of the power supply while the battery can be freely turned on this voltage we have at the output and now you can see that one of the LEDs on the power supply module lit up 14:30 on the power supplies to which we apply battery potential, now I will connect the power supplies to the mains, they will begin to generate voltage and we we will already see the voltage of the common output two modules on the multimeter 15:00 connecting the PSUs, we see that the voltage we have changed, 24.99 volts almost 25 and we see what is in this including we have a rechargeable battery under potential from the first power supply and will constantly be in charge mode 15:25 disconnect it and see that some voltage drop occurs because the voltage now of fully charged battery slightly higher than the voltage can give a power supply 15:47 on these power supply adjustment of output voltage within certain limits can be done it is produced with the help of these here trimmer resistors here you can set for example 13.5 volts and this battery will always charged turn off power supply we see that the voltage drops, gradual discharge occurs and see again battery voltage 16:19 the use of two PSU 16:29 of 12 volts and we are solved by one a problem namely a startup problem converter for power supply of the kacher or Tesla coil it needs power supply voltage 12 volts therefore the voltage from battery directly fed to this converter if closed this button to start the device 17:08 to stop device it is enough to break this circuit when device not in use this switch should be open to avoid battery discharge 17:28 the next block of the system which is extremely important for it correct work is this one here low frequency choke it was in the first variations of the schematics of some authors, we then saw it disappeared as unnecessary the choke has two main functions the first it does not pass high-frequency component to the diode bridge and further through it to the load and subsequently to the input path of the power supplies in the main path we have electrolytic capacitors therefore when getting here high frequency capacitors can fail, in practice they just explode and the second main 18:14 moment is also blocking high frequency but why ? the high frequency should work exclusively here in this circuit, if it goes further then the length of its path will increase and the system unbalance, it will just unrealistic to tune such system this is one of the most important parts which by no means you can not refuse to install you can make it with any low frequency ferrite core on a ring or take the same core 18:49 from deflecting system from the old TVs in practice, this can look like this you see immediately that the winding made with two wires, 8-15 turns, but the average value is 10 turns 19:05 quite enough for reliable blocking high-frequency component further, after choke we have a diode bridge diode i use fast or ultra fast you can also use Schotky diodes with voltage from 400 to 600 volts this is quite enough for me personally I use diodes in this packages, this case contains two diodes with one common wire 19:42 connected by cathodes together central the output is the cathode since in this case two diodes, i use them respectively, in parallel that increases the total current rating which can pass through such a pair of diodes 20:00 placing diodes on the heatsink for good cooling this heatsink of course too big I just have such heatsink, it is possible use smaller and diodes are bolted to the radiator through I use the insulating plate with mica after which the rectified voltage go on this is the main storage capacitor capacity 25 uf 400 volts 20:30 that already rectified voltage go on the load and power supply input input polarity applied to PSU does no matter, in the input path they contain on the diode bridge and this means that the polarity reversal for them does not have any issue can be connected in any polarity 20:52 as a load, you can use incandescent lamps, all kinds of heating devices, itas not important if only it could work from DC voltage also many modern devices in which it is used power converters of this kind 21:25 old devices must not be connected, which input path instead of such converters has a transformer, its primary will burn out from DC voltage and cannot be connected here devices that have at their input asynchronous and synchronous motors the engines will just stand in idle windings will overheat 22:00 and they will also be damaged DC high voltage motors works fine here the whole unit consisting of a diode choke bridge and main storage tank fits in one common box see top cover and housings a wiring connections are carried out on the outer side this mounting option is very convenient in our work on the plane board 22:35 now for some design features the antenna is the device that we have irradiates our coil together with the inductor with electric field is performed exclusively made of aluminum as ferrite sticks we only use low-frequency ferrite by the way you can 23:03 use not only this view ferrite sticks can be used rings half rings the main requirement that ferrite is for low frequencies and especially if we we work as a system with kacher, here I am not just drew it like this I drew that this one the ferrite filter is located in the zone of reverse turns of our coil near it thick part interesting things happen the phenomenon of a magnetic field from coil 23:43 creates interference on this ferrite and modulates kacher its output also with us acquires amplitude modulation at all in a given construction for its correct work extremely important are these amplitude modulation, their phase alignments 24:05 about what is better to work on controlled Tesla coil or controlled kacher from practice I will say that much simpler tune this system when as high-voltage part we have kacher which is auto generator its feature magnetic field from inductor induces an electric potential on this antenna 24:36 and it goes through the coil to the base of control transistor which drives the primary coil Tesla transformer this way here we have this magnetic field some phase adjustment and synchronization of two generators 25:00 also we can see what is here and schematically I marked generators, in this extremely important when setting up this its duty cycle is required set up and see also synchronization I will schematically mark them with the letter S synchronization is carried out between primary generator and secondary generator, it is carried out using trimmer resistor but generally in these settings are a little insufficient 25:33 this is a pretty rough setting with by means of trimmer resistors therefore, some fine tuning may be executed by the power transistor itself in this circuit that controls the primary winding is why the system start problematic enough if 26:00 you are using controlled Tesla there you need to tune very clearly so that the system started you can also notice what is the ground wire on my diagram connects exclusively to this module if used controlled Tesla coil the ground wire is connected directly to its cold end 26:28 if controlled kacher then to the emitter of power transistor also the ground is not connected to common wire at any point and not it is connected to our coil or to its inductor if you connect grounding at any of these points directly then all interaction between Tesla coil and this system will stop 27:04 Tesla coil will interact exclusively with itself, that is, actually equivalent the circuit will be if you feed the wire grounding directly to the antenna in no way Tesla coil will affect this system and so you can never tune the system maximum if you connect ground through fast diode it can help if connect the diode towards ground from coil inductor 27:44 you can do the operation on half-cycle and the diode must be connected to this polarity that he did not cut that half-period by which Tesla works this is extremely important 28:00 given lack of ground connection to the coil works well in this case, in my design because as if people use in other ways of tuning the ground wire as a mean which can move the coil to the half wave mode, it turns out that a quarter of a wave in them in this coil and a quarter of a wave fits the length of the grounding 28:32 then grounding is mandatory connects to coil to change system mode to half a wave but in this case I'm not using it is therefore I do not recommend connecting grounding to this or this point 28:51 this schematic this is just a my design, one of the possible options, you can also use instead push pull generator single transistor, instead of serial resonance circuit use parallel resonance circuit, instead of seting the amplitude modulation using the supply voltage and push pull implement forced low-frequency modulation there are plenty of possible variants 29:24 therefore, I advise you to choose for yourself some decisions and develop it instead of doing blindly copy 29:34 I also take this opportunity to convey thanks to everyone who helped me with understanding of this system and a special thanks to the person from the forum realstrannik, to my good friend it doesnat matter Slava who and what think about you I know who you are, really big respect and thank you for your help! This folder on the Yandex disk contains the schematics that are presented in the video. This is the required schematic platform for starting experiments: [**https://yadi.sk/d/8rY1WiX6vZSnw**](https://yadi.sk/d/8rY1WiX6vZSnw) Here schematics with translated text push pull board with synchronization output for Tesla coil Tesla coil control board Kacher (\*) control board \*) kacher a Tesla coil with one transistor auto-generator driver push pull (output part) modules connection DC DC 12 a 200 for Tesla coil or Kacher ****Push-pull schematic and tuning video transcript 0:00 hello everyone today we will talk about push pull push-pull is a converter on two transistors highly efficient on low-voltage power supply means the main parts of this power converter are two transistor 0:23 they work on winding with the middle point and after which the result we we get at the output at the load, but for this system, the usual push pull does not suitable we have a number of differences our system works on natural energy therefore push-pull too will be slightly adapted for this case 0:53 here is the prototype board that we we will test control board driver used TL494 can be used sg3525 uc3825 and any others will suit absolutely with duty cycle adjustment function 1:20 driver specially taken with 2amp outputs ir2113 to show that usually the driver works ok in this system here we have two transistors on heatsinks well and everyone's beloved famous TV core 1:45 then let's go through the schematic this is how it should be push-pull and you don't need invent nothing to cheat the main thing is transistor ifp260n and similar high voltage transistors why high voltage ? 2:15 this system has static discharge during operation and if transistor will be low-voltage, then the diode located in it, in reverse, it is also installed by manufacturer for low-voltage and it will cut static discharge and to transform it into heat, we do not need that 2:37 it is why in our system high voltage transistors work, you donat need to buy too high voltage transistors and for too large current because the currents in our system is small task of this inverter do not power the bulbs not do so that they burn but just to run wave processes in the resonator 3:03 then we go along the components around we have necessarily in the gate circuit a 1k discharge resistor to common wire and there is definitely a counter connected Zener diodes 12 volt this to protect gate from bursts of statics 3:30 further, reverse diode between source-drain symmetrical whole system, diode, fast switching in this case used mur460 you can use any other high speed schottky diodes each transistor is loaded by 10 turns winding and there is 3-4 turns at the output winding 4:01 so our power is 24 volts, the capacior, in this case of 4700 microfarads and in the working circuit you will need to install 2 microfarads surge damping capacitor and it is needed for quick discharge because that the switches open abruptly and these electrolytes capacitors are generally work like dampers 4:39 polar capacitor does not like high current pulses therefore a ceramic capacitors is installed which work out much faster than electrolyte capacitors allows you to make steeper leading edge on the driver so the gate capacitance is charged through 5 ohms resistor 5:07 so this is how it looks here on power installed 7812 regulator filter choke, capacitors, this provides power for TL494 letas see further 5:21 surely, why everyone canat see all the interesting effects that are on push pull, because we have duty cycle adjustment resistor, this resistor is frequency adjustment and so you need to do so that let's say ten revolutions of this trimmer resistor which is our push pull frequency control maximum change by 8-10 khz and it is even better to do the range when the coil is known yet pick up less resistance here and plug in to limit range to 5 khz 6:12 because if you scroll quickly frequency you canat notice anything interesting further, there is a capacitor capacitor tube-like, Soviet production now analogs of such capacitors, capacitors for smd mounting 6:32 the advantage of these capacitors is that even if they are heated with a soldering iron, their capacity does not change, they are high temperature stable that's why here you need to use such capacitors so that your frequency do not drift because as soon as you tune in to the effect and step away from the adjustment temperature changes in the place where this device is located 7:01 the frequency will drift away and you will loose the effect, the signal goes on the driver amplifies it and goes to our transistor now let's start schematically we will have power 15 volts for TL494 push pull power 24 volts from these batteries what else ? the important thing on power 7812 regulator provide power only for TL494 you should never put driveras power thru 7812 even so 7812 can handle 3amp current, is is very slow circuit and the driver needs form a steep edge for charging gate capacitances that is why even if you purchase expensive drivers 6-8-12 amps, they not able 8:10 to drive transistors and transistor explode even at low power consumption, because these regulators are inserted in driveras power circuit and you need to set for each driver a ceramic capacitor about five microfarads to form a steep edge, especially for powerful drivers this is how the schematic looks on board 8:38 we see diodes here here are zener diodes this 1k resistance letas start, I connect the power supply 8:55 we see the consumption of the circuit is 15 volt, 0.04 amp is quite enough for control and look now we have a yellow channel on the gate of the transistor, blue channel of the oscilloscope is connected to the drain 9:25 look what happens and here we see, here is such an interesting picture yellow channel is control but blue, what we see here, the amplitude 9:40 the spike is almost 250 volts it jumps 238 a 250, why it happen ? this is done by adjustment of the core gap here this part of the gap in the core, we need adjust its width, and also adjust number of turns and duty cycle 10:12 the gap in the core shouldn't be big your core losses will grow it will heat and nothing good will come of it, but gap is required, we need in this system generate a static surge with a steep front for further work gap width here maximum = A4 print paper thickness 10:40 but in this case, here on the core gap I have even less a a masking tape it is made here and here the core is pulled together with electrical tape or other materials but not metal, to not make shorting turns 11:03 notice how the system is wound that is, push-pull primary windings we have is on one half and secondary is necessarily on the other half why this made like this ? Output coil creates a small magnetic field around itself, and it does not apply to the entire volume of ferrite 11:28 but the primary windings forms a circular the magnetic field, is thereby achieved decoupling, when on this side of the system there will be further static bursts during work this gives protection to transistors and not gives the opposite effect, this is the so-called isolation transformers they have a reduced COP due to what windings are wound on different core parts 12:05 but in on in this case, in this system, this is needed it is impossible wind the windings on one core side you can also use such are the ferrites be sure to take big ones for this systems must have great throughput in particular brand 2000 (translator note: mu=2000) all static effects can be obtained and on such rings but it is easier to use on cut ferrites and now let's take a closer look at what we have going on with statics 12:43 ok, power is 24 volts, these are peaks these aneedlesa are just the environment's answer to the work of our system we send there pulse with a steep edge and it respond with a aclicka (sharp pulse) further peaks not interesting for us 13:09 the are fading we are interested in the amplitude of this the leading edge of the emission this emission ultimately raises the overall amplitude now duty cycle is 11 percent 13:31 now i will change duty cycle let's see what happens the consumption of the system is now about 0, I increase the duty cycle here now a duty cycle of 20 percent, 25, 27 here you can see at 27 percent of the duty cycle a beautiful signal has been generated for us 14:20 look at consumption, it has increased to 400 milliamps and now we look at blue channel I will remove yellow channel we are interested in the blue channel it is the signal on the drain 14:43 on the blue channel we have 50 volts per division 50 volts per division we look at the amplitude actually rectangle when working this is the static emissions of the environment and falling peaks our amplitude rises from 24 volts up to 70 volts that is what we do we get a static spike and this a static spike gives us an increase straight in a rectangle up to 70 volts 15:20 in fact, we get an increase already by push pull itself that is, here is such an interesting effect for us what is the gain in this system here on the primary windings we sent 24 volts power supply using statics i increase it up to 70 volts and we have a transformer working in a step-down mode after that 15:45 after that we don't actually work on 24 volts but on 70 volts stepping down this increase we send it to accelerate the circuit, with such minimum consumption it is clear why the adjustment for duty cycle in this system needed and also now 16:06 I will switch the yellow channel of the oscilloscope to second drain of another transistor also set 50 volts switching channel, setting trigger now let's set up everything yes yes signal 16:48 adding the duty cycle now and that we see an interesting picture see that statics not only increased the amplitude of our signal but also increased its duration, that is, in fact, duration regardless of the length of the control pulse it is now 50 percent 17:14 50 percent on one channel 50 on other channel this trick is very important make on push pull it turns out like this picture if we match see what almost everything is filled with a signal 17:35 this is how static works if we expand we'll see we are interested here, the width interested in this next subsequent peaks are fading 18:00 the same will happen on the yellow channel here the leading edge is smaller, it is also will grow later when push-pull will be connected to the coil because during operation with static natural electricity the coil on which these occur effects are always divided by zone of suction in this case is the zone suction is on the blue channel and energy discharge zone 18:46 in the suction zone the amplitude is always higher but if we give an energy sink that in future here will go to the coil, on both channels will have the same signal in future now let's see, we are see that the neon bulb glows very well on static, but in the zone of energy discharge is actually a cold end of the coil now these 10+10 turns the glow is smaller, which is why the width of pulse is smaller static present I must see some everywhere the glow on the radiator, also visible on the power supply 19:31 glow visible on control, wherever we connect everywhere there is static in this system, let's touch it on the pins of the chip, anywhere, that is everywhere present this static potential is what we are 19:47 in the future should be transfer to coil for activating high-frequency processes this is the initial setting without anything what what you need to get from this core so that it gives a static potential with which we will be in the future work with one more time scope traces, how it looks 20:18 and now I will decrease the duty cycle now duty cycle 46 percent reducing, we can see what processes are we see that system consumption decreases we see the arrow goes down smoothly a statics works for us, therefore duty cycle adjustment in this system important we donat need to light lamps 21:01 the main thing for us is to get this static potential and we see what's on every steep edge there is a clicks we also reduce the duty cycle and now we went down to almost zero now duty cycle somewhere in the region of 3 percent adding a little and see that static burst maximal one more time schematic circuit checked, works fine, build and use it Resonator coil (grenade) **** video transcript 0:00 hello everyone, good time to you with you stalker and today we will analyze an interesting the topics here are these questions that are often ask me subscribers or people with with whom I communicate as well the way of winding of gradient coils, popularly referred as agrenadea why is it made like this, for what we need a reverse turns, why its length is 37.5 meters, is only a grenade coil 0:28 suitable for our systems but letas go in order let's start with an interesting point about which only a few people know the efficiency of the second type for the resonant circuit 0:41 what it is ? by the way, there is practically no information about this here I have prepared an interesting the picture letas start with it, let's say this our push-pull works yes, one transistor triggered, the second transistor triggered, and along the length of this wire wave went wave with LC resonance frequency let's say we set it up, it reached the end and so let it reflect like this two sine wave drawn by black pen 1:18 and that's what is interesting, if we will look the process by voltage, then we have everything standard here, that is, if we have waves from the incident wave converge in phase and the reflected wave, we get here standing wave along the length of this wire we are not interested in this, we need, so to speak, let's call this moment, create resonance in this system by magnetic fluxes, in magnetic fields, that for this you need to do, for this we also create our falling wave, but 2:01 look this moment of its poles at, we have a reflected wave and now they must match not only in phase, but also in magnetic flux and how only this one the moment happens, we are formed interesting picture 2:18 we have aligned by the magnetic field the incident, reflected wave and also us must be aligned in the magnetic field standing wave, and if this moment occurs in the circuit are abruptly form powerful oscillations with current rise, amplitude of current and amplitude of voltage this is this moment of efficiency of the second kind for the resonant circuit 2:48 what is the essence of the phenomenon, that is, we will analyze it using an example let's say two coils that create magnetic fields, one magnetic field we have pulsates, increases, decreases, this is will be a magnetic field for a standing wave the second magnetic field we also pulsates but also revolves if we we combine these two moments when us combined and angular rotation and direction magnetic poles we will have this here interesting phenomenon 3:25 its hard to achieve, but possible I will show now an interesting program how you can calculate our future coil 3:40 open the search engine in this case it is will be Yandex and we type in the search engine line gorchilin calculator here we have to the answer from the search engine, choose a combining 3:59 LC resonance and standing wave mode, we open (translator note: http://gorchilin.com/calculator/reactor?lang=en) opened, we get just into this calculator we see graphs here and see the drawn coil here 4:17 the calculator calculates the length of the coil and wire step for what it needs to be done how are we going to work with it to begin with 4:33 what are we doing to do opened this and we take our assistant caliper and starting to measure, I've already done it measurements that is, you have a wire, everyone will have it different bought for example in this case I calculate a coil for wires on 5:00 insulation with a diameter of 4.2 mm then it is important we measure it does not crush the wire with a vernier caliper, for example, like this, they came to measure and recorded that is, we will be interested parameters: wire diameter with insulation, wire core diameter your wire will be twisted, twist it into a flagellum and we measure the diameter of this bundle 5:34 here in my case it turned out 2.5 a millimeter now we need also measure the diameter of the coil, i.e. coil diameter is the diameter of the bobbin on which we will wind let's say we have a coil yes we take a caliper and measure its diameter 6:01 measured, the result and recorded it in the table, in my case is 50 millimeters now we will also be interested in parameter insulation thickness the insulation of my wire is half a millimeter and what will be the length of the wire length the wires are still unknown to us, but in calculator I figured out what I will have 45 meters now I'll tell you how I do it did it go to our calculator 6:42 after we have made all measurements and we look now I will expand this we see wire length wire length until we we know we do not know here we are enter wire core diameter millimeters what we measured 2.5 diameter coils in millimeters 7:05 we measured 50 millimeters, but you need to take into account such interesting moment here I am in this case entered 51 millimeters here 7:23 the diameter of the coil does not add up only from the diameter of the frame itself but diameter is added wall thickness insulation that is actually our wire does not go along the frame itself, but it dangles along the frame on top of the insulation, we add to coil diameter 2 insulation thickness then there is in my case I have a thickness 7:43 of insulation 0.5 millimeter I added one millimeter that is, we understood why fold the wire on both sides so we add 1 millimeter it turns out 51 now we come 8:10 but here there is a moment additional data open and fill in here the dielectric constant 3.5 this coefficient is deduced from the experiences not only by me but also of others people be sure to install an electric permeability 3.5 for which this parameter affects this is our wire 8:38 available in insulation we have dielectric constant also at the frame on which we wind these pipes and ultimately this parameter affects the speed of wave propagation in this conductor further, multiplicity 9:02 standing wave in the coil, we enter A1/4 LC resonance harmonic 1 additional capacity picofarads 0 coil bobbin thickness here we also measure with a caliper pipe wall on which we wind we write down and then we enter here 9:22 any value, let's say we're interested in value but there from 30 to 50 meters, let's say we entered 40 meters click here, it will do calculations and see what will be in the calculations 9:43 we change the length of the wire why? here we are interested in this step of the wire see now here 4.24 millimeters and our 9:57 wire as we remember, I wrote down 4.2 then in this case we need to play here in this column the length of the wire pick up such a length that the step of the wire is here turned out to be equal to its insulation diameter 10:25 in my case, this is 4.2 millimeters but since the wire when we we put it in a coil with go with tension and it turns out such a moment that the wire goes down slightly in oval shape and its width is actually increases just for this we select the moment we have 4.24 -4.26 there is a little more it will be match the reality of styling the wires for which it is important to combine here 11:00 just this moment a step of a wire step of wire in our case determines turn-to-turn capacity and also it determines our inductance, that is, in ultimately it defines our LC resonance and here is the length of the wire determines exactly what we will have standing wave along the length of this conductor 11:30 and here is the given calculator works very well shows the graph of intersection with another graph we see it displays here on the bottom frequency it shows the frequency for a single layer coil with this pitch 11:50 not for our coil, that is, we will be interest here in this case in in this case we will be interested in here this moment inductance in micro henry and 12:01 the number of turns inductance we have 171 number of turns 268 we write out this parameters which we selected for this step wires that match 4.2 millimeter that is to us the program showed 4.24 we satisfied with this we do next we take our 12:36 frame that we measured and we wind this here is the length of the wire 45 meters is what you need put into coil add your add to this length let's say I add 35 centimeters to start and 70 centimeters to the length of the wire for the end that we will finish winding which 13:02 will be hot end under 70cm why because it then goes through the pipe and returns in reverse that is, two lengths from the beginning, but these 45 meters should be wound, then we took our frame we wind our wire we check our calculations 13:25 that is, we wound the wire and we have this wire must converge the number of turns and should converge inductance if we converge here these two parameters means we are further we can wind this wire already in real coil if we have these parameters differ by inductance or by the number of turns, especially the number turns, we pay attention 13:50 it means that somewhere in the program we entered imprecise values that is, we did not took this moment into account maybe incorrectly measured insulation or pipeas wall thickness let's say we have a pipe and and has different diameters with regard to the number of turns that influence inductance it could be that turns coincide but inductance will be different 14:19 let's say it will be higher if the inductance is higher then itas ok if let's say you get 175 a 180 micro henry this is not an issue if it did not agree exactly but if you get there much more this means a wire that you took it is not pure copper, copper has impurities 14:42 of other metals that increase it inductance, that is, this wire is already not suitable for further work here why everyone says take the wire from oxygen-free copper that is from oxygen-free copper, this is copper which annealed in an oxygen-free environment, in inert gas and so if our parameters coincided the next thing, we wound the coil 15:09 coil winding rule take this coil as an example let's analyze here are our coil what the rules of winding ? in the first layer we must lay exactly a quarter of the total length wires that the program is calculated 15:43 you take a wire and label it let's put marks every 5 meters and then eventually divide by calculator in our case it turned out 45 meters divide by 4, 1/4 part put on the first layer another A1/4 put on the second layer 16:03 then the third layer of wires are laid geometrically till to the middle of the first layer further 4, 5, 6 layers will be a inductance matching the inductance of this the coil should be the same as in calculations in this case 171 micro henry 16:32 that is, we will need this coil wind up with exactly the same inductance it is a must, it will not work without this inductance affects LC resonance as well as our step of wire is the turn-to-turn capacitance which affects the LC resonance otherwise if we make the coil with different inductance LC resonance is gone 17:06 here is this calculation in the program thiese intersection points we won't have a matching LC resonance with a standing wave and the coil will not work properly this is one of the important rules 17:22 what needs to be done now how we wind the coil we know several ways, saw them showed us by Ruslan, also others in particular Alekseev how we do it 17:35 we wind the wire to the end of the coil we go back put the wire, here it goes and wind in reverse, that is, in reverse why these coils wound with reverse turns 18:01 yes, see if you wind the whole coil one way then its inductance will be much higher calculated we understand that we have a multi layer coil inductance increases that is why the coil winds in reverse to keep the original inductance 18:22 usually third layer, when we wound, decrease the inductance below calculated, the fourth layer raises it smoothly 5th layer rise a little faster, and 6th layer is also smooth raises the inductance and playing already on the fourth, fifth and sixth layer with number of turns, moving them from one layer to another we must fit exactly these according to the calculated 45 meters of wire per coil, and achieve here same inductance 19:00 when we did it we achieved this inductance, we can go ahead and wound inductor we measure inductance and then we can go already to the winding of the inductor well, let's spend another interesting moment with this coil we have analyzed one way winding now there there is another way of winding 19:21 the wire runs through the entire the coil inside that is, we started winding in the first way from here (right) in the second way it is the same but we wind the first layer from here (left) we return and wound more and already also we wind the third layer to the middle it is important the same the thing to observe the inductance 19:51 you can wind these coils in different ways they all work as you do I wonder the main thing is that you observe here this moment of calculation it is important 20:08 what can i recommend how i do let's say you can wind like we already looked in one direction and then in reverse the other way but i do it differently I wind it in one direction, then I pull the wire to the start and wind again in this direction 20:34 what it gives this moment this the moment gives us when it works here is the inductor physically at length conductor so that if it is wound in different sides when we hit part of the wave moves in one direction and part of the wave went other direction 20:55 with this winding what happens if we wind the wire with transition of wire back thru coil then we already have these pushes from inductor they directed this wave into one side at the end of the guide and we have coil working better 21:18 about the foil which you put in a coil, let's say I am experimented, you can see I even made a output there, foil underneath the coil this is one of the options as other options could this is the foil that located 21:41 is in reverse layers, let's say here on the example of this coil, here we see the wire is from it a connection from the foil with me from one edge, that is, that I made different experiments and from another side i checked the winding of the foil under the coil and foil winding in this area reverse turns until the middle it was time when I have not used the calculations there is what the foil does foil in this case if it can help and can seriously ruin the picture 22:25 that is, the foil is a reflector for magnetic field and there are times when the coil without foil does not work and the foil, put it under the bottom of the coil i'm more interested in the region of reverse turns of separation multidirectional magnetic fluxes that LC is just shifting to the desired side changes the inductance and match LC with standing wave occurs and then the coil it starts to work that regards the foil 23:10 now in these last coils, I do not I use foil, it just isn't necessary if you calculated it correctly and the coil turns out to be a working foil there it is not required take away fold this coil and so here's an example of one coil as you can clearly see here that I was playing the number of turns in layers, that is, I picked up the inductance by moving here 23:47 here we have 3 layer, 4, in those windings which we know it wound also up at the end I missed the turns here that is to match inductance to calculations of the program a matter of practice a little practice and you learn how to do it 24:11 further with regard to inductor quarter wave length, or inductor length halh-wave ? from practice I will say you'd better do the length 1/4 it is easier to catch on it standing wave combine these processes to work with hereafter this coil then see what rule of winding 24:41 for inductor, inductor winded in multiplicity of inductance for the coil with here I will turn on multimetr, so that it can be seen for measurement 25:00 of inductance and look, now I measure green connections are the coil itself, that's the inductance matches 134 micro henry 25:22 now I will measure the inductor inductance inductor we measure and here it corresponds 68 micro henry and that is half of inductance of this coil itself how this is done ? we see the inductor wound a little outside the box 25:56 to make it fit it needs to be played length of winding physical on a coil, can be played with the step of the wire under inductor can be placed cardboard to increase the diameter then there is this is selected in practice already under this coil if you wind the coil in multiplicity in inductance and the inductor and the agrenadea itself you get high and low harmonics already working in phase it turns out increases of efficiency of this system, the inductor will have less heat on it 26:32 in practice and the coils work in concert because here the whole system is built on magnetic fields of their rotations these are the elements inductance is mandatory to consider 27:00 so about inductor I talked now what to do before inductor before inductor we need to checked this coil the concept of wave resonance what is it and how does it arise in these coils with a calculator i already expained by the way, these frequencies here which will be signed under the coil on do not pay attention to them here this here resonant frequency and natural capacity we do not need a calculator eork for a single-layer coil it is important for us to keep the winding step which we got and it's important 27:43 keep the final inductance we made this further, on my channel there is a very interesting video called aa quarter-wave resonatora the video is specially made in order to test the coils on it did you make coil ok or not in this video look and I use this one here an interesting thing is we have a special addition module 28:23 for the signal generator well, or anyone else that you can do yourself, but of course itas better what you have there a laboratory generator signals what it represents itself, the inductor, transistor in this case irf840, tried many but this transistor has minimum gate capacity is therefore can work efficiently at high frequencies that there is still, driver here through resistance here the resistance is about 5om per between the source and the gate we have a discharge resistance 1.2k 29:15 well, or 1k any will fit here further chip is a Schmitt trigger, double inversion here connected here the output of the generator with signal generator to it directly, that is, to reduce the effect of any static emissions directly to the generator itself here at we have a power source I use wall power, can be done with the battery it doesn't matter the main thing is that it is stabilized, that is, here at the output I get 15 volts goes to power the driver, that is, here there is an electrolyte capacitor here 15 volts and capacity which is for fast increases the performance of the drivers here are 2 microfarads that is it affects the leading edge 30:17 which unlocks the transistor see the video there i change the duty cycle this is the inductor coil itself connects directly plus power goes and goes to it 30:45 connects to a power source that directly works for this I do not recommend using the coil more than 12 volts all these effects are visible that is, we wound the coil and put it on it our inductor for tests is somewhere in this area and the test the coil, looking what is happening 31:07 in th video quarter-wave resonator this case is presented so back to picture 31:30 what should be here i am schematically painted fluorescent lamp if you have a coil, you will see a very interesting moment that herself the lamp on it will have an alternation more brightly luminous stripes with more dark if it lies parallel here of this coil what does it mean? you catch a moment like this you can see 32:00 that these stripes are running fast you with selection of frequency you are trying so that these stripes stopped they stop running then there is what we have this lamp will show us longitudinal standing wave here I am schematic painted rotation it rotation corresponds to longitudinal standing wave around this coil when 32:33 this moment efficiency of the second type for a resonant circuit if this is not already, longitudinal wave is just interaction of this coil with the medium it is so that the lamp reacts on it 32:50 and I want to warn everyone you will experiment with this one coil with minimum voltage yes, supply there but no more than 12 volts because this system you are not with it yet familiar, it has a very strong effect on health is extremely strong, that is, it is possible get very strong effect in just a few minutes of work as you can feel ? here and high frequency vibrations and low-frequency that is, low-frequency vibrations can to knock down the rhythm of the heart you will feel a lack of air 33:30 will feel unwell higher frequency vibrations acts on the brain through a few minutes of work is observed headache it gets worse with the course of time so you saw this moment, when the fluorescent light came on with these stripes, turn off the system work as little as possible, use minimal power 34:00 if coil does not produces such effects as here in this video is a quarter-wave resonator it means that something is done wrong, something has been done you are not suitable for this system yet an interesting point about the coil as per indirect parameters determine what you got a working coil working 34:36 with this addition module you can notice an interesting moment about the influence on health I have already said but there will be one more moment the coil is not connected to anything but in the zone of reverse turns it will be heat up feel heating about 40 maybe even higher degrees on the hand will be tangibly that is, in the coil you will observe this movement is already and the wire will itself physically warm up and interesting point about heat balance 35:14 energy can even be seen approximately for example, you supply 12 watts here for but this inductor the coil will warm up for the same 12 watt or more, imagine that heat up coil like this, you can say piece of copper multi-meter plus in insulation so that this business goes there is clearly visible abnormal movement in this coils 35:55 this is such an interesting moment that you can determine further the coil and when will be connected in the future to push-pull from the inductor if even with no load if you get properly frequencies often push-pull will modulate you high-frequency process it will also warm up without a connected load and more, you will immediately notice, if the coil is wound correctly, that no need to pump into it lots of energy is absolutely unnecessary it already starting to work enough independently and by high frequency and by low you will see their efficiency gain 36:40 with push pull work on both low and high frequencies now question about 37.5 meters why 36:55 Ruslan recommended it, I checked it in this the program that showed it to you coil it really goes to 37.5 meters but with one condition what's the thickness coil frame here this one parameter must match 4 millimeters why 4 millimeters because standard for european pipes is different and most likely thickness the frame they have there is more we have in the best if we would be here in Russia find the thickness of the frame 2 millimeters and then for happiness that's why in our case when we wind the coils 37:54 equal 37.5 meters frequency natural oscillations LC resonance will be high that is, I checked with me somewhere in the area 2.2 a 2.4 mhz that is, work at a frequency like this high with Tesla coil in the future will be very hard it turns out too small 38:18 if we watch the video from Ruslan what does he say there what is there frequency 1.5 mhz 1.6 can be 1.8 this the maximum is clearly visible the problem is that for these frames we you need to increase the length of the wire in this nothing terrible, let's say here I have the coil has 47 meters of wire length and and LC resonance corresponds to 1.54 mhz 38:58 that is, quite comfortable frequency can be operated at 47 meters wires everything happens everything works like this next question we have next is what the is the wave resonance very interesting question guys wave resonance occurs just here 39:17 in these conditions, plus another additional point if these are all moments coincided in magnetic fields the magnetic field of the LC converged with resonance with magnetic field from the standing waves, these conditions is not yet a wave resonance here is the video quarter wave resonator on my channel I show how get this you need to pulse with a frequency of LC resonance 40:00 how determine the frequency LC resonance now I'll tell you this moment let's say you made coil and you don't know anything yet what you are doing here you have two ends of the wire, they are marked that is,I have a wire from which we started to wind this cold end, the wire we ended up with is hot end 40:40 here I am marking it with red tape this the wire comes out what we do, take the oscilloscope probe attached with the common for the cold end wire often has thick insulation we attach additional alligator tip an alligator hooked on the insulation this is enough for us and here we attach there oscilloscope ground to cold done this thing, connected 41:27 after this point is done we wind here in this area one and a half or three turns small wire and connect to laboratory signal generator we give sine, not square wave, of because with square wave you can catch it is not known what is on in this case, we are interested in the frequency LC resonances of this coil we supply sinusoidal signal set the amplitude around 10 volts and we follow the oscilloscope until that moment 40:06 when we tune the frequency until we will have the maximum amplitude of the sine in of this coil, that is, this moment we caught here, let's say as I said on 47 meters I have a frequency of LC resonance for a given coil corresponds to 1.54 mhz comfortable frequency that is we I know that I will already work with Tesla coil at this frequency for a given coil now that we have defined this moment we put this inductor here it is, with this additional module that presented in the video on which and gave an explanation and what we do we set the frequency 42:56 of pulse repetition from this transistor is equal to the resonance frequency LC of the given coil width, we set such that we have the width of this pulse was equal to a quarter of the length standing wave this is a must do and now as soon as 43:28 I drew schematically with an arrow as just the beat of this pulse on the video it will be seen well, a quarter of the length of this already powerful wave which was formed, powerful wave at efficiency of the second type for the resonant circuit we have a wave resonance then there is no wave resonance exist as an independent phenomenon 44:01 it simply does not exist, you will not see it anywhere wave resonance occurs when you at the same time for this coil accelerate LC resonance and standing wave and in the future our system and will work so that push pull accelerates our resonance in of this coil at harmonic of high frequency and LC resonance Tesla coil will work on a standing wave high-frequency and when accelerates simultaneously both a standing wave around the system appear, a longitudinal standing wave on which it will respond the fluorescent lamp, this is shown 45:03 in this video of mine which is called quarter wave resonator there is only one last question left, is the agrenadea coil mandatory we can do such a grenade coil in this case, this is the moment of it winding what it does in reverse winding 45:29 and precisely to maintain inductance observe inductance we get a working coil that is our inductance is consistent with LC resonance the grenade is not necessary to wind you can, for example, wind the coil in two layers you can generally work on a coil in one layer all processes there will also go and it will also work, we get efficiency second type, accelerating LC resonance, we accelerate in a quarter of the period length 46:03 standing wave two waves collide in a magnetic field and a powerful longitudinal wave around the system that is, we work on transverse waves but when they collide already in magnetic field two transverse waves, longitudinal wave formed longitudial wave does not belongs to our system directly 46:27 this is just the vibration of the environment around this coils longitudinal wave already capable of just interact with the environment and it and is able to give an increase in our system we have such a tricky system why its no one can do repeat it is imperative to observe these moments that is, remember all the work done on magnetic field do not track the voltage it is imperative to track the currents system, the current is responsible for in the system for the formation of the magnetic field monitoring it accordingly we track the magnetic field in the system 47:21 good luck to all use the calculator a separate thanks from me to the person who provided this calculator it helps a lot Thank you very much Vyacheslav Gorchin you will also find other points of interest on his website I recommend, a person knows what he doing good luck to all **** A1/4 wave resonance video transcript 0:00 some windings work the same way as Tesla coil here the coil, inductor (primary), this is pulse amplifier for signal generator driver, logic for generator protection 0:23 here switch, battery for power here we will monitor the signal at the drain of the transistor this is frequency frequency of LC resonance for this coil but duty cycle will be such so that pulse length will correspond to the length of signal which would be at the frequency of wave resonance process in this coil ok, letas start 0:58 here we have power consumption 12 volts 1.5 amp, little less this amplitude of the signal on the drain 276v duty cycle 3.7 % in continuous mode so we astrikea with such pulse 1:24 what about coil ? coilas cold end connected to the ground hot end not connected letas check with neon bulb starts glowing, in the area of reverse turns glow very brightly 1:49 letas take a hot end and ignite the lamp the lamp lit up, that it, now the coil forms a standing wave in the space around itself longitude wave camera canat pick it up 2:21 but on the lamp now the glow is alternating between there are bright stripes there are dimmer ones this glow reflects the geometry of the longitudinal standing waves around this coil 2:45 it can be seen that touching with the hand affects when connecting the hot end the glow becomes much stronger if we carry fluorescent lamp away it still glow even if you disconnect the grounding coil will work at a quarter wave 3:32 and as we see there is glow will also increase when touched which means that when the coil is grounded, the glow will be brighter 4:00 attaching grounding glows brightly this says about matching of this resonator with a length of grounding cable pulse amplifier schematic Work of controlled Tesla coil, preliminary tuning **** video transcript 0:00 so now we will watch this here is the generator controlling the power switch of Tesla transformer here this is that the oscilloscope probe at the gate of the transistor here 0:26 see there are bursts of pulses now we will scale up use in a pack 4 pulses duty cycle 40 percent is enough 4 pulses to accelerate the system the ammeter will record the current consumption 0:55 move probe towards antenna adjust the voltage and set power on power comes here from this inverter what under the gasket so that we not short anything accidentally ampermeter, power supply12 volts here we have invertor feeding Tesla coil now here 130 volts 1:30 for this power switch, the circuit power switch, schotky diode, limiting resistance well, this exit is going to inductor, power supply there now we switch it on see that we have consumption almost 1 ampere, that is, 12 watts 2:04 look what is going on here and here this kind of signals like this the packets of pulses are coming now we can scale up this signal we see here such spindle-shaped signal can stop this, this is how it accelerates only with 4 pulses 2:43 the system turned out good balanced the lamp is on good discharge e.g. on screwdriver 3:07 ok, neon lights are on, but in in principle, as a standard, we see that here is a sinusoidal signal only 4 pulses but this is here we saw in the case and at Ruslan he showed this signal 3:34 it is assumed that this is not an operating mode just currently balanced tuning system that is, here we see transformer on ferrite by most likely, this ferrite is not coped with system requirements to give use some pulse signal here on antenna 4:10 we will change it, select it, let's see what what will happen next here the system adjusts the frequency, duty cycle signal from those four pulses and here already the adjustment of burst pulse duration and location (phase), it's all standard DC-DC converter for Tesla coil or kacher ****video transcript 0:00 good time of today for everyone we will look in the power supply for our Tesla coil in the system here the schematic diagram of our converter what are the requirements 0:18 the converter is powered from 12 volts so we could run system from one battery and it should keep the voltage stably on output for this to happen we need feedback now on it let's take a closer look at how it works 0:39 the converter looks like this, such a thing as seen from to detail side I will explain what is where the layout is not too complicated in principle you can use it not only for powering Tesla coil, also as normal converter for other purposes can make 220 volts, how much you need everything will depend on this transformer how many turns you wound on the secondary 1:15 so let's go according to the schematic power in came 12 volt power is applied to the capacitor capacity is 3300 micro farads 25 volts then this power is sent to the midpoint of the transformer we have push pull converter for low voltage it is the most efficient 1:44 on the primary we have 8+8 turns secondary winding secondary winding wound with 75 turns after every 25 turns an output here these ends 1,2,3,4 2:05 as the core we use is this ferrite ring mark 2000 (translator note: mu=2000) it has overall dimensions as presented a hole 16 millimeters, 8 millimeters wide and 33 millimeters on outer diameter 2:30 quite enough also here used a choke in this diagram, it is made on this little ring core on any which ring you have there is a brand there from a thousand to two (translator note: mu=1000...2000) any suitable for what you need 2:47 this is our output goes to Tesla coil power switch here will be sharp differences of voltage during operation of the switch and also static potential appears and this one under the choke we have these drops smoothed and it does not go back to our schematic 3:13 before output we have capacitance non-polar type set of capacitors 400 volt 1 microfarad to extinguish these bursts here on the board 5 capacitors 1uf here is this choke on the way out we look now how does it work 3:41 I use converter circuit uc3825, and it is in dip8 (translator note: dip16) package means the advantage of circuitry a driver is built inside so it is not necessary additional driver 4:00 quite his enough to work with these transistors in such a small package TO-220 they work fine here we also have a discharge resistance, 1k, in principle, everything is standard in previous videos seen components around, here is possible not to put the diodes all work fine without them here is not such a scheme with high requirements 4:38 so the components around visible it is simple that here's another interesting thing, I think we look on feedback loop feedback implemented using optocoupler PC817 very common, now we a little enlarged this 5:06 and we will analyze so here is the connection of optocoupler and consider how it work we take the supply voltage not from here with this capacitor which we have at the output take it before choke without all sorts of bursts that will be when power switch is working 5:41 and means minus we have a common output it gets on the diode bridge diode bridge especially from diodes 4 pieces her108 in this scheme why i decided to apply here diode bridge again we need stability 6:10 so that feedback is not shocked with moments of statics here all these moments left this is very important when working with this converter in conventional converters here it was possible put one diode or two well i decided to apply here also small diode bridge 6:29 so this looks like they are 4 diodes capacitor for which of them the potential leaves 3300 picofarads at 400 volts this converter when winding 75 turns gives a voltage of 130 volts at the output 6:55 so what needs to be done here to tune feedback so that it work well, so we have it built on divider and divider assembled with resistance 1k further trimmer resistance 15 k it is will set our voltage on the output which holds the converter and another resistance which will need to be picked up in depending on the voltage with which Tesla coil will work 7:35 it is marked with an asterisk but in particular for my setup I have and I work with an output voltage of 130 volts then the given resistance is 100 k if at the output and I work with voltage 70 volts then I get it resistance 43k 8:00 on the optocoupler set limiting resistance the principle of operation is when the potential is on output reaches a certain value this potential and we also pass charges the capacitor through the diode bridge and this moment of potential is devided with using this resistor divider 8:24 further through the limiting resistance hits the LED in the opto pair the LED is activated that is physically sends a light signal to the base opto transistor opto transistor turns on and thus we have a signal from the emitter of this transistor which comes on our first pin 8:51 for the first pin in this chip with us feedback is obtained specifically about voltage and this chip that it makes it reduce the duty cycle of the signal reduces it until the potential at the output will not fall 9:12 that is, the system is in balance why we select here is the resistance if it will wrong and under this voltage your the inverter may not work with high frequency which will be inconspicuous on the load but will be acceptable if the load on the lamp can be seen such a moment that the lamp will be noticeable flicker that is, incorrectly selected this is resistance 9:41 tune up to as long as the feedback is be carried out and no flicker will be all these moments are very good seen by the oscilloscope, consider how it is works further, so surely, this one diode bridge its common minus does not connect with the common on the minus for the power supply of this chip 10:07 this is a separate part that works specially for the LED in this optocoupler and here is the output from the converter here schematically marked what to the input diode bridge is made on diodes her508 they can be connected first you can wind the second third output more than 4 you will have for a raise voltage 10:41 here also minus output it does not connect with the common we get it circuit with inductive decoupling and we have Tesla coil is separated from the general schematic it is not affects it with its potential all that there we have all sorts of static voltage surges during setup and others affairs 11:06 so the following, examined, now let's see the board as presented, what we see here here is the input capacitance further power supply itself the chip is carried out through a choke here it is presented in the diagram 11:30 through the choke also to remove what ripple effect will there be the chip worked well for us here here is the resistance which we change this just this resistance marked with an asterisk 11:48 push pull, 2x 10 ohm we have here goes to the gate and transistors transistors picked up from the old PSU for computers here from other P60NF06 as well can be used irf3205 12:11 on the primary here is a wire in lacquer insulation shrink-fit the transformer is wound with wires in pvc insulation wire is 1 millimeter, in insulation it is 1.5 12:33 then here is still interesting here with transformer output to diode bridge diode bridge hits the capacitance this capacity we have here it is 4700 microfarad 200 volts 200 volts enough because my converter at 130 volts if think of a higher converter here pick up the capacitor here 13:00 well, since the volt is at least 50 with a margin but from what our this pulse converter so so so what else can cause difficulties here understandable by the way, the surrounding components are simple but this chip if you look you can also make overcurrent protection 13:31 it is carried out in my opinion on the 9th pin a practical chip turns out to be good powerful converters can even make the welding inverter very good variant of execution only of course if welding inverters will do accordingly, it is already necessary to put here normal drivers but for these transistors it is quite enough, that is, everything turns out compact nicely big radiator is not needed 14:02 the highlights are now let's let's see how it works for us like this with what do we start setting up this converter 14:16 check accordingly connection further do not supply power on push pull, we check the work itself see with an oscilloscope relative to common to the gate and check that on us there were square-wave signals from a pause in between 14:44 here the given resistance of 5 k here sets the final the duty cycle of the the pulses themselves transistors here is the resistance for 5 pin 10 k capacitor 2200 picofarad 15:04 this is our frequency defining circuit that we do with it we put it for a start trimmer resistance 10 k we power after checking on our push-pull and find such a moment for a given your core 15:24 turn the frequency on chip and see that your converter has at idle for a given frequency which you find was the smallest consumption at this frequency and remain that is, the given frequency but for my ferrite the frequency somewhere around 65kilohertz 15:52 you may have another, but you need to go to such a frequency where we need a ferrite on the core the lowest losses, that is most of the material in this core will reverse magnetization with minimal resistance in the magnetic field then the efficiency of your converter will be much higher 16:17 plus will be less heat up the transistors itself transformer well given the converter will have good characteristics after you find given trimmer resistance frequency you are with see see how he was connected by connected contacts measure resistance 16:46 after it is soldered here already to converter usual resistance with such a nominal matched but or close to him any and all and it remains on this diagram more adjustment for further work we do not need frequency 17:10 and he's a duty cycle this process setting its resistance can also be will replace the usual resistance it is much cheaper after setup so let's see how this case works for us 17:29 by the way, the converters are powerful enough now I connected it to the output of it we start a 300 watt lamp, we see it on we have 47 volts to the lamp, I now have the first output are used according to the schematic, that is, on the first the output I get about 70 volts 18:00 now trimmer resistance set to the limit is about 50v so I'm twisting the lamp we see that our converter holds 50.5 volts stable at the output when connected, heat the glasses small draw down, that is, our load serious, I even connected two 300 watt lamps and if I wonder what consumption we have now 3 amperes 12.5 volts 18:41 and this moment so there is an scope trace now it is very clear how the feedback works press pause and consider the moment it can be seen that the signals does not intersect but the duty cycle decreases constantly at the influence of feedback 19:09 we see that and then the voltage on our duty dropped voltage increases and then the chip again limits duty cycle on channels this process it is clearly visible in this mode, the balance we are constantly working that is like this you should get an interesting signal bouncing this is how the feedback works now I'm remove the load see removed the load 19:45 the converter went into pure maintenance mode on voltage amplitude 50 volts at the output that is, we get the duty cycle minimum for these costs we can consider how it works then there is a feedback for that and is needed to keep a stable voltage and consumption in this mode of operation of chip minimum 20:14 that is three hundredths ampere to keep idling these 50 volt for this converter is quite we have enough Tesla coil naturally should not consume so much check this converter this is already a test case for him 300 watts make sure we have it all works well can i tested it and 130 volts on this lamp occurs power drawdown is about one 125 volts per lamp 20:55 25 watts keeps everything stable, that is you can do at will for this we remove any voltage from the converter 300w now let's see how it works feedback 21:16 oscilloscope our signal peak duty cycle I screw in 25 watts now consumption it begins once we have a lamp the chip also lit up a little went into such a pulsating mode by duty cycle 21:43 here is the cutting duty cycle in pulse bursts occurs that is, the chip itself works in pulse bursts and the duty cycle in the pulse burst is regulated automatically 22:08 very good working mode and one more moment is needed so that this the frequency of the pulse bursts was as high as possible is also selected here by this here the tuning resistance that we considered in the work feedback 22:29 this resistance is very important for quality work so that your lamp does not the flicker there were no sharp changes and so now you can still notice let's consider how it resistor 22:57 trimmers according to the schematic we have this is type 15 k in feedback as they will influence regulation voltage voltage drops smoothly with turns of given resistance 23:29 and you can set on the chip and on the final as a result, the supply voltage is what you need to voltage dropped from 50 to 33 volts can be set to any point operation in this mode here such an scope traces 23:55 well, accordingly, the lamp is not visible so that it lit for her already low voltage the moment of work is clearly visible it is worth removing the load and the microcircuit goes into limited mode use of the minimum duty cycle 24:36 I put back 300 watt and see that the duty cycle increased by the moment consumption has also increased, that is the converter is fully operational 24:56 and so now the moment for what such complexity for powering Tesla coil why is this converter needed? with such characteristics 25:14 on diagram of what happens when Tesla coil works on this system it needs the power point, that is, the system must be in balance if we submit too much supply voltage there will be such a moment that Tesla coil will start push the process in the resonator itself 25:45 that is, on the grenade we have instead of increase amplitude of the current will be observed lowering, on the contrary, if the voltage will be too small then it will not have quality interaction in the system, the will be no gain 26:06 this is done exactly by powering Tesla coil properly, plus power by the way can when you have already run out of all potential that can be adjusted here at this resistance power can be adjusted with this resistance also smoothly the very final duty cycle 26:35 this is resistance on this chip restores the final duty cycle can be set any in your own desire if you don't need too powerful converter can limit the duty cycle in the area is 35-40 percent with this resistance all good luck in designing bonus video for those who read until this point [**https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVlQ2zH8i3E**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVlQ2zH8i3E) ---