{
    "title": "Counter-Electromotive Force",
    "inventor_name": "Rosemary Ainslie",
    "publication_year": 2002,
    "device_name": "Open Loop Electric Circuit Device",
    "goal": "Generate electrical energy exceeding the input power (overunity) by harnessing counter-electromotive force in a switching inductive circuit.",
    "problem_addressed": "Low efficiency of conventional electrical power conversion and the desire for a free-energy or overunity source.",
    "concept_summary": "A magnetic-dipole-based field model predicts that a tachyonic particle moving faster than light creates a break in magnetic field symmetry, producing a counter-electromotive force (back-EMF) in inductive components. By rapidly interrupting current in an inductor (>=40 Hz), the circuit generates a transient negative voltage that can be fed back to the source or used to charge a battery, allegedly yielding a coefficient of performance (COP) greater than 1.",
    "detailed_description": null,
    "category": "Overunity & Free Energy Claims",
    "principles": [
        "Symmetry breaking",
        "Correspondence principle",
        "Back-EMF generation",
        "High-frequency current interruption",
        "Transient negative voltage"
    ],
    "scientific_domains": [
        "Physics",
        "Electromagnetism",
        "Electrical Engineering"
    ],
    "mechanisms_of_action": [
        "Inductive back-EMF harvesting",
        "Switching duty-cycle control",
        "Transient energy feedback to source"
    ],
    "materials": [
        "Copper wire",
        "Magnetic core material (e.g., ferrite)",
        "Resistive load (heater)",
        "Battery"
    ],
    "energy_sources": [
        "Electrical input (battery or mains)",
        "Inductive magnetic field"
    ],
    "inputs": [
        "Electrical power",
        "Switching control signal"
    ],
    "outputs": [
        "Electrical energy (back-EMF)",
        "Heat (from resistive load)"
    ],
    "claimed_performance": "COP reported > 17 (overunity) in early tests; later tests showed net positive battery drain of 14-15 W with only 2.4-3.4 W heat output.",
    "experimental_evidence": "Initial 2002 quantum-magazine circuit tests claimed overunity; a 2013 replication attempt failed to reproduce the results and led to a withdrawal of the paper.",
    "replication_status": "Failed replication; authors withdrew the 2002 paper after 2013 experiments showed net positive power consumption.",
    "keywords": [
        "back-EMF",
        "overunity",
        "switching circuit",
        "inductor",
        "counter-electromotive force",
        "COP",
        "free energy"
    ],
    "related_technologies": [
        "Resonant inductive power supplies",
        "Switch-mode power converters",
        "Back-EMF energy recovery systems"
    ],
    "controversy_level": "high",
    "confidence_score": 0.7,
    "practicability_score": 0.4,
    "fringe_score": 0.9,
    "evidence_strength": 0.3,
    "risk_score": 0.2,
    "trl_estimate": 3,
    "source_urls": [
        "http://rosemaryainslie.blogspot.com",
        "http://dc147.4shared.com/download/110716349/15cc31e0/EIT_paper.pdf",
        "http://www.free-energy.ws/pdf/quantum_october_2002.pdf",
        "http://www.free-energy.ws/rosemary-ainslie.html",
        "http://www.overunity.com/13743/rosemary-ainslie-quantum-magazine-circuit-cop-17-claims/msg368929/#new",
        "http://www.pureenergyblog.com/2013/08/17/1678/8502367_ainslies-recent-test-does-not-confirm-2002-thesis/"
    ],
    "organizations": [
        "RexResearch",
        "Free Energy",
        "Pure Energy Blog"
    ],
    "applications": [
        "Efficient power supplies",
        "Electric heating with reduced input power",
        "Battery charging"
    ],
    "limitations": [
        "Lack of reproducible experimental data",
        "Theoretical model not peer-reviewed",
        "Potential measurement errors in early tests"
    ],
    "open_questions": [
        "What physical mechanism allows net energy gain?",
        "Can the circuit be scaled while maintaining overunity?",
        "Is the tachyonic magnetic dipole model physically valid?"
    ],
    "red_flags": [
        "Paper withdrawn after failed replication",
        "Claims of > 17 COP without independent verification",
        "Contradictory results between 2002 and 2013 experiments"
    ],
    "evidence_quotes": [
        "\"Over-unity results are achieved by generating counter electromotive force within inductive components in a switching circuit.\"",
        "\"The experiments conducted June 29, August 10, and August 11 failed to reproduce the results reported here.\"",
        "\"Maximum heater temperature rise during these experiments was 21  deg C... a fraction of the input power.\"",
        "\"We respectfully withdraw this paper in both of its parts.\"",
        "\"The electromagnetic application has been experimentally proven in a test, described in an appendix to this document.\""
    ]
}