Thomas Townsend Brown: Scientific Notebooks, Vol. 1

> ![](0logo.gif)  
>  **[rexresearch.com](../index.htm)**
>
> ---
>
> ***The Scientific Notebooks of Thomas
> Townsend Brown***
>
> **Volume 1**
>
> ---
>
> **[ [Volume 2](../brown2/brown2.htm) ] // [ [Volume 4](../brown4/brown4.htm) ]**
>
> > **Copyright 2006 Townsend Brown Estate**
> >
> > **T.T. Brown Websites: <http://www.soteria.com>
> > // <http://www.ttbrown.com>**
> >
> > **Commentary from ttbrown.com :**
> >
> > "Back in the 1970s and 1980s a researcher
> > and author  named Willam Moore  --- best known
> > as the co-author of such folk-lore as "The Roswell
> > Incident" and "The Philadelphia Experiment" (there, I said
> > it...), wrote a couple of articles about Townsend
> > Brown.  Moore was also the last journalist to
> > interview and photograph  Brown shortly before his
> > death in 1985.
> >
> > "Somehow, during that period, Moore obtained
> > access to Brown's personal laboratory notebooks, and,
> > presumably, obtained permission to "publish" three volumes
> > of those journals.  Photo-copies of those journals
> > have been in circulation ever since."
>
> ---
>
> ***Contents***
>
> ***[1.](#1)  A Review of
> the Situation regarding Gravitational Isotopes***  
> ***[2.](#2)  Nascent Gravitational
> Isotopes***  
> ***[3.](#3)  Increase in Weight and
> Density of Certain Rocks***  
> ***[4.](#4)  Effects of Electrical
> Potential upon Gravitational Isotopes --- Controlled
> Lifting.***  
> ***[5.](#5)  Shift of Capacitance
> Mid-Point***  
> ***[6.](#6)  Nascent Gravitational
> Isotopes --- Sec. 2 --- Excitation by Photons.***  
> ***[7.](#7)  Fatigue on Metals and the
> Creation of Light Gravitational Isotopes***  
> ***[8.](#8)  Creation of Gravitational
> Isotopes. Sec. I.***  
> ***[9.](#9)  The Postulation of an
> Anti-Gravitational Particle. Definition and
> Characteristics.***  
> ***[10.](#10)  An Experiment to Show
> Lofting Effects of an Irradiated Dust.***  
> ***[11.](#11)  Quantitative Weighing of
> Photo-Isotopes in a Precision Balance.***  
> ***[12.](#12)  The Photo-Isotope
> (Electroluminescence)***  
> ***[13.](#13)  Increase of Inertial Mass
> in the Photo-Isotopic Cell, along with decrease in
> weight.***  
> ***[14.](#14)  Centrifugal Inertial
> Effects on Electrically Modulated Photoisotopic Cells.***  
> ***[15.](#15)  Beneficiation by Ion
> Separation***  
> ***[16.](#16)  Beneficiation by
> Differential Centrifugal Action***  
> ***[17.](#17)  Regarding a Measure of
> Centrifugal Force as Distinguished from Gravity.***  
> ***[18.](#18)  The g / i (gee-eye) Ratio***  
> ***[19.](#19)  Centrifugal Differential
> Hydrometry***  
> ***[20.](#20)  Energy Changes and Excited
> States in the Creation and Determination of
> Gravitational Isotopes***  
> ***[21.](#21)  Certain Complex Silicates
> (natural clays, etc.) as Heat Reservoirs Following
> Irradiation by Sunlight.***  
> ***[22.](#22)  Beneficiation of Light
> Gravitational Isotopes (by irradiation and selective
> lofting and falling) as it may occur on the Moon.***  
> ***[23.](#23)  The value of "g" is not
> constant for all materials***  
> ***[24.](#24)  Contact Excitation of
> Photoisotopes by Highly Energized Isotopes.***  
> ***[25.](#25)  Preservation of the
> Rotation of the Earth by the Gravitational Differential
> of the Field of the Sun --- Due to Solar Irradiation of
> Photoisotopes.***  
> ***[26.](#26)  Factors which may cause
> the Rotation of the Earth.***  
> ***[27.](#27)  Counter-Rotational Torque
> Tending to Limit the Rate of Rotation of the Earth.***  
> ***[28.](#28)  The Equilibrium Condition
> Between the Amount of Irradiation and the Orbital and
> Axial Motion of the Earth.***  
> ***[29.](#29)  Conservation of Momentum
> and the Change of Velocity with Change in Inertial Mass***  
> ***[30.](#30)  Detection of Absolute
> Motion by Means of Modulated Inertial Mass***  
> ***[31.](#31)  Electrogravitic Radio
> Using Photoisotopic Cells.***  
> ***[32.](#32)  A Rotating Electrogravitic
> Motor or Generator Using a "Velocity" Field.***  
> ***[33.](#33)  A Rotating
> Electro-Gravitic Motor or Generator Using an "Inertial"
> Field.***  
> ***[34.](#34)  A Rotating Electrogravitic
> Motor or Generator Using a Gravitational Field***  
> ***[35.](#35)  Rotating Electrogravitic
> Motor or Generator Using a Velocity" Field.***  
> ***[36.](#36)  Use of Electrogravitic
> Generators as Measuring Instruments for g, i, and V
> Fields".***  
> ***[37.](#37)  The Earth as the Rotor of
> an Electrogravitic Generator.***  
> ***[38.](#38)  Change of angular velocity
> with change in mi in order to conserve
> Angular Momentum.***  
> ***[39.](#39)  Inertial Differential
> Electrogravitic Motor***  
> ***[40.](#40)  The Loss of Weight of
> Quartz Capsules Containing a Photosensitive Isotope when
> Irradiated by UV Light***  
> ***[41.](#41)  The Results of a Change of
> Inertial Mass Following Modulated Beneficiation (with
> Low Persistence)***  
> ***[42.](#42)  The Impulse Effect in the
> Force Developed by a Simple Capacitor in Vacuum.***  
> ***[43.](#43)  The Nature of the Vacuum
> Spark, as related to the initiation of an
> electrogravitic impulse.***  
> ***[44.](#44)  Scale of Beneficiation***  
> ***[45.](#45)  Possible Excitation of
> Gravitational Isotopes by Friction (Triboisotopes)***  
> ***[46.](#46)  Excitation of
> gravitational isotopes by friction irradiation and
> distribution and accumulation of the effects by
> conduction.***  
> ***[47.](#47)  Loss of Weight by Grinding
> or Pulverizing.***  
> ***[48.](#48)  Spontaneous Evolution of
> Heat (Thermoactivity) of recently pulverized silicates
> or aluminates.***  
> ***[49.](#49)  Discussion of Loss of
> Weight by Friction as present in Nature.***  
> ***[50.](#50)  The Possibilities of a New
> Type of Time-Space Data Preservation. A Method of
> Recording or "Memory".***  
> ***[51.](#51)  Shift of Capacitance
> Mid-Point***  
> ***[52.](#52)  Excitation by Impact of
> Highly-Charged Particles.***  
> ***[53.](#53)  Dipole Motion Due to
> Excitation from Positive Rays.***  
> ***[54.](#54)  Static Counterbalance
> Produced by Positive Ray Excitation.***  
> ***[55.](#55)  Excitation by Annihilation
> of Positive Holes.***  
> ***[56.](#56)  On the Meaning of "Field
> Shaping".***  
> ***[57.](#57)  Units in Multiple for
> Dynamic Counterbary.***  
> ***[58.](#58)  An Analysis of the Adamski
> Photograph in the Light of Recent Laboratory Findings.***  
> ***[59.](#59)  The Concept of the
> Gravitic Dipole as an Energy Storage Means.***  
> ***[60.](#60)  Luminescence from
> highly-excited Materials; Gravito-Luminescence.***  
> ***[61.](#61)  The Use of the Toroid in
> Field Shaping***  
> ***[62.](#62)  Possible Magnetic
> Components in the Venusian Scout Ship --- Continued from
> Par. 3, Sec. 58***  
> ***[63.](#63)  Rotation of the
> Cathode-Toroid vs the Control Grid, as a
> Gyro-Stabilizer.***  
> ***[64.](#64)  Field Shaping in Positive
> Ray Excitation.***  
> ***[65.](#65)  High Gravitic Potential
> Difference and the Phenomenon of Dielectricity.***  
> ***[66.](#66)  The Push-Pull Effect of
> the Control Grid.***  
> ***[67.](#67)  The Cylindrical Design of
> a Unit to Produce the Push-Pull Effect.***  
> ***[68.](#68)  Cylindrical Units in
> Parallel***  
> ***[69.](#69)  Self-Adjusting (Ionic)
> Oscillator and the Use of High Voltage RF in the
> Propulsion of Space Craft.***  
> ***[70.](#70)  Dielectromotance (The
> Generation of Dielectricity)***  
> ***[71.](#71)  The Flow of Dielectricity***  
> ***[72.](#72)  Generation of
> Dielectricity by the Use of Alternating Current.***  
> ***[73.](#73)  The Coiled Strip Capacitor
> as a Generator of Dielectricity.***  
> ***[74.](#74)  High Flux, Closed Circuit
> Transducer for Dielectricty***  
> ***[75.](#75)  Motion of Dielectric Media
> Produced by Dielectric Flux. Dielectric Wind.***  
> ***[76.](#76)  A Method of Ship
> Propulsion using Dielectric Flux.***
>
> ---
>
> *Page 1*
>
> **Notes & Ideas**
>
> This is to be the first of a series of record
> books of notes and ideas, of greater or lesser importance,
> just as they occur to me. The pages are numbered and the
> subject reference will be given in an index. Where it
> appears of importance at the moment, the entries will be
> witnessed.
>
> All of my life, it seems, I have jotted down
> notes on paper napkins and the like, which have ultimately
> been lost or destroyed. In many cases, these original notes
> and the dates of conception have turned out to be important
> and the loss of the record has been a serious handicap.
>
> In the main, the ideas recorded herein and the
> hypotheses developed from these ideas will relate to the
> subject of gravitation and the relationships between
> gravitation and electrodynamics. They may present from time
> to time certain seemingly practical applications which may
> be patentable. All entries therefore are dated.
>
> *Thomas Townsend Brown*
>
> Leesburg, VA; October 1, 1955
>
> ---
>
> *Page 2* [blank]
>
> *Page 3*
>
> ***1. A Review of the Situation regarding
> Gravitational Isotopes***
>
> Leesburg VA, Oct. 7, 1955
>
> (a) An announcement has been made both in the
> newspapers and on the radio (within the last few days) that
> the contract for the launching gear of the proposed space
> satellite has been awarded the Glenn S. Martin Co and the
> contract for the rocket motor to General Electric.
>
> This brings to mind the statement of M. K.
> Jessup in "The Case for the UFO" --- "If the money, thought,
> time and energy now being poured uselessly into the
> development of rocket propulsion were invested in a basic
> study of gravitation, it is altogether likely that we could
> have effective and economical space travel, at a small
> fraction of the ultimate cost which we are now incurring,
> within one decade".
>
> As to a study of gravitation, there are two
> phases --- (a) the dynamic and (b) the static. In dynamic
> considerations, electrical energy causes a local distortion
> in the gravitational field which results in the generation
> of a ponderomotive force and motion results. In the static
> considerations, an electric situation exists which causes
> matter to be lighter (or heavier) than it normally should
> be.
>
> *Page 4*
>
> In nature, matter has gravitational
> susceptibility, that is --- it is acted upon and responds to
> a gravitational field. This is expressed as gravitational
> mass, and bears no direct relationship to the inertial mass
> or reluctance to acceleration. The measure of gravitational
> mass is specific gravity.
>
> A study of the specific gravity of the
> elements reveals that, in many instances, a wide range of
> values are observed for the same element. Even where the
> chemical purity of the element is uniform a change or range
> of specific gravity values appears commonplace.
>
> It is my hypothesis that all elements are
> composed of lighter and heavier isotopes (values of specific
> gravity) which differ from the mean value of the composition
> as a whole. Where the lighter fractions predominate, the
> mean value of specific gravity is less than normal. It may
> be said to have a predominance of negative gravitational
> isotopes. Where the mean values are greater than normal, the
> composition may be said to have a predominance of positive
> gravitational isotopes. No element appears to be completely
> "normal" or free from this effect.
>
> For any given element, there probably exists
> (and this remains to be shown) a reciprocal relationship
> between the gravitational mass and the inertial mass.
>
> *Page 5*
>
> Heavier gravitational isotopes of the element
> possess less inertial mass --- and vice versa. The product
> of the two forms of mass probably equal a constant.
>
> mg mi = E.
>
> The energy relationships probably are
> unstable, the tendency being to reach an equilibrium
> condition of equality.
>
> mg = mi
>
> The spontaneous evolution of heat as observed
> by Brush and Harrington appears to be associated with light
> gravitational isotopes. This means excessive inertial mass,
> the energy of which is radiated and lost, and this in turn
> is the cause of decay of the anomalous gravitational effect.
>
> For example, the rare earth group of elements
> appears to have strong negative anomalies --- that is, they
> are lighter than they should be. That they should also
> exhibit relatively high evolution of heat (spontaneously)
> follows. (This heating effect by rare earth elements remains
> to be discovered). Assuming that such is the case, the
> heating effect is present only where equilibrium has not
> been reached, and the temperature differential is
> quantitatively related to the abnormal lightness.
>
> *Page 6*
>
> Since energy (thermal) is released until
> equilibrium between Mg and Mi is
> realized, it is obvious that the effect is subject to the
> usual rate of decay, reaching zero asymptotically.
>
> In the case of positive isotopes --- an
> absorption of that would be expected. Such absorption would
> cause the sample to be colder than its environment.
>
> If the effect noted above is not actually
> present (and there is as yet no evidence of heat
> absorption), it is possible that positive isotopes as such
> do not exist and that the present indicated mean specific
> gravity is actually negative and that the true "normal" or
> base is at least as high as the heaviest value indicated.
>
> Methods of beneficiation are the subject of
> current patent applications. Methods involve successive
> steps of settling and centrifuging. The separation is of the
> isotopes in the mixture, (a) the lighter weight and more
> massive fraction and (b) the heavier and less massive
> fraction respectively.
>
> No information has come to light regarding the
> modus operand of the creation of the light gravitational
> isotopes in the first place. It has been assumed, as in the
> case of mass isotopes that they have been present since the
> creation of the physical world.
>
> *Page 7*
>
> ***2. Nascent Gravitational Isotopes***
>
> Leesburg VA, Oct. 7, 1955.
>
> The creation of light gravitational isotopes
> requires energy. Thermal energy is evolved during the decay
> of these isotopes, but it is probable that a greater source
> of energy than that available from heat is necessary for the
> creation of these lighter fractions. An exception may be
> taken, of course, to the high thermal energies present for
> example in the sun or during nuclear reactions.
>
> Atomic piles provide energy through the
> fissioning of nuclei of the radioactive group to form nuclei
> of the rare earth group. These nascent isotopes may turn out
> to be a rich source --- produced in the same fashion as the
> rare earth elements were produced in the original creation
> (a primordial explosion).
>
> One may speculate on other ways of creating
> gravitational isotopes, such as ---
>
> (a) In targets receiving positive charges.   
> 1. Hydrogen nuclei --- from cyclotrons or accelerators.   
> 2. Hydrogen ions --- in electrolytic solutions.   
> 3. Complex positive ions --- separation in semi-permeable
> membranes.   
> 4. [ illegible, blurred photocopy ]   
> 5. Cosmic ray showers.
>
> *Page 8*
>
> It is to be recorded here that C.F. Brush once
> performed some experiments producing what he termed
> super-light hydrogen. It is said that this was done by some
> sort of preferred selection of ions in or during the
> electrolysis of water.
>
> *Page 9*
>
> ***3. Increase in Weight and Density of
> Certain Rocks***
>
> Leesburg, VA, October 7, 1955.
>
> There appears to be evidence, however tenuous
> and perhaps controversial, that a civilization existed on
> the earth 70,000 to 200,000 years ago. It may be said that
> this civilization had simple and effective ways of moving
> stone --- based on todays standards.
>
> In the high Andes of Peru --- the Sachahuaman
> Fortress --- stones weighing 200 tons each were fitted
> together so closely that a knife blade cannot be inserted
> between them.
>
> Enormous stones --- 14 x 17 x 70, weighing
> upwards to 1200 tons, were moved and placed in position in
> various parts of the world. Baalbek, Easter Island, as well
> as in Peru. (See "Case for the UFO" by Jessup). It has been
> suggested that some form of levitation employed by the
> ancients made possible the moving of these enormous stones.
>
> I submit that the weight of these stones may
> have changed since they were quarried, that the change may
> have been rapid at first and then slowed down as the years
> passed.
>
> To develop this hypothesis, the following is
> suggested:
>
> *Page 10*
>
> At some time between 70,000 and 200,000 years
> ago, a worldwide change occurred which created or recreated
> light gravitational isotopes. This could have been a sudden
> increase in the intensity of cosmic radiation or it could
> have been a close approach or contact with a comet.
>
> The result nevertheless was a rapid and
> effective increase in the content of light gravitational
> isotopes in certain susceptible materials. This increase
> presumably was limited to certain clays and rocks. The
> resulting loss of weight caused tectonic forces and started
> mountain building processes.
>
> The continent of Atlantis may have risen from
> the ocean during this period. During the height of this
> gravitational revolution, many materials were phenomenally
> light and could be transported with ease. Certain substances
> may have had negative gravitational mass and escaped from
> the earth. Structures to fly in the air may have been
> constructed from common materials by beneficiating from
> entrapping or loading materials.
>
> Men turned with ease toward the quarrying of
> huge masses of stone simply because they were able to lift
> and move them. It is my hypothesis that the largest stones
> cold be carried by a relatively few men. They literally
> floated through the air, like huge logs floating on water.
> Their inertial mass, however, must have been enormous. When
> motionless they must have required great force to start them
> moving and, when in motion, they must have required equally
> great effort to stop them!
>
> *Page 11*
>
> This period of "lightness" must have lasted
> many centuries, because during that time a flourishing,
> highly developed human society evolved.
>
> Decay of the light gravitational isotopes
> began when the factor causing their synthesis ceased to be
> operative. This decay, similar to radioactive decay, was
> very rapid at the start, diminishing in rate as the
> centuries passed.
>
> It is presumed that unless synthesis is now
> operating or has been more or less regularly operating
> during the intervening time, decay of this original effect
> is still proceeding. The result then would be a continuing
> increase in the weight of these rocks.
>
> During the first few centuries of weight
> "increase", great tectonic forces similar but opposite to
> those which originally created "Atlantis", now served to
> destroy it. Great loading due to the increase in weight of
> these specific rocks, together with isostatic flow, would
> have caused the sinking of the mythical continent.
>
> *Page 12*
>
> In brief, therefore, the disappearance of
> Atlantis may be related to and concurrent with the
> termination of quarrying operations of the huge stones. The
> same increase of weight, caused by the decay of light
> isotopes, caused by the decay of light isotopes, is the
> reason, so it seems.
>
> ![](12.jpg)
>
> As the weight of the monoliths, such as the
> Easter Island images, increased, their supporting
> foundations gave way and caused them to fall. Most of these
> images have fallen backward.
>
> It is proposed that samples of these monoliths
> (and others) be accurately weighed each year for several
> years, to determine if weight is still increasing. If so,
> and if rate has been undisturbed, curve may be extrapolated
> to indicate approximate date of vertical weightlessness (See
> above curve).
>
> Typical half-life curve --- similar to decay
> of radioactive materials.
>
> *Page 13*
>
> ***4. Effects of Electrical Potential upon
> Gravitational Isotopes --- Controlled Lifting.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, October 7, 1955.
>
> Two possibilities are foreseen:
>
> (1) A static condition in which sustained
> electrical potential causes the effect, or   
> (2) A dynamic condition in which rate of change of potential
> causes the effect.
>
> ![](13-1.jpg)
> Increase of negativity causes exogravitic field, increase of
> grav. mass (weight). Decrease of inertial mass and
> gravitational attraction.
>
> ![](13-2.jpg)
>
> Increase of positivity causes endogravitic
> field, Decrease of grav. mass (weight). Increase of inertial
> mass, and gravitational attraction
>
> Tests: No. 1
>
> A shielded analytical precision balance
> charged + or  , 50KV or more.   
> Weight (brass) on one pan   
> Sample of rock on other pan
>
> ![](13-3.jpg)
>
> *Page 14*
>
> In the foregoing test, advantage is made of
> the differential effect between brass and the sample
> susceptible to grav. change.
>
> Test No. 2 --- Sustained effects of sudden
> increase of + potential source 100 KV or more.   
> Sample insulated from ground.
>
> ![](14.jpg)
>
> Test No. 3 --- Same as above, but sample
> arranged to be struck by lightning!
>
> In this connection, it is interesting to
> speculate upon the reasons for the levitation or lofting of
> certain terrestrial materials, such as pebbles, sand, etc.,
> which subsequently fell back to earth.
>
> Could it be that certain materials in the
> "target regions struck by lightning (from positively charged
> clouds) acquire lofting properties temporarily? Certainly it
> would escape notice.
>
> Subsequently, as the lofting properties decay,
> the material will fall back to earth. One of the steps
> toward testing such a hypothesis would be to measure over a
> period of successive weeks the weight of a stone or pebble
> known to have recently fallen. Evidence of increase in weigh
> would be sought.
>
> *Page 15*
>
> ***5. Shift of Capacitance Mid-Point***
>
> Leesburg VA, October 10, 1955
>
> This is a review and restatement of principles
> underlying the differential electrometer. The basic tests
> which are proposed are for the purpose of clarifying the
> operation of the long wave electrogravitic receiver, and to
> reduce its functions to simplest possible terms.
>
> ![](15.jpg)
>
> Audio transformer coupling to amplifier.   
> Potentiometer automatically seeking null position, with
> chart recorder.
>
> *Page 16*
>
> ***6. Nascent Gravitational Isotopes ---
> Sec. 2 --- Excitation by Photons.***
>
> Leesburg VA, Dec. 25, 1955
>
> An exact definition of a gravitational
> isotope, particularly one which sets forth physical forms,
> is urgently needed. It is almost impossible to make progress
> in any direction until this is done.
>
> In searching various possibilities, the
> following interesting facts present themselves:
>
> (1) In transistor theory, conductivity s
> attributed to the migration of "holes", as well as to
> electrons. The holes appear to possess (or at least exhibit
> the equivalence of unit positive charges, equal to the unit
> negative charges carried by electrons. As a matter of
> mathematical convenience, the holes may be treated as having
> the same mass as an electron.
>
> (2) The definition of a hole is as elusive as
> that of a negative gravitational isotope. It is interesting
> to speculate for the time being on the possibility that
> there may be a relationship.
>
> To begin with, they are holes in what?
> Apparently, valence positions in the crystal lattice where
> valence electrons are missing. But the mechanisms by which a
> vacancy can be passed on progressively, with the physical
> property of a mass in motion, is not clear.
>
> *Page 17*
>
> The revisions in the theory of conductivity,
> which have resulted of necessity from the study of
> semi-conductors, have provided evidence of  "positive
> carriers" hitherto unknown or unrecognized.
>
> It is significant that these positive carriers
> are influenced by electric and/or magnetic fields in a way
> which is equivalent in every respect to the behavior of
> positive charges. They are indistinguishable, therefore,
> from charges.
>
> That they may exist in paired, dipole or
> neutralized relation with charges of opposite sign
> necessarily follows.
>
> Just as in other examples of pair creation, a
> photon may supply the energy. It is not clear, for example,
> whether the photon actually "creates" the positive-negative
> pair( with a mass of 2m), representing the equivalent mass
> energy value of the photon, or whether the total mass (2m)
> remains the same, with the photon merely supplying the
> energy to dissociate the pair.
>
> Furthermore, if a valence hole is filled by an
> electron of the same but opposite charge, both are
> annihilated, and an extra electron is necessary to produce
> any net effect.
>
> The energy of annihilation is radiated as a
> photon.
>
> *Page 18*
>
> If valence holes are representative of a class
> of positive charges found occasionally in the electronic
> shells of atoms, one may speculate upon similar charges in
> the nucleus. In most cases, such charges would be
> neutralized by electrons, and not enter into the electric
> balance of the atom.
>
> Now, therefore, if one takes the bold step of
> postulating that holes (either as found in crystal lattice,
> complex electronic shells or nuclei) are holes in the
> negative effluvium, what is their gravitational mass
> (weight)? Let us postulate the existence of an entity which
> is merely a rarefaction of the negative effluvium, as
> contrasted with a local compression of effluvium which may
> be an electron.
>
> If then, gravitational potential is
> synchronous with the potential of the negative effluvium,
> gravitational gradients exist as follows:
>
> ![](18.jpg)
>
> Outward from electron and inward toward hole.   
> Or as a concentric pair of zero net charge
>
> *Page 19*
>
> In other terms, the ether is the negative
> effluvium, the "elastic" compression of which represents
> potential energy. In the vicinity of large masses, the ether
> is less compressed, the potential energy of space is lower,
> but the potential energy of the mass is considerable (as
> represented by E + mc2), so that the total
> potential energy resident in the region is roughly constant
> everywhere.
>
> In "free" intergalactic space --- let us say,
> in a mass free region (midway between the galaxies),
> negativity, and the compression of the ether is maximum.
> Space potential (gravitationally) is maximum. The potential
> difference exiting within an electron would be minimum.
> Electrons, as such, would be virtually indistinguishable
> from the ambient. "Holes", perhaps also positrons) would
> have maximum potential difference to their "interiors".
>
> ![](19.jpg)
>
> *Page 20*
>
> At first impression, and this may be
> ultimately borne out, the electrons would possess weight
> (gravitational mass in the positive sense) whereas the
> "holes" may be lofting (negative gravitational mass). Both
> would possess inertial mass. A pair would be gravitationally
> and electrically neutral but would possess 2m initially.
>
> When struck by a photon, a latent pair would
> be split, the energy of the binding supplied by the photon,
> with any excess providing recoil momentum to the pieces or
> parts so split.
>
> Upon recombination, energy would be radiated
> as photons.
>
> In summary, certain photo-emissive substances
> (perhaps complex silicates, lavas, and many other materials
> found in nature), when irradiated, may be found to lose
> weight. These materials would acquire a positive charge if
> insulated, but usually, in the process of weighing, the
> charge is lost. Similarly, the inertial mass (or the inertia
> with respect to the weight) will increase.
>
> Upon standing, where recombination is
> permitted, heat (photons) is slowly evolved, causing the
> specimen to be continually warmer than its environment.
>
> *Page 21*
>
> ***7. Fatigue on Metals and the Creation of
> Light Gravitational Isotopes***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Jan. 7, 1956
>
> In the Brush experiment relating to
> heat-treated metals, certain case-hardened steels indicated
> an actual loss of weight following the heat treatment. In
> measurements of the specific gravity (or density) of various
> metal wires (platinum, tungsten, etc.), the values observed
> seem to vary in an unpredictable way with the amount of
> drawing or working which has preceded the measurement. In
> most cases, working decreases the specific gravity.
>
> In the measurement of specific gravity, it is
> desirable always to use the specimen which is most
> representative of the physical state of the material tested.
> In the main, the specimen should be free of porosity.
> Compression usually reduces this porosity and increases
> density.
>
> After a certain point, further compression,
> hammering and/or working does not increase the apparent
> density of the specimen but actually decreases. The result
> appears to be an actual decrease in the weight of the
> specimen due to the working.
>
> *Page 22*
>
> One may summarize, therefore, that if the
> effects of porosity are not considered, continued working of
> certain metals reduces their specific gravity.
>
> One may speculate, as a further step, that
> there may be a concurrent reduction of tensile strength with
> specific gravity, ad further, that the entire problem of
> fatigue in metals may be related to this phenomenon.
>
> In pursuance of such a hypothesis, the
> following ideas emerge:
>
> (a) Because of continuing flexing, a strip of
> metal becomes heated presumably due to inter-molecular
> friction. If course, the question as to whether the
> molecules in the crystal lattice actually rub together in
> the mechanical sense gives one misgivings. It is more
> accurate probably to say that the coulomb damping in and
> between the electric shells of the component atoms, carried
> in part by the valence electrons, causes the release of
> these electrons and the creation of "holes". Or, similarly,
> from an energy standpoint, the available heat (as photons)
> causes "electron-hole" pair creation, with a possible
> increase in the electrical conductivity in the flexed
> specimen.
>
> *Page 23*
>
> Based on the assumption that flexing increases
> the population of holes, it is reasonable to look for a
> decrease in weight. If the holes represent loss of valence
> electrons (binding energy or cohesive force), it is
> reasonable to look for a gradual or progressive weakening of
> the metal or fatigue.
>
> (c) In and specific region, saturation of
> holes is reached when fracture occurs, or vice versa. This
> is also the point at which specific gravity is minimum,
> i.e., the sample is gravitationally lightest.
>
> (d) A critical experiment suggests itself: A
> thin specimen of susceptible metals (aluminum, tantalum,
> tungsten, platinum) is carefully weighed. It is then
> continually stressed (or simply bent back and forth) until
> it fractures, care being taken to lose no pieces. The broken
> parts (in toto) are then weighed and the loss of weight (if
> any) is noted immediately.
>
> (e) Due to the decay of the holes by
> recombination with electrons, the weighing of the broken
> specimen (pieces) must be performed as quickly after
> fracture as possible.
>
> *Page 24*
>
> (f) If such an experiment gives positive
> results, the following possibilities are of great interest:
>
> (1). The production of light gravitational
> isotopes by mechanical manipulation.
>
> (2) Large scale changes in weight due to
> tectonic forces and movement in the crust of the Earth.
>
> (3) Nascent gravitational isotopes in recent
> lava "coolings" that have moved until cool.
>
> (4) Loss of weight of recently forged
> specimens, hammered, hot or cold rolled, especially after
> excessive mechanical working.
>
> (5) Loss of weight of recently crushed rock,
> pulverized sand or clays.
>
> (6) Extension of knowledge as to the cause of
> fatigue (crystallization) in mtals.
>
> (7) Change in properties due to cold flow as
> distinguished from elasticity.
>
> (8) Spontaneous generation of heat as
> gravitational isotopes decay through annihilation of
> electron-hole pairs and emission of photons.
>
> (9) Decay of heating effect according to
> half-life curve.
>
> (10) Warmth of recently crushed rock or sand
> and the decay of the warmth with time.
>
> (11) Altering the rate of decay, i.e.,
> speeding up decay by negativity (elec.), slowing up decay by
> positivity.
>
> (12) Effects of elastic field rate-of-change.
>
> *Page 25*
>
> ***8. Creation of Gravitational Isotopes.
> Sec. I.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Jan 7, 1956.
>
> The Possibility of creating (or energizing
> materials lighter than normal has interesting implications.
> It simply means that certain normal materials (in the sense
> that the ratio of mg to mi = 1 ) may
> be energized or activated so hat the ratio is less than 1.
>
> Energy is stored in electron-hole pair
> creation which is returned to the environment only upon
> annihilation of the pair. Photons are absorbed and photons
> are radiated.
>
> The following possibilities are inherent in
> the idea:
>
> (a) Irradiation of loess by light (visible),
> ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays, producing lofting
> particles which decay and return to Earth.
>
> (b) Sparked loess (positive sparks. Irradiate
> both by UV light and electric discharge).
>
> (c) Pulverizing (additional grinding.
> Mechanical irradiation. See Sec. 7).
>
> (d) In or near atomic piles or sites of
> nuclear explosions.
>
> *Page 26*
>
> ***9. The Postulation of an
> Anti-Gravitational Particle. Definition and
> Characteristics.***
>
> Leesburg, VA. Jan, 9, 1956.
>
> In the foregoing hypotheses, the existence of
> lighter (than normal) gravitational fractions is proposed.
> It is reasoned that certain presently unexplained behavior
> of matter (such as the Brush Effects and the anomalous
> densities of many elements and compounds) may be adequately
> accounted for if one postulates the existence in nature of
> lighter and/or heavier fractions in the gravitational sense.
>
> Development of this view introduces the
> necessity to define "mass" and to distinguish two kinds of
> mass:---
>
> (1) Gravitational Mass (mg) as
> being the quality of matter susceptible to or reacting upon
> the (any) gravitational field, and
>
> (2) Inertial Mass ( mi ) as being
> the quality of matter susceptible to or reacting with
> acceleration or centrifuging force.
>
> A tentative relationship would be:
>
> me mi = , constant,
>
> where *e* is an unknown exponent.
>
> The constant represents the total potential
> energy E of the mass in the equation E = mc2.
>
> *Page 27*
>
> Therefore, for any given mass, since E = mge
> mi C2 ; therefore, mge
> || 1 / mi.
>
> For any given mass, the alteration of weight
> must accompany an alteration of inertial mass in an inverse
> relationship.
>
> In the first concept of gravitational
> isotopes, the accepted value for the density (gr/cc) of an
> element or compound represented merely a mean value, with
> both lighter and heavier fractions in varying proportions
> being present.
>
> If, for example, the mean value is less than
> the theoretically normal value (see chart of gravity
> anomalies of the elements), it is reasoned that the element,
> or at least that particular sample of the element, contains
> gravitationally lighter components.
>
> Let us consider the nature of these lighter
> components.
>
> It would appear that inasmuch as all elements
> exhibits the presence of those components, the active agent
> is probably common to all and may take the form of a
> fundamental particle --- of anti-gravitational properties.
>
> *Page 28*
>
> Such a particle may be said to have negative
> gravitational permeability and exhibit negative g. In free
> state, it would accelerate "upward" or loft. Its potential
> energy would be greatest, for example, at the surface of the
> earth and it would diminish as the particle "falls away"
> from the earth --- converting this gravitational potential
> energy into kinetic energy.
>
> It will be seen that this property is the
> converse of that of ordinary mater. In this sense, such a
> lofting particle may be described as "contra-terrene". While
> the gravitational mass of such a particle may be said to be
> negative (for the reason that it is repelled in a
> gravitational field), the inertial mass is positive.
>
> Hence, as the particle accelerates in
> escaping, it acquires momentum. This positive mass is
> revealed during acceleration and in any centrifugal
> situation.
>
> Now, as to the nature of the
> anti-gravitational particle, considerable uncertainty exists
> in my mind. I shall try to resolve some of this, but the
> final answers can be given only after definitive experiments
> have provided the answers.
>
> *Page 29*
>
> In the foregoing entries in this book wherein
> gravitational isotopes were mentioned, the concept seemed to
> revolve around the possibilities of holes in the effluvium
> wherein a kind of gravitational buoyancy existed.
>
> The holes of a semi-conductor appear as
> possibilities in this respect. If so, the anti-gravitational
> particle must be associated with electrical positivity. This
> would be particularly true if the effluvium itself is
> negative --- as an indefinitely extended diffuse electron
> ocean, but with a potential gradient to provide the
> direction of force.
>
> Such holes are observed as the absence of
> electrons and hence behave as positrons. They are,
> therefore, of the same general magnitude as electrons. Holes
> and electrons are created n pairs by the action of a photon
> of the proper energy. It would tentatively appear that a low
> energy photon (heat) causes a slight separation of hole and
> electron, as in a dipole creation, whereas a high energy
> photon causes a further separation to the point where
> binding is lost and the separated particles take up
> independent lives. Here the energy of the photon equals or
> exceeds the binding energy of the pair.
>
> *Page 30*
>
> On a much smaller scale, but perhaps equally
> significant, is the creation of the neutrino and the
> anti-neutrino. Energy is required to create such a pair and
> that energy is released upon recombination or annihilation
> of the pair.
>
> For the moment, let us consider only the
> possibilities of the larger scale effect; that is, those
> effects which can be operative in the shells of atoms rather
> than in the nucleus. Holes and electrons (as pairs),
> electrically neutral, can certainly be trapped in shells.
> Complex structures, such as are obviously present, for
> example, in the rare earth atoms, may contain such dipole
> structures or concentric structures formed of electron-hole
> combinations. Photons (energy) could cause and maintain such
> dipole or concentric structures. Heat energy could therefore
> cause expansion by the effects of increasing the physical
> separation of these pairs and the resulting chasing action
> (primary Brownian movement) of such dipoles.
>
> ![](30.jpg)
>
> Chasing action of an electron-hole dipole.
>
> *Page 31*
>
> ***10. An Experiment to Show Lofting
> Effects of an Irradiated Dust.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Jan 29, 1956.   
>     
>  
>
> ![](31.jpg)
>
> A pulverized material, or a natural clay or
> loess, is placed on an electrode within a chamber capable of
> being evacuated. It is irradiated by a source of ultraviolet
> and/or visible radiation. The dust is observed through a
> telescope.
>
> The pan maintaining the dust is charged
> electro-positively and the lighter particles are observed to
> "take off" and migrate under the action of the field toward
> the negative electrode.
>
> However, the impressed electrostatic field is
> for purposes of control only. If true change of weight of a
> particle is observed, the electric field may be reduced,
> eliminated or reversed.
>
> It is conceivable, however, that the lofting
> particles may bear electropositive charges naturally, hence
> will be more affected by the field and tend to separate from
> the unelectrified (normal) particles.
>
> *Page 32*
>
> ***11. Quantitative Weighing of
> Photo-Isotopes in a Precision Balance.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Jan 29, 1956.
>
> If it is found possible to create negative
> gravitational isotopes by irradiation, a measurement may be
> possible simply by weighing a shallow sample on a precision
> balance:
>
> (1) under conditions of darkness   
> (2) " intense visible illumination.   
> (3) " " ultraviolet.   
> (4) " x-rays.
>
> ***12. The Photo-Isotope
> (Electroluminescence)***
>
> ![](32-1.jpg)
>
> A metal can (a) is filled with loess (or equivalent). A
> fine ionizing wire is placed at the center, very highly
> positively charged.
>
> Coronal glow irradiates the region immediately
> adjacent to the ionizing wire and the effects tend to spread
> to the inside walls of the cell, irradiating all of the
> material in the cell.
>
> ![](32-2.jpg)
>
> Active photoisotopic material in disc.
>
> *Page 33.*
>
> ***13. Increase of Inertial Mass in the
> Photo-Isotopic Cell, along with decrease in weight.***
>
> Leesburg, VA , Jan 27, 1956.
>
> Proposed method of testing:
>
> ![](33.jpg)
>
> Arranged as a pendulum. Leads --- coaxial polyethylene
> cable. 50 KV +.   
> Observations of period.
>
> (1) Tests to be made with no charge.   
> (2) """ (+) " applied.   
> (3) """ () "".
>
> According to theory, the observed period with
> + charge applied should be longest, indicating:
>
> (a) increase of inertial mass, or   
> (b) decrease of weight, or   
> (c) both.
>
> To separate these effects, an inertial device
> such as an anniversary clock or centrifugal (rotor) device
> may be used. (See Inertial Differential Electrogravitic
> Motor., Sec. 39).
>
> *Page 34*
>
> ***14. Centrifugal Inertial Effects on
> Electrically Modulated Photoisotopic Cells.***
>
> Leesburg VA, Jan. 29, 1956.
>
> ![](34.jpg)
>
> In the position as shown PC, is
> electropositive, hence gravitationally lighter but
> inertially more massive. The opposite is true of PC2
> in the position shown.
>
> A net force should therefore result as
> indicated, acting in the direction toward the positive
> electrode.
>
> Rapid rotation should increase the force
> effective.
>
> (This system, used as a motor, is described
> further in Sec. 39.)
>
> *Page 35*
>
> ***15. Beneficiation by Ion Separation***
>
> Leesburg VA, Feb 3, 1956
>
> ![](35-1.jpg)
>
> When irradiated, susceptible dust which bears
> a positive charge is attracted electrostatically to the
> negative electrode and falls to the right of center.
>
> ![](35-2.jpg)
>
> Heat and radiation is applied at positive
> electrode (which may be mechanically agitated). Sensitive
> dust which had become excited rises in electrostatic field
> to the negative electrode where it is neutralized and falls
> immediately.
>
> ![](35-3.jpg)
>
> Separation of suspended clay particles on the cathode.
>
> (1) Heavy conductivity (water) fluid   
> (2) Non-conductivity (oil) fluid
>
> *Page 36*
>
> ***15. (Continued)***
>
> ![](36.jpg)
>
> Separation by lofting property of dust, upon
> being excited.
>
> ***16. Beneficiation by Differential
> Centrifugal Action***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 4, 1956.
>
> As described in the project submitted to
> DuPont, one method of beneficiating light gravitational
> isotopes is the centrifugal action upon materials floating
> in heavy liquids. To go into detail, the following may be
> said:
>
> To beneficiate kaolinite (aluminum silicate,
> density 2.5), the finely ground material is floated upon an
> aqueous solution of thallium malonate-thallium formate
> adjusted to approx. 3.0 density (sp. gr.).
>
> In a gravitational field, the material floats
> on the surface of the liquid, but in a strong centrifugal
> "field", the aluminum silicate particles having a low g/i
> ratio will sink. If the settlings are fixed, either by
> freezing or compaction, they may be removed en masse after
> the centrifuge has stopped.
>
> *Page 37*
>
> ***17. Regarding a Measure of Centrifugal
> Force as Distinguished from Gravity.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 5, 1956.
>
> To rate a centrifuge as so many "gs" is
> obviously incorrect and basically unsound, if one is to
> distinguish between the effects of acceleration and
> gravitation.
>
> One "g" is defined as that force (due to
> gravity) which will impact an acceleration to a mass
> equivalent to that experienced at the surface of the earth,
> i.e., approx. 980 cm/sec2.
>
> Centrifugal force, on the other hand, depends
> upon inertial mass only and is in no way equivalent to the
> force of gravitation.
>
> Three factors affect the rate of fall, or,
> more accurately, the acceleration of a free-falling body,
> (1) The intensity of the gravitational field or gradient,
> (2) the susceptibility of the material being acted upon by
> that field, and (3) the inertial mass of that material.
>
> Obviously, and contrary to the currently
> accepted postulate of Relativity, all materials in nature do
> no react to the same extent to gravitation and, further, the
> weight-inertial mass ratio is not the same with all
> materials.
>
> *Page 38*
>
> ***17. (Continued)***
>
> In a gravitational gradient or field fg,
> accel. = mg fg / mi where
>
> mg = gravitational (susceptibility)
> mass,   
> mi = inertial mass
>
> Where mg = mi, the
> accel. is only dependent upon fg. A field fg
> which will cause the acceleration of 980 cm/sec2
> under these circumstances is considered to be 1 "g".
>
> Hence, we may refer to the ratio mg/mi,
> or simply the ratio g/i, as the "g-i" ratio. Under average
> conditions, when the ratio equals unity, there is said to be
> equivalence between weight and mass, as postulated by
> Einstein. However, when the "g-i" ratio is less than unity,
> the acceleration due to gravity is less and the acceleration
> in an inertial field is greater. When the ratio is greater
> than unity, the opposite appears to be true.
>
> g / i = 1 (normal, mass-weight equivalence).
>
> g / i > 1 (heavy gravitational isotopes
> prevail)
>
> g / i < 1 (light gravitational isotopes
> prevail)
>
> *Page 39*
>
> ***18. The g / i (gee-eye) Ratio***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb 5, 1956.
>
> The g-i ratio represents the gravity-inertial
> property of a material. It differs with different materials
> and with the same materials at different times or under
> different states of excitation.
>
> When the g-i ratio is unity, there is an exact
> equivalence of weight and inertial mass. This may be
> described as average or mean condition.
>
> Certain materials in nature apparently have
> less or greater inertial mass for a given weight (under
> similar circumstances) and such materials therefore have a
> g-i ratio differing from unity.
>
> A g-i ratio is said to be high, normal or low
> depending upon whether it is above unity, at unity or below
> unity, respectively. Light gravitational isotopes present
> predominantly in a mass tends to lower the g-i ratio.
>
> Examples:
>
> Material A. Given a g-i ratio of 0.901, weight
> (gravitationally) 10 grams, Centrifuge rating 10,000 gs;
> What is actual centrifugal equivalent?
>
> 10,000 / 0.901 = 11,090+ gs equiv.
>
> *Page 40*
>
> ***19. Centrifugal Differential Hydrometry***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb 5, 1956.
>
> Principles set forth in Sec. 16 and touched
> upon further in Sec. 18, are basically described as follows:
>
> ![](40-1.jpg)
>
> In gravity field of any value of g, scale set
> to zero hydrometer reading.
>
> Then: When in centrifuge.
>
> ![](40-2.jpg)
>
> If material in hydrometer bulbs has a g-i
> ratio of 1, no other reading will be indicated whatever the
> speed of rotation.
>
> If, however, material in bulb has a g-i ratio
> less than 1, hydrometer will sink lower in liquid as
> centrifugal force increases, the change in reading being
> proportional to the rate of rotation.
>
> If, however, material in bulb has a g-i ratio
> less than 1, hydometer will sink lower in liquid, as
> centrifugal force increases, the change in reading being
> proportional to the rate of rotation (of the centrifuge).
>
> If the material in the bulb has a g-i ratio
> greater than 1, the hydrometer bulb will rise in the liquid
> as the centrifugal force increases.
>
> *Page 41*
>
> The reading of a floating hydrometer during
> centrifuging may be accomplished by using an indicator
> coating on the stem of the hydrometer, the color or shading
> of which changes when in contact with the liquid. Such an
> arrangement will permit reading the position (maximum) after
> the centrifuge has stopped and the hydrometer returned to
> zero position.
>
> The method is useful in determining the g-i
> ratio of any unknown material, simply by placing a known
> amount in the bulb of a standardized form of hydrometer,
> using a liquid the g-i ratio of which is 1, and centrifuging
> at a known rate. These materials may be in liquid as well as
> solid sate. The sensitivity increases in proportion to the
> speed of the centrifuge.
>
> The advantages of the hydrometer method of
> determining the g-i ratio of a material is that it is
> self-balancing and independent of the compaction of material
> during centrifuging. The hydrometer bulbs, since they are
> made of glass (a silicate), must be carefully checked and
> isotopically balanced to prevent a contribution to the
> reading. Change in geometry due to compression of the bulb
> must also be taken into account, but this may be balanced
> out and disregarded when liquids or semi-fluids are tested.
>
> Witnessed this 5th day of February 1956.   
> T. Townsend Brown   
> Witnessed Feb. 5, 1956 at Leesburg, VA,   
> Helen Brasafort   
> Joesphine B. Brown
>
> *Page 42*
>
> ***20. Energy Changes and Excited States in
> the Creation and Determination of Gravitational Isotopes***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb 5, 1956.
>
> Energy is required to create negative
> gravitational isotopes. This energy may be supplied in the
> form of protons (from infrared to gamma radiation) and
> conceivably also from high speed particles.
>
> When applied to susceptible materials, this
> energy causes a temporary excited state, and this state
> accompanies a change in the g-i ratio to a lower value.
>
> This excited state gradually deteriorates
> (probably according to a half-life curve) at different rates
> according to the material irradiated. The g-i ratio
> increases accordingly and approaches a value of 1
> asymptotically. During this decay, energy is released,
> mainly in the form of heat, and to a small extant, possibly
> also as visible light.
>
> This evolution of energy at a high rate may
> not necessarily indicate a low gi ratio but more probably a
> high rate of decay, i.e., a short half-life, and to some
> extent also, a recent irradiation. The evolution of light
> (if it does occur) would immediately follow cessation of
> irradiation --- and, as a matter of fact, may be present
> during irradiation, for decay would be proceeding at the
> same time as irradiation.
>
> *Page 43*
>
> The effect may be similar to photoexcitation
> of phosphors, the persistence of the radiation determined by
> the rate of decay of the excited state.
>
> Immediately following removal of the exciting
> radiation, the luminescence and heating effect is greatest.
> The radiation diminishes as the excited state decays.
>
> This suggests a beneficiated clay or other
> material which may be periodically excited and then
> (following irradiation) gives off heat slowly during the
> decay of the excited state. Thus such a material would serve
> as a heat reservoir with the energy stored as an
> electrogravitic excited state.
>
> ***21. Certain Complex Silicates (natural
> clays, etc.) as Heat Reservoirs Following Irradiation by
> Sunlight.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 11, 1956.
>
> It is interesting speculation at this point to
> consider the possibility that certain desert sands and clays
> may thus become irradiated during the intense illumination
> of the day, and thus retain an ability to evolve heat
> through the night which exceeds the basic thermal capacity
> of the material.
>
> *Page 44*
>
> Concurrent with the irradiation, the material
> may become gravitationally lighter and, at the same time,
> inertially more massive.
>
> If there is a fraction of the irradiated
> desert sand or clay which is sufficiently susceptible, to
> the extent that the g-i ratio decreases to zero or goes
> negative, the particles comprising that fraction may
> actually rise (loft) until nightfall stops the irradiation.
> At which time, the particles may start to return to earth
> --- falling perhaps like micro-meteorites.
>
> Needless to say, a collection of this material
> --- beneficiated in this way by nature --- would be
> susceptible again to the same radiation. If the natural
> radiation could be intensified by a quartz lens or metallic
> parabolic mirror and focused upon a small sample of highly
> susceptible material, the probability is that the material
> would quickly loft. This would provide a simple and
> effective confirmation.
>
> Along this line, it has always been a mystery
> to me why magnetite is found frequently on top of sand at
> the waterline on beaches both in rivers and at the ocean. If
> it were merely that the sand had washed away, leaving the
> magnetite on top, an explanation might be provided. But, in
> many cases, the sand has been recently deposited and it is
> not clear how the magnetite can be carried along with the
> sand in the initial process of beach formation unless the
> densities were of the same order and/or unless the magnetite
> fell as micrometeorites during or subsequent to the
> formation of the beach. The density of average beach sand is
> 2.5 gr/cm3 while that of normal magnetite is 5.5
> gr/cm3, more than twice as heavy.
>
> *Page 45*
>
> Magnetite found in beach sands may therefore
> be a susceptible material. It should be investigated.
>
> The same may be said for loess. The beach sand
> deposits of monazite at Jacksonville Beach, FL are also
> interesting in this connection.
>
> ***22. Beneficiation of Light Gravitational
> Isotopes (by irradiation and selective lofting and
> falling) as it may occur on the Moon.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 11, 1956.
>
> Another purely speculative matter of interest
> at this point is the possibility of natural beneficiation
> occurring on the surface of the moon.
>
> Due to the slow rate of rotation of the moon,
> the moons daylight is approx. 14 days in length and night
> is also 14 days in length.
>
> *Page 46.*
>
> During the long lunar day, temperatures rise
> well above 200-300 deg F in the surface materials. The
> radiation of the sun (due to the absence of atmosphere) is
> strong also in the ultraviolet. Conditions are sustained for
> 14 days which are especially favorable for the excitation of
> photoisotopes. Lofting of susceptible fractions of surface
> dust is indicated. This material rises to great height and
> part of it may escape into space. If a positive space charge
> is created by the first waves of lofting material,
> electrostatic repulsive forces may slow up further lofting.
>
> Assuming then, a continuing lofting and
> falling process, the moons surface may become covered with
> a fine dust which engages every lunar day in a
> lofting-falling cycle.
>
> The surface then becomes covered with an
> especially deep layer at the end of the lunar night. This
> may be a rich deposit of photoisotopic material actually
> beneficiated by Nature.
>
> The question, of course, may be asked if
> similar conditions exist or may be made to exist, upon the
> earth. One may search expectantly, it would seem, at the
> edge of deserts --- especially on the downwind side.
>
> *Page 47*
>
> ***23. The value of "g" is not constant for
> all materials***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 10, 1956.
>
> The acceleration due to gravity "g", normally
> about 980 cm/cm2, is the result of a force acting
> upon a mass.   
> a = f / m.
>
> If the *f* does no increase in
> proportion to *m*, a lower acceleration results: But
> this is inertia mass mi --- the reluctance to acceleration.
> The *f* is the force resulting from the action of the
> gravitational field upon the specific material. That action
> may be expressed as:
>
>  mg x fg. 
> Hence,
>
> a = mg / mi x fg.
>
> mg / mi = g / i (ratio)
> , therefore
>
> a = ( g-i ratio ) x fg
>
> when (g-i ratio) is a characteristic of the
> material under (or at) a certain state of excitation where
> g-i ratio = 1, no excitation exists.
>
> fg is a function of the inertial
> mass of the attracting body.
>
> *Page 48*
>
> ***24. Contact Excitation of Photoisotopes
> by Highly Energized Isotopes.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 10, 1956.
>
> A question presents itself as to the
> possibility that a highly energized body may transfer energy
> to a less energized body, either by conduction thru direct
> contact or by induction thru merely being in proximity.
>
> Can, for example, a highly excited sand or
> clay energize rock? Can an excited gas (as in a positively
> charged fireball of nitrogen) excite the sand, gravel or
> other material by which it has been grounded and
> annihilated? Can the mere presence of contra-terrene
> material induce an effect of similar nature in a susceptible
> material?
>
> Probably only experiment will reveal the
> answers. It is worth considering, however, for there are
> similar effects observable in other manifestations of energy
> --- such as heat, electrostatics, etc.
>
> One immediately ponders the question as to
> energy excitation capacity, such as specific heat. Does a
> material of low specific (excitation) capacity transfer its
> energy to a material of higher excitation capacity, where
> there is only a slight difference in potential.
>
> *Page 49*
>
> This would raise the question that materials
> may differ in excitation energy) capacity. Hence, more
> energy would be required to excite certain atoms (or
> materials generally) than others. More energy would be
> released, and hence the rate of evolution would be greater,
> or the rate of decay would be greater --- or possibly both.
>
> A measure of potential must then be foreseen.
> Raising the potential from one value to another, multiplied
> by the specific capacity, would consume energy, as
>
> E = Pdif x capacity.
>
> If then, a material of high capacity were to
> come into contact with a material of low capacity and would
> discharge thereinto, would the P reach a higher value in the
> second material? Based on analogous heat or electric
> situations, the answer would seem to be that the potential
> governs the flow, not the capacity.
>
> Therefore, if a transfer of energy takes
> place, it is because a difference in potential exists.
> Energy will flow until the potential is equalized.
>
> In energizing a material of high capacity, a
> flow similar to the electric charging of a storage battery
> takes place, with the potential rising as the charging
> continues.
>
> *Page 50*
>
> If the g-i ratio is a measure of excitation
> potential, then I must be in reciprocal relation. As an
> arbitrary zero, the g-i ratio of 1 can be taken. The
> excitation potential increases as the ratio decreases to
> zero. It continues to increase as the ratio goes negative.
> Let us divide the scale so that the distance from 1 to zero
> is 100 units. The distance from zero to 1 is then also 100
> units, As: ---
>
> Excitation Potential // g-i  ratio
>
> 200 units // -1   
> 100 " // 0   
> 0 " // +1
>
> Therefore, in summary, a material will have
> mass-weight equivalence at zero potential, weightlessness
> and double mass (or some larger exponent) at 100 units and
> lofting at 1g and some still larger inertial mass at 200
> units of excitation.
>
> To excite a material, the energy (photon)
> equivalent of the excitation potential required must be
> supplied. In effect, this is electromagnetic excitation.
> This excitation must be continued for a length of time
> determined by the excitation capacity of the material.
>
> *Page 51*
>
> Just as in charging a storage battery, a
> longer time is required or a greater flow to charge a
> material of higher capacity.
>
> Once charged, a material of higher capacity
> will continue in the excited state until discharged, and
> will last longer or discharge at a higher rate, or both.
>
> If there is a difference in capacity of
> materials, it is logical to assume, at least to start with,
> that the capacity may be a direct function of the inertial
> mass at zero potential or grav. mass at any potential.
>
> Hence, to irradiate a rare earth metal or
> tantalum would require more energy than aluminum or silicon,
> but the radiated energy during decay would likewise be
> greater. When once energized to a given potential, tantalum
> would give off more energy during decay to zero potential
> and would do so at a greater rate or for a longer time, or
> both.
>
> Aluminum silicate could be excited to a given
> potential with less energy because its excitation capacity
> is less.
>
> Now therefore, on the basis that the specific
> excitation is less than that of tantalum, it is clear that
> the decay radiation total will be different to the same
> extent.
>
> Tantalum will absorb more energy and give off
> more energy in reaching the same excitation potential. The
> rate of charging will depend (1) upon the potential of the
> charging source and (2) upon the rate of charging (or flow).
>
> Therefore, to return to the subject of this
> reaction, the rate of flow (conductivity) may depend upon
> the proximity and/or contact with the charging source.
>
> If, for example, two pieces of tantalum having
> been differently excited (that is at presently different
> potentials) were brought into contact, energy would most
> certainly flow from one to the other. The flow would cease
> when their potentials balanced. This would constitute
> contact excitation of one by the other.
>
> If highly excited aluminum silicate were
> placed in an envelope or container made of tantalum, contact
> would tend to cause the excitation of the tantalum, but the
> difference in the specific capacity would be so great as to
> virtually discharge the aluminum silicate without
> effectively draining the potential of the tantalum, unless,
> of course, the volume of aluminum silicate makes up for the
> difference in specific capacity.
>
> On the other hand, highly excited tantalum
> could energize a large quantity of aluminum silicate without
> an appreciable drop in potential of the tantalum.
>
> *Page 53*
>
> One may speculate then that excitation in this
> respect is contagious from one element to the other, that
> there may be a variation from element to element, (1) in
> capacity, (2) in rates of spontaneous decay.
>
> The more interesting elements, therefore, are
> those which have reasonably high capacity and very slow
> rates of decay.
>
> ![](53-1.jpg)
>
> Possible method for exciting rock through
> continuing contact excitation by irradiated sand.
>
> Loess may be used in place of irradiated sand,
> and would be especially effective if beneficiated.
>
> ![](53-2.jpg)
>
> Beneficiating by contact excitation by
> dragging rock over desert sand.
>
> *Page 54*
>
> ![](54.jpg)
>
> More modern method for doing same thing.
>
> Tantalum lofting by excitation from corona
> photons.
>
> The use of irradiated clay as a method to
> energize rock. In this respect, clay serves as an impedance
> matching device --- between the high potential of the
> exciting photons and the low potential of the rock or other
> solid material.
>
> The ancients may have known that if they
> rubbed (Nile) mud, irradiated by the desert sun, on large
> rocks that the rocks lost weight until they could be easily
> carried.
>
> *Page 55*
>
> ***25. Preservation of the Rotation of the
> Earth by the Gravitational Differential of the Field of
> the Sun --- Due to Solar Irradiation of Photoisotopes.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 15, 1956.
>
> If the g-i  ratio of the materials
> comprising the surface of the earth (including the
> atmosphere) is decreased by the action of sunlight, the
> following effect may account for sustaining the rotation:
>
> ![](55.jpg)
>
> The atmosphere, being free to slip, would move
> in the direction from W to E because of the differential
> field.
>
> Correction: Perhaps it should not be called a
> differential field. What I intend to say is that it is a
> differential effect caused by two values of g large value on
> the west limb and small value on the east limb (of the
> Earth) in the gravitational field of the Sun.
>
> *Page 56*
>
> ***26. Factors which may cause the Rotation
> of the Earth.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 18, 1956.
>
> Neglecting all velocity components except the
> basic orbital velocity of the Earth, a situation with
> respect to the irradiation of the Earth by the Sun, and the
> inertial mass differential developed therefrom, may possibly
> account for a torque upon the Earth, as:--
>
> ![](56.jpg)
>
> Orbital motion of Earth.   
> Daylight side --- due to irradiation, mg/mi
> decreasing, mi increasing
>
> Assuming conservation of momentum, then since
> mi is increasing V1 must decrease. On
> the night side, since mi is decreasing V2 must
> increase. Hence, a torque is present tending to revolve
> Earth in the direction indicated.
>
> This torque would be continuously applied and
> would increase the rate of rotation of the Earth without the
> present (low) limit were it not for the factors mentioned in
> Sec. 27.
>
> *Page 57.*
>
> ***27. Counter-Rotational Torque Tending to
> Limit the Rate of Rotation of the Earth.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 18, 1956.
>
> Considering now the rotation of the Earth as
> given, and neglecting all other velocity components, the
> following situation may exist:
>
> ![](57.jpg)
>
> On the daylight side, irradiation causes
> increase in mi, and a force tending to decrease V1
> as shown as F1.
>
> On the night side, decay causes decrease in mi
> and a force tending to increase V2, as shown as F2.
>
> Since both of these forces are in the same
> direction, the result is a contribution to the orbital
> motion. It is this force which ma account for the basic
> orbital velocity (given in Sec. 26).
>
> However, since the actual velocity of the
> Earth surface is the result of both orbital and axial
> rotation, the forces actually acting are as follows:
>
> *Page 58*
>
> ![](58.jpg)
>
> V2 > V1   
> Irradiation causes increase in mi, hence F1.   
> Decay causes decrease in mi, hence F2.
>
> Since F1 and F2
> contribute to the axial rotation, the result is similar to
> that indicated in Sec. 26, and we must look elsewhere for
> the counter-rotational torque.
>
> It would appear at the moment that we must
> look elsewhere for this effect, and probably the most
> fruitful place to look would be in the solar-tidal friction
> produced upon and within the body of the Earth (including
> the oceans) as it revolves.
>
> Such friction would increase quite rapidly as
> the rate of rotation increases, hence would soon reach an
> equilibrium revolution at a certain rate.
>
> We can assume, I believe, that this
> equilibrium (in the case of the Earth) has been reached.
>
> ***28. The Equilibrium Condition Between
> the Amount of Irradiation and the Orbital and Axial
> Motion of the Earth.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 18, 1956.
>
> In Sec. 26, orbital motion plus irradiation
> causes axial rotation.
>
> In Sec. 27, axial rotation plus irradiation
> caused orbital motion.
>
> Obviously, there is an interaction between all
> three factors, so that an equilibrium condition exists for
> all values of irradiation.
>
> It is apparent that, in the foregoing, orbital
> motion per se is not required. What is required is that the
> relative position of the source of irradiation shall not
> change with respect to the body being irradiated. Hence to
> maintain a fixed relative position, orbital motion satisfies
> this requirement.
>
> At any instant, therefore, orbital motion is
> equivalent to linear motion.
>
> A summary of the situation, therefore, points
> to a possible interaction between linear motion, irradiation
> and particle rotation.
>
> This inter-relationship may be observed in the
> laboratory.
>
> *Page 60*
>
> ***29. Conservation of Momentum and the
> Change of Velocity with Change in Inertial Mass***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 18, 1956
>
> Basic considerations:
>
> ![](60-1.jpg)
>
> As mi increases, V must decrease,
> and vice versa.
>
> ![](60-2.jpg)
>
> If V is given, Rotation results is irradiation
> is maintained on one side of a photo-sensitive material.
>
> ![](60-3.jpg)
>
> If rotation is given, V results under same
> circumstances.   
> And the three factors are related in an equilibrium
> depending upon al three.
>
> ![](60-4.jpg)
>
> Torque such that mi increasing resists V, and
> falls behind.
>
> ![](60-5.jpg)
>
> Stable position.
>
> *Page 61*
>
> ***30. Detection of Absolute Motion by
> Means of Modulated Inertial Mass***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 18, 1956.
>
> Postulate:
>
> A force vector becomes apparent (1) in the
> direction of absolute motion whenever mi is decreased, and
> (2) away from the direction of motion whenever mi
> is increased.
>
> The tendency is to conserve momentum.
>
> Experiment:
>
> ![](61.jpg)
>
> When an alternating emf is employed (at a
> frequency synchronous with period of pendulum), the system
> will swing in an alignment with direction of absolute
> motion.
>
> Witnessed this 18th of Feb 1956.   
> Helen Brasufort   
> Josephine B. Brown
>
> *Page 62*
>
> ***31. Electrogravitic Radio Using
> Photoisotopic Cells.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb 18, 1956
>
> An improvement over the use of highly
> conducting metals as antennae (see pat. Appl. On subject)
> appears to present itself in the photoisotopic cell (See
> Sec. 12).
>
> In Sec. 29 and 30, the effect of changing
> inertial mass was set forth. This is in accord with the law
> of conservation of momentum. This calls for a change in
> velocity according to the equation for kinetic energy E = 1/2
> mV2.
>
> Hence, for a given momentum
>
> m || V2  or  mi || V2
>
> *m* being inertial mass as distinguished
> from gravitational mass (mg).
>
> Any modulating inertial mass (mi) must exert a
> force during the time of change tending to increase or
> decrease its absolute velocity. As stated in Sec. 30, the
> direction of this force must be toward or away from the
> exact direction of its absolute motion (in space).
>
> Hence, if an antenna (of an electro-gravitic
> radio transmitter) is electrically or photo-isotopically
> modulated, it will tend to vibrate mechanically in the
> alignment of its absolute motion.
>
> *Page 63*
>
> Conversely, one may look for the generation of
> an alternating potential if such a mass is vibrated in the
> alignment of its absolute motion (in space).
>
> Since the velocity enters the equation with
> /as an experiment, it is possible that the voltage may turn
> out to be a function of the absolute velocity, but this will
> be discussed in a later chapter.
>
> In any case, the use of photoisotope cells in
> electrogravitic radio transmitters is indicated. A
> fundamental circuit is as follows:
>
> ![](63-1.jpg)
>
> Transmitter >> gravitational radiation
> >> receiver
>
> ![](64-2.jpg)
>
> A transmitting antenna using a multiplicity of
> photoisotopic cells for modulating mi.
>
> *Page 64*
>
> ***32. A Rotating Electrogravitic Motor or
> Generator Using a "Velocity" Field.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb 19, 1956
>
> In the foregoing chapters, it was pointed out
> that the rapid modulation of inertial mass would cause
> mechanical forces resulting in vibration. The direction of
> the principal vibration would be parallel to the absolute
> motion of the mass.
>
> ![](64-1.jpg)
>
> Therefore, if a rotating system were
> synchronously excited (phased in with the rotation),
>
> ![](64-2.jpg)
>
> In this case, rotation would be impeded.
>
> If turning clockwise, rotation would be
> assisted, and system would operate as a motor.
>
> Case No. 2
>
> ![](64-3.jpg)
>
> Stable position. Same as Sec. 29, Fig. 5.
>
> *Page 65*
>
> Case No. 3
>
> ![](65-1.jpg)
>
> Given --- absolute V   
> " --- rotation as shown   
> " --- unmodulated mass   
> Then a potential would be generated.
>
> When a given inertial mass is at position 1,
> its absolute velocity is maximum. When the rate of velocity
> change is greatest (slowing), this corresponds to greatest
> positive excitation, etc., etc.
>
> Any whirling dipole (uncharged initially) will
> acquire an alternating emf due to the "velocity" field,
> synchronized with the rotation. Or,
>
> A revolving disc or sphere will do the same,
> as
>
> ![](65-2.jpg)
>
> The increased V is equivalent to a negative
> charge or high g-i ratio.
>
> The decreased V is equivalent to a positive
> charge or low g-i ratio.
>
> This generator effect may account for the
> day-night difference in potential in the surface of the
> Earth.
>
> *Page 66*
>
> ***33. A Rotating Electro-Gravitic Motor or
> Generator Using an "Inertial" Field.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb 19, 1956.
>
> The inertial field differs from the velocity
> field in this respect:
>
> An inertial field is due to an acceleration or
> a change in velocity. It is measured as the rate of change
> of velocity.
>
> The inertial field affects mi
> directly and produces a mechanical force proportional to mi,
> whereas the velocity field produces a mechanical force only
> when there is a change in mi and to an amount
> proportional to the rate of change of mi.
>
> ![](66.jpg)
>
> When excited as shown, (+) causes increase in
> mi, (-) causes decreases in mi, hence
> rotation results.
>
> The inertial field can be created either by
> acceleration or centrifugal action. But in either case,
> force must be in direction as indicated to produce rotation
> as indicated.
>
> When operated as a generator, polarity is
> opposite to that shown.
>
> *Page 67.*
>
> ***34. A Rotating Electrogravitic Motor or
> Generator Using a Gravitational Field***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb, 19, 1956.
>
> The gravitational field has a similar but
> opposite effect from the inertial field as set forth in Sec.
> 33.
>
> ![](67.jpg)
>
> When excited as shown, (+) causes decreases in
> mg, (-) causes increase in mg, hence rotation is
> as indicated.
>
> When used as a generator, polarity is opposite
> to that shown.
>
> It will be seen that when wired in the same
> way, rotation is opposite to that of the inertial field
> motor.
>
> Used in a detecting device, such a motor being
> identical to the inertial field motor, would rotate in
> clockwise direction of the inertial field predominated and
> in a counter-clockwise direction of the gravitational field
> predominates.
>
> In this respect, this device would operate
> differentially.
>
> When turned as a generator, the electric
> current generated would also act differentially, reading
> zero upon balance.
>
> *Page 68*
>
> ***35. Rotating Electrogravitic Motor or
> Generator Using a Velocity" Field.***
>
> Leesburg, VA, Feb. 19, 1956.
>
> In order to describe it in a comparable way,
> the material set forth in Sec. 32 is redrafted as follows:
>
> ![](68.jpg)
>
> If mi in moving from A to B to C
> increases, absolute motion should be decreased, hence a
> force as indicated. In moving from C to D to A, mi
> decreases, hence V should tend to increase as also
> indicated.
>
> The additional torque will cause the device to
> continue in operation after once started in the direction of
> the arrows.
>
> When not excited and when used as a generator,
> the polarity is opposite to that shown. The reason is as
> follows:
>
> When a mass is at point D, the V is greatest.
> When it moves to A, its rate of decrease of velocity is
> maximum. During this decrease of V, a positive charge
> appears, being a function of the rate. Similarly during the
> increase of V a negative charge appears, equal in magnitude
> to the rate at which the equivalent mass mi is
> decreasing.
>
> *Page 69*
>
> ***36. Use of Electrogravitic Generators as
> Measuring Instruments for g, i, and V Fields".***
>
> Leesburg, VA; Feb 19, 1956.
>
> When driven, the following rotors may develop
> an emf which depends upon the strength of gravity, inertial
> and (fixed velocity) "fields".
>
> ![](69-1.jpg)
>
> Rotation clockwise as shown, Polarity as
> indicated. Susceptible materials (unexcited).
>
> ![](69-2.jpg)
>
> Rotation same as above. Polarity is now
> opposite to that above.
>
> ![](69-3.jpg)
>
> To measure absolute velocity, an emf is
> developed as indicated.
>
> This is a summary of the information set forth
> in Sec. 33, 34, and 35.
>
> It is readily apparent that various
> combinations of the above may be used in balancing circuits
> to obtain special information as to relative "field"
> strengths.
>
> *Page 70*
>
> ***37. The Earth as the Rotor of an
> Electrogravitic Generator.***
>
> Leesburg, VA; Feb. 19, 1956.
>
> ![](70-1.jpg)
>
> It now appears that the polarities developed
> by both the *g* and *i* fields are in the same
> direction, but that the polarity developed by the velocity
> "field" opposes.
>
> This situation is not clearly understood at
> the present writing. It will be reviewed at a later time.
>
> ***38. Change of angular velocity with
> change in mi in order to conserve Angular Momentum.***
>
> Leesburg, VA; Feb 19, 1956.
>
> ![](70-2.jpg)
>
> Initial rotation given, when photoisotope
> cells on periphery of rotor are:
>
> (1) negatively charged --- mi is
> decreased and rotor speeds up.   
> (2) positively charged --- mi is increased and
> rotor slows   
> The above is based on the conservation of angular momentum.
>
> *Page 71*
>
> ***39. Inertial Differential
> Electrogravitic Motor***
>
> Leesburg, VA; Feb 19 1956.
>
> In Sec. 13 and 14, attention was called to the
> possibility that the change in inertial mass mi, when
> modulated, could give rise to an unbalanced centrifugal
> force which could move the rotating system persistently in
> one direction.
>
> This possibility is further explored:
>
> ![](71.jpg)
>
> When rotated at high speed and when using
> photosensitive material of very short persistence.
>
> On the (+) side, g / i < 1 , or at least i
> (+) <> i (-), hence a force due to the unbalance of
> the opposing centrifugal forces is created.
>
> This force (*f*) tends to move the system
> as a whole in the direction indicated.
>
> It is clear that, at high rotational speeds,
> even a small inertial mass difference on the two sides could
> cause a substantial force upon the system as a whole. Even
> with crude materials the effect may be found to be easily
> observable.
>
> *Page 72.*
>
> ***40. The Loss of Weight of Quartz
> Capsules Containing a Photosensitive Isotope when
> Irradiated by UV Light***
>
> Leesburg, VA ; Feb 19, 1956.
>
> A quick and yet convincing test (of Sec. 11)
> is possible by sealing a given amount of photoisotope in a
> capsule of fused quartz and weighing.
>
> Weight should be taken of the capsule (1) in
> total darkness, (2) in normal light of the laboratory, (3)
> under UV light and (4) intense sunlight (without intervening
> glass).
>
> The use of the quartz capsule prevents escape
> (evolution) of moisture during the irradiation, without
> filtering out the uv by absorption.
>
> A standardized size of capsule may be adopted
> containing say 10 cc of material for comparison tests for
> loss of weight.
>
> A laboratory precision balance, preferably
> "chainomatic" or equivalent is suggested due to the need for
> rapid determination of weight which is continually changing.
>
> A curve showing loss of weight during
> excitation and gain of weight during decay will be required
> for a variety of materials.
>
> *Page 73*
>
> ***41. The Results of a Change of Inertial
> Mass Following Modulated Beneficiation (with Low
> Persistence)***
>
> Leesburg, VA; Feb. 26, 1956.
>
> ***Part I. Change of Angular Velocity to
> Conserve Angular Momentum.***
>
> In  Sec. 13, the possibility of a change
> in inertia mass of the photoisotope cell was considered. A
> laboratory experiment was described I which the period of a
> pendulum containing a photoisotope cell could be measured.
> The observations, however, would be non-specific as to the
> change in inertial mass per se, except when performed in an
> anniversary clock or centrifugal (rotor) device. It is the
> purpose of the present section to develop this idea.
>
> Using several photoisotope cells (of low
> persistence) arranged on the periphery of a wheel-like
> support and connected so as to be charged in unison, as:
>
> ![](73.jpg)
>
> Given initial velocity --- when positively
> charged, mass mi increases, hence V decreases, or, When
> negatively charged, mass mi decreases, and V increases.
>
> AC would cause periodic change in V.
>
> *Page 74*
>
> Another form of this experiment may be a disc
> which is energized (photoisotopically) from the center, as:
>
> ![](74-1.jpg)
>
> When unexcited and spinning at a known rate,
> then excited positively as shown, the inertial mass mi is
> increased, causing the rate of rotation to decrease.
>
> When used as an anniversary clock, the period
> is lengthened by the application of a positive charge.
>
> ***Part II. The Disc-Type Inertial
> Differential Electrogravitic Motor.***
>
> A development of the form of motor described
> in Sec. 39 is as follows:
>
> ![](74-2.jpg)
>
> In the "forward" part of the disc, sectors are
> being electropositively charged. Hence mi is increased.
>
> The opposite is arranged for the trailing
> sectors, so as to produce a decreased mi.
> Rotation of these sectors having a mass (inertial)
> differential may cause the forward-acting thrust as
> indicated.
>
> *Page 75*
>
> ***42. The Impulse Effect in the Force
> Developed by a Simple Capacitor in Vacuum.***
>
> Leesburg, VA; April 7, 1956.
>
> In the dynamic phase of the electrogravitic
> interaction, the force developed by a system of electric
> dipoles is believed to vary with the rate-of-change of the
> voltage between the dipoles.
>
> This force, independent of the movement of
> ions or any mechanical reaction therefrom, operates in the
> direction of negative-to-positive as the voltage is
> increasing, and, presumably, in the opposite direction as
> the voltage is decreasing.
>
> In vacuum (10-6 mm Hg or less), an
> interesting effect is observed.
>
> Any simple vacuum capacitor will appear to
> flash as the voltage increases, and, concurrent with the
> vacuum spark, an impulse force is noted in the direction of
> the negative to positive. It is noted that the wave shape is
> as follows:
>
> ![](75.jpg)
>
> *Page 76*
>
> According to theory, the impulse is associated
> with the recovery of potential and not with the rapid
> decrease brought on by the vacuum spark.
>
> Two possibilities present themselves in
> explanation: (1) the decrease in potential is too rapid to
> produce an observable force mechanically, or (2) a balancing
> effect serving to prevent the force from being created may
> be present in the k-mu (ether) medium.
>
> Therefore, since the downward voltage produces
> no force, the upward voltage is responsible for the observed
> force.
>
> There is evidence to support the belief that a
> local balancing effect actually exists in the k-mu medium or
> field between or surrounding the electrodes, in that the
> effect is primarily observed when the voltage change is
> caused by a vacuum spark or flash between the electrodes and
> not when wholly due to a chopper in the external circuit.
>
> The principal movement of the dipoles is
> therefore always associated with (and probably caused by)
> the vacuum spark or flash.
>
> *Page 77*
>
> ***43. The Nature of the Vacuum Spark, as
> related to the initiation of an electrogravitic impulse.***
>
> The vacuum spark is apparently not due to a
> flow of electrons, although a flow of electrons may
> accompany the discharge.
>
> Initiation of the "flash", as it is called
> from observations in the dark, appear to be related to anode
> conditions such as shape (field intensity) and the metal
> comprising the anode. In a recently evacuated system,
> flashing starts at a comparatively low voltage, 30-40 KV. It
> becomes less frequent at this low range and then ceases
> altogether. A higher voltage is then required --- 50 to 60
> KV, which causes a succession of flashes which, in turn,
> cease. At 80-90 KV, flashing is intense for a time, but
> finally ceases. At 130-140 KV, the flashing is quite intense
> and cease only after a considerable time. It is believed
> that a threshold may be reached between 150-200 KV where
> flashing will be sustained and continuous.
>
> The electrogravitic forces developed by the
> rapid succession of impulses which accompany the flashing in
> the higher voltage ranges is indeed a first order effect,
> measurable in thousands of dynes, even with small scale
> equipment.
>
> While the nature of the flash (or its cause)
> is not wholly understood, it is reasonable a this stage to
> suspect positive conduction, at least as the initiator.
> Emission from the anode, bombarding the cathode, may (and
> probably does) release electrons which contribute to the
> electrical conduction. Since the effect takes place in very
> high vacuum, it is unlikely that atmospheric ions or the
> like are involved. Occluded atoms or molecules are probably
> pulled from the anode material, and these, of course, may be
> oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, or any of the atmospheric gases.
> Metallic ions of the anode material may be involved, or
> perhaps even microscopic pieces of metal.
>
> One of the spectacular features of the flash
> is the colored luminescence which appears on or immediately
> adjacent to the anode and/or the shifting areas of light and
> color across the face of the anode. The color is reddish ---
> like hot metal, although in reality the surface is not hot:
> Cadmium is especially active in this respect although other
> metals reveal the same red coloration. White star-like spots
> of considerable brilliance appear on the cathode.
>
> *Page 79*
>
> ***44. Scale of Beneficiation***
>
> Leesburg, VA; April 7, 1956.
>
> ![](79.jpg)
>
> The above scale indicates a rough
> approximation based upon the hypothesis that normal g of 980
> cm/sec2 represents an equal amount of inertia, so
> that the g/i ratio is unity. As the ratio decreases, the
> potential equivalent increases.
>
> Energy is required to reduce weight, this
> energy increases exponentially as g is decreased linearly.
> The inertial mass (mi) increases exponentially to the same
> extent as the potential. Excitation is represented as
> potential and expressed in ghos. Decay of gravitational
> isotopes results from the evolution of this energy and the
> resulting decrease of potential.
>
> *Page 80*
>
> ***45. Possible Excitation of Gravitational
> Isotopes by Friction (Triboisotopes)***
>
> Leesburg, VA; Aug 26, 1956.
>
> The possibility that loss of weight may be
> produced by friction should not be overlooked.
>
> If a state of excitation, similar to that
> induced by uv light, can be induced by inter-molecular
> friction or by constant friction, the loss of weight may be
> readily detectable.
>
> In Sec. 7, p. 21, the possibility that fatigue
> in metals, resulting from inter-molecular friction, may
> cause a reduction in weight was discussed at length. It was
> pointed out that coulomb damping may be accompanied by loss
> of weight in powdered susceptible materials.
>
> A simple test may be as follows:
>
> ![](80.jpg)
>
> Quartz tube filled with sand, clay or other
> susceptible material. Weighed before and after shaking, the
> entire quartz tube with contents may show a loss of weight
> due to inter-particle friction.
>
> *Page 81*
>
> It may be found desirable to irradiate the
> tube and contents with strong sunlight or uv light while
> shaking is in progress. [N.B.  Ultrasonic resonance plus
> laser]
>
> Beside the use of artificial light, sunlight
> may be intensified by quartz lenses or by a large parabolic
> reflector as follows;
>
> ![](81.jpg)
>
> Concentrated irradiation by sunlight plus
> violent shaking.
>
> Using a large 60-inch Sperry Anti-aircraft
> searchlight mirror (without glass door), the radiation of
> the sun is focused upon the quartz tube filled with sand or
> clay or other susceptible material while being violently
> shaken by a motor device (not shown).
>
> If effects are observed, quantitative
> measurements of the effects of the following may be
> undertake:
>
> Shaking only  --- various speeds, etc.   
> IR radiation only.   
> IR " with visible.   
> Sunlight (intensified).   
> UV only.   
> And all combinations of these.
>
> *Page 82*
>
> ***46. Excitation of gravitational isotopes
> by friction irradiation and distribution and
> accumulation of the effects by conduction.***
>
> Leesburg, VA; Sept 9, 1956.
>
> In Sec. 24, P. 48, it was proposed that rock
> ma be caused to lose weight by being dragged over desert
> sand which has been irradiated for some time by sunlight.
>
> In Sec. 45, P. 80, it was proposed that
> friction alone may cause a loss of weight.
>
> It is now proposed that a large effect may be
> caused by both.
>
> ![](82.jpg)
>
> Method which may have been used by the
> ancients to cause a loss of weight in very large and heavy
> rocks.
>
> The effect would decay, causing the return of
> original weight, according to a half-life curve dependent
> upon the nature of the rock contents.
>
> *Page 83*
>
> ***47. Loss of Weight by Grinding or
> Pulverizing.***
>
> Leesburg, VA Sept 9, 1956
>
> In the foregoing, it is suggested that
> fraction may be effective in bringing about a loss of
> weight, and that the loss of weight is temporary (after
> friction has ceased), so that the original weight will
> eventually return.
>
> This may mean that a given weight of rock (of
> certain composition) may actually lose weight when
> pulverized and that the weight of the freshly pulverized
> material will be least and therefore increase according to
> the following type of curve.
>
> ![](83.jpg)
>
> During this decay period heat is evolved
> (thermoactivity).
>
> Conversely, by observing accurately the
> increase in weight of certain pulverized materials 
> (aluminates, silicates, etc.) the curve may be constructed
> and the approximate date of grinding may be determined.
>
> *Page 84*
>
> ***48. Spontaneous Evolution of Heat
> (Thermoactivity) of recently pulverized silicates or
> aluminates.***
>
> Leesburg VA; Sept 9, 1956.
>
> Following the grinding of certain materials, a
> state of excitation is maintained for some time. This
> excitation gradually diminishes according to the same
> half-life curve which represents its return to normal
> weight. See Sec. 47., P. 83.
>
> It is proposed that the foregoing be tested as
> follows:
>
> Freshly ground material is placed in an ice
> calorimeter with a sensitive thermocouple in the center of
> the mass of material. Readings taken at frequent intervals
> for a period of at least 3 months.
>
> It is believed that the energy represented in
> thermoactivity is that of an excited state in the electronic
> shells of the atoms or in the relations (valency electrons
> or holes) within certain molecular configurations. This
> energy is supplied initially by the mechanical action of
> friction (and/or irradiation) during the process of
> grinding. This energy is gradually dissipated as heat and
> the rate of evolution falls off with time.
>
> *Page 85*
>
> ***49. Discussion of Loss of Weight by
> Friction as present in Nature.***
>
> Leesburg, VA; Sept 9, 1956.
>
> The mechanism of dust storms, where wind
> causes fine particles of sand or clay to rub over one
> another for a considerable distance may be responsible for a
> temporary loss of weight. The same effect may be present
> under water where the current causes sand to flow to and fro
> (as in wave actions) or straightway (as in rivers).
>
> Due to the presence of sunlight irradiation,
> the phenomena of "rising" sand wind long noticed in the
> Sahara may be evidence of the above effect. Sand grains
> rubbing over other sand grains, by saltation, by the action
> of the wind, may cause the more susceptible grains to rise
> en masse and actually to loft to a considerable height,
> higher than they would normally go under the action of wind
> alone.
>
> Aircraft flying at great altitudes over the
> Sahara often encounter these sand winds which are difficult
> to account for merely on the basis of wind-blown dust.
>
> *Page 86*
>
> ***50. The Possibilities of a New Type of
> Time-Space Data Preservation. A Method of Recording or
> "Memory".***
>
> Leesburg, VA; Jan 30, 1957.
>
> All methods of recording music, sounds or
> time-series data, up to the present, have required the use
> of elements which are electrically or mechanically moving at
> a constant rate.
>
> The phonograph is a classic example. Here,
> sounds are translated into mechanical vibrations which are
> recorded in a wax plate or equivalent which is moving at a
> constant rate. The magnetic tape or wire recorder is
> similar, except that magnetic variations are impresses upon
> the moving element.
>
> In computing machines so-called electronic
> brains, memory devices are employed for the storage of data.
> These may be in the form of magnetic wire or tape records
> or, if greater speeds are required, mercury (transducer)
> memory tubes or television-like sustained images. Memory
> tubes require a recirculating sonic or ultrasonic path
> wherein the data is stored, and the cathode ray systems
> require continuous rescanning systems. Such recirculating or
> rescanning systems require a continuing source of energy in
> order to preserve the data indefinitely.
>
> *Page 87*
>
> It is suggested that a kind of memory may be
> inherent in the dielectric materials under certain
> conditions, so that, in effect, they may remember the manner
> of recharging. It appears possible that such memory may
> persist as long as the charge is retained.
>
> The same characteristic may be present in
> certain magnetic materials and in a fashion which may be
> homologous.
>
> Now therefore, it would appear to be desirable
> to explore these possibilities.
>
> In general, it is suggested that two new forms
> of memory may be possible:
>
> (1) Dielectric or capacitor memory.   
> (2) Magnetic or ferrite memory.
>
> A simple form of capacitor memory, for
> purposes of illustration is as follows:
>
> ![](87.jpg)
>
> *Page 88.*
>
> By charging the capacitor at a variable rate
> as:
>
> ![](88-1.jpg)
>
> Domain progression. The electric orientation
> of dipoles proceeds at an irregular rate according to
> pattern prescribed by data feed. Upon reducing the electric
> field during subsequent discharge of capacitor, dipoles
> return to random (discharged) alignment progressively,
> according same or reversed pattern.
>
> By introducing a leakage path, other and
> further paths may be produced.
>
> ![](88-2.jpg)
>
> *Page 89*
>
> Capacitor Bridge for Exploratory Measurements
>
> ![](89.jpg)
>
> Procedure:
>
> Charge A2 to 20KV steadily and
> without stopping.
>
> Charge A to +20 KV irregularly and with
> frequent stops.
>
> During charging, B-B is grounded by switch S,
> then switch is closed to meter M for duration of discharge.
>
> Any irregularity in rate of discharge of A
> will show as a temporary imbalance of the bridge and a
> voltage indicated at M. (Brush recording galvanometer).
> Rapid transient imbalances will be most pronounced.
>
> *Page 90*
>
> ***51. Shift of Capacitance Mid-Point***
>
> Leesburg, VA; Feb. 1, 1957.
>
> This is a continuation of discussion set forth
> in the Sec. 5, p. 15 of this record book. It relates to
> experiments conducted at Pearl Harbor Navy Yard in 1950-51.
> These preliminary experiments gave positive results,
> indicating a real shift of the mid-points with respect to
> each other with time.
>
> Successive tests over an extended period of
> time and under conditions usually called equivalent revealed
> continuing (sometimes gradual and sometimes abrupt) circuit
> changes causing the indicated shift of (relative) mid-point.
>
> It is thought that this phenomena relates to
> the action of the so-called sidereal radiation electrometer
> and that the variations or shift of the mid-point may have
> lunar, solar and sidereal cycles as recorded by the
> electrometer.
>
> With automatic charging and discharging of the
> capacitors and means for continuous recording, it is
> believed that a pattern similar to the electrometer readings
> may be revealed.
>
> The following circuit is suggested:
>
> *Page 91*
>
> ![](91.jpg)
>
> Switch 1 closes for 30 sec each 3 minutes.
> Variac is so adjusted as to zero galvanometer 4 but at
> mid-point of 3, when 2 is closed. When 2 is opened, a
> voltage will be recorded at 5. If, in the preliminary
> adjustments this voltage is too high to be conveniently
> recorded, the recorder may be zeroed by adjusting the
> variac. This should then be followed by zeroing galvanometer
> 4 by changing position of slider 3. At this point, both the
> recorder and the galvanometer would be zeroed. Continuing
> operations will reveal a systematic shift of capacitor
> mid-point as shown by te record of voltage.
>
> *Page 92*
>
> ***52. Excitation by Impact of
> Highly-Charged Particles.***
>
> Nov 16, 1957
>
> In Sec. 15, it was suggested that
> beneficiation might be achieved through ion separation. A
> development of this idea is as follows:
>
> When the charge of a mass (according to
> electrogravitic theory) is made more negative, the mass
> becomes exogravitic during the interval of change. The
> exogravitic rate is a function of the rate of change of the
> electric charge.
>
> Similarly, when the charge changes in he
> positive direction, the mass becomes endogravitic during the
> change.
>
> Representation is as follows:
>
> ![](92.jpg)
>
> Hence, if a body is positively charged and
> loses that charge while in contact with a grounded (or
> negatively charged) mass, it is possible that the sudden and
> intense exogravitic radiation will be transmitted to and
> absorbed by the grounded mass.
>
> *Page 93*
>
> This suggests the use of an electrified sand
> blast.
>
> \*\*\*FIGURE![](93.jpg)
>
> Since the positively charged sand is forcibly
> thrown against the susceptible material and loses its charge
> while in contact with it, the exogravitic radiation level is
> picked up by the material and diffuses through it in much of
> the same manner as heat. The susceptible material becomes
> progressively warmer (in terms of gravitational potential)
> until it potential balances the incoming potential
> (expressed in millighos). The electrogravitic capacity or
> retentiveness then determines the persistence of the effect.
>
> During excitation, the higher millighos value
> should accompany the loss of weight. The interesting feature
> seems to be that the excited state acts like a heated state
> thermally and that it may represent another kind of "heat",
> engaging in conduction, radiation, and temperature
> equilibrium.
>
> Conductivity of gravitic excitation through a
> material may differ markedly from one material to another.
> It is suggested that certain basalts, lavas and clays,
> perhaps also gravitic materials, silicas and some of the
> rare earth metals and tantalum may be found susceptible and
> useful in this connection.
>
> High voltages (discharges in air) may produce
> the effect, especially where the voltages and momentary
> currents are very high as in a lightning bolt. A solid or
> gas which is near ground potential is suddenly struck by
> positive ions and rapidly moving dust particles. The result
> could be gravitic excitation of the solid or gas. It is
> conceivable that atmospheric nitrogen should be so excited
> --- producing the so-called ball-of-fire which has been
> observed to glow and to drift around like a toy balloon. See
> Sec. 4, Test No.2.
>
> It is interesting to speculate also that the
> ""Brown Mountain Lights" may be caused by intense
> atmospheric electric gradients, with the ground negatively
> charged.
>
> The light of the aurora may, in part at least,
> be due to the bombardment of crystal nitrogen by positive
> particles from the sun. An investigation of the luminosity
> of crystal nitrogen under positive rays may be in order.
>
> *Page 95*
>
> ***53. Dipole Motion Due to Excitation from
> Positive Rays.***
>
> Nov 16, 1957.
>
> In Sec. 52, the idea that gravitic potential
> could be affected by the impact (stoppage) of positive rays
> was developed.
>
> ![](95-1.jpg)
>
> Such a material would lose weight in direct
> relation to the gravitic potential, that is, the mass would
> tend to become an antimass. Potential as expressed in
> millighos would increase until a balance is reached between
> the potential of the target and the potential of the
> individual positive rays upon contact with the target. The
> target, upon being excited, would be exogravitic, that is,
> it would have a higher gravitic potential than the ambient.
> The "g" gradient would be outward.
>
> A dipole would look like:
>
> ![](95-2.jpg)
>
> with a g-force pushing the popsitive pole
> away.
>
> *Page 96*
>
> ***54. Static Counterbalance Produced by
> Positive Ray Excitation.***
>
> Nov 17, 1957.
>
> ![](96.jpg)
>
> Mass A suspended by a spring for observation
> of weight. Placed in vacuum chamber B, evacuated to 2.5 x 10-5
> mm Hg, ionizing wire C serving as a source of canal rays
> which strike mass A at high velocity.
>
> Upon stoppage of the canal rays, the high
> excitation potential is conducted to Mass A and distributes
> through it (in much the same effect as heating. Mass A gains
> gravitic potential to a value equaling the potential of the
> canal rays (during discharge).
>
> Mass A then loses weight as it gains
> excitation potential, and rises within the vacuum chamber as
> the spring becomes less extended.
>
> *Page 97*
>
> ***55. Excitation by Annihilation of
> Positive Holes.***
>
> Nov. 18, 1957
>
> In the foregoing sections, reference has been
> made to the possible excitation effects brought on by
> contact with charged masses or ions which initially possess
> a positive charge and are subsequently grounded, that is,
> grounded during contact with material susceptible to
> excitation.
>
> Reference is to matter or ions. In the present
> section, it is suggested that so-called (valence) holes ---
> (See Sec. 9) might, upon annihilation, represent the source
> of a strong exogravitic radiation. Such radiation could be
> picked up by a susceptible electrode material which, in
> turn, would become excited --- gaining in potential Pg.
>
> Ordinary transistor materials and methods may
> be employed, essential as follows:
>
> ![](97.jpg)
>
> *Page 98*
>
> ***56. On the Meaning of "Field Shaping".***
>
> Dec. 27, 1957.
>
> In nearly every experiment involving
> dielectrics and high voltage gradients, the shape of the
> field is a factor which must be considered.
>
> A classical example is the force exhibited by
> a dielectric mass tending to draw it into a field (electric)
> if greater flux density. The force so developed is a
> function of the dielectric constant of the material. As:
>
> ![](98-1.jpg)
>
> Such a condition is present where electrodes
> are arranged as follows:
>
> ![](98-2.jpg)
>
> *Page 99*
>
> Such a condition may be brought about by the
> shaping of a dielectric section as:
>
> ![](99-1.jpg)
>
> In these cases, the voltage gradients (both
> capacitance and resistance) are non-linear and look
> something like this:
>
> ![](99-2.jpg)
>
> Shape of field in dielectric sections.
>
> The curve of potential is practically the
> same. Hence, in the small end, the flux density is greatest
> due to the requirements of capacitance distribution (upon
> charging), and then changes somewhat to meet the resistance
> distribution as steady-state current conditions take over.
>
> The experiments to date have indicated that
> dielectric sections so shaped appear to move or possess a
> force (as a whole) as follows:
>
> ![](99-3.jpg)
>
> Motion of dielectric section away from end
> containing greatest electric flux density.
>
> *Page 100*
>
> This suggests that, if a dielectric fluid is
> present (perhaps ether), it is moved in the opposite
> direction thru the solid dielectric material. Perhaps a kind
> of "ether pump", as:
>
> ![](100-1.jpg)
>
> In the case of experiments on dynamic
> counterbary, the forces are similar probably.
>
> ![](100-2.jpg)
>
> Upper dome electrode (usually +; lower dome
> electrode (usually -)
>
> Or:
>
> In the case of units in multiple, where
> polarity is reversed in alternative units, field shaping may
> prevail over the usual neg-to-pos polarity arrangement, as
> dynamic counterbary sections in multiple connection:
>
> ![](100-3.jpg)
>
> Dynamic counterbary sections in multiple
> connection.
>
> *Page 101*
>
> In the foregoing, it would appear that ether,
> as a fluid dielectric with a K of unity, permeating the
> solid dielectric which is shaping the field, will move in
> the direction of the greater flux density as required by the
> classical experiment (p. 98).
>
> The solid or physical elements of the system
> (which so shape the field) are moved in the opposite
> direction. These reactive forces and the motion resulting
> therefrom may be up or down (or in any direction) and
> conceivably can be used for propulsion.
>
> In general, it appears that field shaping is
> of utmost importance in placing a region of high flux near
> an electrode or mass offering high reluctance to the flow of
> ether induced by the creation of the high flux.
>
> The high flux creates a center of attraction
> for the ether which continues to flow so long as the flux
> exists. At the starting and stopping of the flow, inertial
> effects may conceivably be noted which are related to K and
> mu.
>
> In the gyron in vacuum, the following
> arrangement is proposed:
>
> ![](101.jpg)
>
> If plate B is less permeable to ether than the
> grid or plate A, the flow being thru B into the high flux
> may cause the observed motion.
>
> *Page 102*
>
> ***57. Units in Multiple for Dynamic
> Counterbary.***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC,; Jan 1, 1958.
>
> In the foregoing section, the use of field
> shaping was considered in multiple arrangement. The
> advantage of multiple connections is, of course, that lower
> voltages may be employed as the answer to larger sizes.
> Dynamic counterbary units then begin to look like this:
>
> ![](102-1.jpg)
>
> Regions of high flux density immediately about
> electrodes cause electrodes to be lifted. Airflow (plus
> ether flow?) may be in the opposite direction.
>
> Shaped dielectric sections:
>
> ![](102-2.jpg)
>
> *Page 103.*
>
> ***58. An Analysis of the Adamski
> Photograph in the Light of Recent Laboratory Findings.***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; Jan 5, 1958.
>
> This may be a bit of fantasy or it could be
> significant. It is a fact, nevertheless, that the behavior
> of laboratory models is quite similar to that alleged for
> the "Venusian" scout ship, and, what is even more
> provocative, the construction appears similar in many of the
> more important details. On examination of the photograph
> (reconstructed photographs and orthographic projections) is
> in order.
>
> ![](103.jpg)
>
> *Note:* Apex of cathode (shaped high
> flux) may be the focus of the parabolic anode (canopy), if
> indeed it proves to be parabolic. It could be te focus of a
> hyperbolic shape.
>
> \* Inside the Space Ships --- Adamski --- p.
> 128a(1).
>
> *Page 104*
>
> In the laboratory, the following shape gives a
> lifting force when charged as indicated:
>
> ![](104.jpg)
>
> In this diagram, the central (power storage)
> pylon is conceived as a gravitic dipole --- charged ends at
> a high potential (gravitic excitation) differential.
> Electric differential, it would appear, may accompany the
> gravitic differential.
>
> *Page 105*
>
> ***59. The Concept of the Gravitic Dipole
> as an Energy Storage Means.***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; Jan. 5, 1958.
>
> In the foregoing study of the Adamski Venusian
> scout ship and in the descriptive material pertaining to it
> found in the Adamski publication, the central pylon is
> referred to as place where energy is stored for the
> propulsion of the ship. It is stated that this central
> column must be recharged (by the mother ship), presumably as
> a storage battery is recharged.
>
> The implication is that te central pylon is a
> kind of storage capacitor for electrostatic energy or
> perhaps even a pile of high capacity electret wafers serving
> the same purpose --- the stored energy being in the electric
> form (simple electrostatic nature).
>
> To retain sufficient energy, if such a storage
> column is simply electrical, very high K materials and very
> high voltages would be required. Such high electrical fields
> would be difficult to contain without adequate insulation,
> especially thru the cabin compartment. Even with the very
> highest K materials available now (say 10,000 to 30,000 K),
> it is unbelievable that enough electrical energy would be
> stored to provide the propulsion and dynamic counterbary
> required.
>
> It appears necessary therefore, to look
> further into the nature of the energy storage means. The
> following system appears worthy of study:
>
> *Page 106*
>
> If a column 16 long by 2 diameter, made of a
> suitably susceptible, highly retentive. High capacity
> material for gravitic excitation were used, the
> energy-storage requirements might easily be met. The column
> would constitute a gravitic dipole. It could be initially
> energized by a method such as described in Secs. 52-55
> (electro-excitation), as:
>
> ![](106.jpg)
>
> Spraying continued until Pg of the
> lower end of the column increases to described value (2000
> millighos or more). This is equivalent to a lofting moment
> of 2 gs. At this Pg, the electrical potential
> may be formed to remain at some high value positive as a
> permanent state --- at least until the gravitic dipole is
> discharged or decays to zero. In this respect, the column is
> an electric (as well as gravitic) dipole when it is charged
> and the energy resides both as electric storage and gravitic
> excitation. Most of the energy in storage, however, would be
> represented as the gravitic excitation of the lower end. The
> electric field would merely accompany the gravitic
> difference of potential.
>
> *Page 107*
>
> ***60. Luminescence from highly-excited
> Materials; Gravito-Luminescence.***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; Jan 5, 1958.
>
> In connection with the gravitic excitation of
> materials, luminescence of the material itself as well as
> the surrounding materials (or gases) seems reasonable
> indeed. This is the type of thing one would expect if he
> were to attempt to account for the glow around soaucers
> hovering or in flight, as reported by so many observers.
>
> Nothing, of course, of this nature has as yet
> been observed in the laboratory, and it is pure speculation
> as to its color and general behavior or even its existence.
> However, one may be able to foretell some of the properties.
>
> In general, the radiation may be similar to
> tribo-luminescence, may actually be associated with
> tribo-luminescence, since friction also produces
> counterbary. Where gravitic excitation is carried to higher
> values, say 1 gho or above, considerable energy is in
> storage. Such energy undoubtedly would be found to have some
> have some radiant manifestation, since there would exist a
> steep gradient in the surrounding field. This gradient would
> dominate with the square of the distance. It would be
> greatest, therefore, immediately adjacent to the excited
> body, and especially around sharp points or edges where the
> field is steep. The effect may be similar, therefore, to
> electrical discharge (corona), may be present along with
> electrical corona and may, in some respects, be
> indistinguishable form it. Hence, saucers may glow from
> gravitic corona or electric corona or both.
>
> *Page 108.*
>
> In atmospheric air, electric corona is of
> purple color. A breakdown spark is blue. These spectral
> characteristics have been studied in great detail in the
> laboratory, along with the spectra of other gases (and
> solids) under electric bombardment or excitation.
>
> Gravitic luminescence may come directly from
> the emitting surface or from the surrounding gas as gravitic
> corona. The spectra may be entirely different from electric
> corona, and more than likely it is quite different.
>
> For example, on the basis of electric corona,
> it is difficult to account for the oft-reported flame-red
> color noted in saucers in flight. It is equally difficult to
> explain the shift in color from blue-white to flame-red, as
> the saucer maneuvers. These colors are not found in simple
> electric corona in air, and a change in voltage would not
> cause a change in color.
>
> The flame-red color, therefore, is a stranger
> insofar as electric corona discharge is concerned. It is
> possible that this color is typical of gravitic corona
>
> *Page 109*
>
> In atmospheric air, at higher gravitic
> excitations or field strengths, the red color may become
> orange, orange-white, white or blue. This suggests the
> possibility of a continuous spectrum type of radiation
> similar to heat (thermo-luminescence).
>
> This would mean, then, that the lower end of
> the dipole (column) shown on Page 106 would glow visibly
> when sufficiently excited by the spray of positive ions.
> Starting from a dull red, the luminescence might increase
> both in intensity and frequency (from red to blue) as the
> gravitic excitation continues. In this way, the nature
> (intensity and color) of the luminescence might be a
> convenient indicator of the degree of gravitic excitation.
> In other words, the color would reveal the amount of static
> counterbary as well as the gravitic excitation or total
> stored energy.
>
> A gravitic dipole (as shown in p. 106) would
> appear luminous at the lower end but not a the upper end. At
> max. excitation, the color gradation would range from blue
> (at the lower end) thru white, orange-violet, orange, red
> and dull red to black (no radiation at the top).
>
> The flame-red radiation would not necessarily
> be hot (thermally) in itself or represent a thermally hot
> surface. It would, however, represent a source of high
> energy or the storage of that energy (as gravitic potential)
> in matter.
>
> *Page 110.*
>
> ***61. The Use of the Toroid in Field
> Shaping***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; Jan 12, 1958.
>
> It is a basic requirement in shaping the
> electric field (p. 98) that the electric lines converge upon
> the cathode (as in Case No. 1). This normally requires a
> small cathode for high flux fields. Where a central pylon is
> used (as in p. 104 and 106), the high flux must be
> concentrated at the lower (cathode) end. A type of electrode
> is therefore suggested which accomplishes such field
> shaping. It is the toroid.
>
> ![](110.jpg)
>
> Such a curve of flux density fulfills the
> requirement described on p. 99. The center of the toroid
> could then be the focus of the parabola. The center hole
> would be just large enough to receive the dielectric pylon,
> with lower electrode at that center.
>
> *Page 111*
>
> ***62. Possible Magnetic Components in the
> Venusian Scout Ship --- Continued from Par. 3, Sec. 58***
>
> 1-12-58
>
> The main power coil, focused inside the
> cathode toroid, creates a field which saturates the lower
> (cathode) end of the pylon. The upper coil may be used to
> completely degauss the upper end o the pylon, or, working in
> conjunction with the lower coil, to distribute the field
> more evenly thru the pylon. Between these extremes, it could
> easily serve as as a central device for dynamic counterbary.
>
> By adding the magnetic component, total
> counterbary may be greatly increased.
>
> ![](111-1.jpg)  
>  
>
> ![](111-2.jpg)
>
> This effect would add to the force obtained
> electrically.
>
> *Page 112*
>
> ***63. Rotation of the Cathode-Toroid vs
> the Control Grid, as a Gyro-Stabilizer.***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; Jan 12, 1958
>
> It is apparent that some form of
> gyro-stabilization would assist the Venusian scout ship in
> maintaining course, and preventing wobble, both while
> hovering and while in flight. Such stabilization may be
> accomplished by rotating the cathode-toroid in one direction
> and the control grid in the opposite direction. The main
> body of the ship would then not be subject to rotational
> forces.
>
> It is assumed that the 3-ball system for
> horizontal stability control (canting) would not rotate and
> would be used to set the basic direction of flight and
> counter any precession caused by the rotating system.
>
> Rotation of the toroid (containing the power
> coil) and the control grid can be achieved by the
> electromagnetic coupling between the magnetic and electric
> fields. Forces applied and hence the angular moments would
> be equal and opposite between the two oppositely rotating
> members. Speed of rotation would be a function of the
> current and the magnetic field. If the current for the
> dynamic counterbary passes also through the toroidal coil.
> The rotation would be controlled entirely by the current, as
> created by the voltage on the control grid.
>
> *Page 113*
>
> ***64. Field Shaping in Positive Ray
> Excitation.***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; Jan 13, 1958.
>
> In Sec. 54, the use of positive rays for
> purposes of excitation in static counterbary was discussed.
> This represented what seemed to be a development of the
> ideas set forth in Sec. 52 wherein excitation was produced
> by the impact of highly-charged (material) particles.
>
> The present section is concerned with the
> excitation possibilities of focused positive rays from a
> spherically-shaped anode of wire grid construction. Such a
> device would be especially useful in preliminary tests of
> susceptible materials in small quantities. Such tests would
> be conducted in vacuum and could be carried on with the
> material placed upon a small dish or pan atop a spring
> balance, capable of indicating the loss of weight as
> excitation proceeds. The arrangement would be as follows:
>
> ![](113.jpg)
>
> Sample would be in full view during excitation
> for studying color changes in gravito-luminescence.
>
> *Page 114*
>
> ***65. High Gravitic Potential Difference
> and the Phenomenon of Dielectricity.***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; Jan. 13, 198.
>
> There appears to be good reason to speculate
> at this time upon the effects attending high differences of
> gravitational (gravitic) potential If the potential gradient
> is exceedingly high (high flux density), the large energy
> difference would, it seems, attempt to energize itself.
> Thus, a kind of energy flow would be created from the high
> potential region o the low potential region. If the distance
> were small, this flow would be intense and undoubtedly would
> manifest itself in many curious ways.
>
> Such a flow of energy we shall hereafter call
> "dielectricity".
>
> Dielectricity would, therefore, be present
> more or less in every situation where there is a
> gravitational gradient. Its vector of flow would always be
> from the higher to the lower gravitational potential.
>
> The situation is analogous to the flow of
> electricity (in the classical sense) from the positive to
> the negative potential or from the higher to the lower
> electrical potential.
>
> Undoubtedly, such a flow of dielectricity
> would possess many interesting parallels to a flow of
> electricity. Both would represent a flow of energy from a
> higher to a lower potential.
>
> *Page 115*
>
> It is interesting to speculate upon the nature
> of the materials capable of conducting dielectricity and
> what materials might serve as insulators. One finds not only
> an analogy to electricity but also to heat, but the analogy
> with heat may be close in some respects (as in the
> conductivity or temperature distribution along a wire) and
> not in other respects as in phenomena arising from
> resistance to the flow. Resistance to the passage of current
> (flow) in electricity transforms the potential difference
> into heat. What happens when there is resistance to he flow
> of dielectricity, we can only guess.
>
> Suppose, after we find a material capable of
> conducting dielectricity, we form it into a coil. What do we
> have generated in the place of a magnetic field? --- or is
> it a magnetic field?
>
> What takes place when two plates of high
> gravitational potential are close together? Is there
> repulsion, as in static electricity?
>
> And what if the plates have a high difference
> in gravitational (gravitic) potential? Is there attraction?
> And is there, in this case, a high flux density and a
> storage of energy in the space between the plates, acting
> like a capacitor? Is the energy stored in such a capacitor,
> and resident in the space between the plates, gravitational
> or something one step further.
>
> *Page 116*
>
> One may define a gravitational potential as a
> "pressure". The gradient between a high potential (high
> pressure) region in space and a low potential (low pressure)
> region is manifested as a gravity field (or just "g"). The
> vectors of this g-field are identical to the dielectric
> field vectors and both represent forces.
>
> Hence, one would be led to believe that a flow
> of dielectricity, if resisted, would cause a force upon the
> body of the conductor --- much like the resistance to the
> flow of water against the walls of a tube through which it
> is flowing.
>
> In the case of a gravitic (or dielectric)
> conductor, the factor creating resistance is gravitational
> reluctance (opposite to gravitational permeance or
> permeability). Such gravitational reluctance in the
> conductor of dielectricity would cause a force in the
> direction of the flow. In space, this force is simply
> gravity. Hence, it would appear that gravitational
> reluctance is created by (or equivalent to) gravitational
> mass Mg (as distinguished from inertial mass Mi.
>
> The quality of conductivity of dielectricity
> is the opposite of gravitational reluctance, hence it is
> lack of Mg. Theoretically, a vacuum (complete absence of
> ponderable mater) is the best conductor.
>
> *Page 117*
>
> Conversely, ponderable matter of highest Mg
> represents a conductor of the greatest gravitational
> reluctance (resistance) and is therefore the best insulator
> of dielectricity.
>
> This is virtually the opposite of the
> situation regarding the conductor of electricity --- hence
> the designation, "di-electricity".
>
> Summarizing then:
>
> Electricity --- conducted by metals, insulated
> by vacuum   
> Dielectricity --- conducted by vacuum, insulated by metals.
>
> Curiously, and this does indeed seem strange,
> the best insulator for the prevention of flow (loss in the
> central pylon (p. 106) is its weight (Mg). As a gravitic
> dipole with high potential at its lower end (cathode), the
> highest resistance would be provided by large values of Mg;
> this resistance causing an upward or lifting force in the
> transformation of the stored energy to motion and finally to
> heat resulting from resistance to that motion.
>
> Such a pylon may be provided with lead (wafer)
> insulators dividing the pylon into sections of increasing
> gravitic potential in the direction of the lower or cathode
> end.
>
> \* any material of high Mg.
>
> *Page 118*
>
> ***66. The Push-Pull Effect of the Control
> Grid.***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; Jan. 19, 1958.
>
> In Sec. 56, the effects of high and low flux
> density were discussed, particularly as an explanation for
> the observed force or motion imparted to arcuate electrodes.
> The effect is determined by the direction of the flux
> gradient.
>
> ![](118-1.jpg)
>
> If, in the above figure, the anode is a grid
> of fine wires and the cathode is a ball, the force (as
> indicated) is especially pronounced. Reversal of polarity
> does not reverse the direction of the force. Due to
> increased current flow resulting from emission of neg ions
> and/or electrons from the grid, the reversed polarity does
> not appear to be efficient.
>
> If the wind (specifically positive) is placed
> between two cathodes, as indicated in Figure 2,
>
> ![](118-2.jpg)
>
> *Page 119*
>
> The force (as indicated) is virtually doubled.
>
> It appears that the screen grid anode then
> attracts the ball cathode and repels the canopy cathode, so
> that the entire assembly moves in response to the force as
> shown (f). Thus we have named the push-pull effect.
>
> This effect may be obtained in units such as
> Figure 3:
>
> ![](119-1.jpg)
>
> where the direction of the arculate surfaces
> create flux gradients to produce the force as indicated, or
> (Figure 4),
>
> ![](119-2.jpg)
>
> as a succession of units in parallel where the
> elements of each unit are concentrically arranged with the
> ball cathodes at the centers. The force of each (and every)
> unit is additive and directed as indicated.
>
> *Page 120*
>
> ***67. The Cylindrical Design of a Unit to
> Produce the Push-Pull Effect.***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; Jan. 19, 1958
>
> In the Vega Aircraft notebook, beginning Dec.
> 1, 1942 and ending sometime after May 2, 1944, and
> specifically described on Feb 4, 1943, a cylindrical system
> employing a shaped dielectric is described. Such a system is
> as follows (Figure 1):
>
> ![](120.jpg)
>
> Dielectric B has greater K and mass than
> dielectric sector A. Direction of force is as indicated.
>
> This arrangement is the equivalent of that
> shown in the preceding Sec. 66 (Fig. 1), with the addition
> of 2 dielectroics, it being understood that Fig. 1 (p. 118)
> could represent the sectional view of a sphere or a
> cylinder. In either case, the requirement of field shaping
> and the resultant field gradient would be met. The force
> would be (as indicated) in the direction of flux gradient.
> In Fig. 1 (p. 120) the greater force is in the direction of
> the dielectric having the greater K or m (or both).
>
> The use of the wire grid augments this effect
> so as to add the push-pull feature.
>
> *Page 121.*
>
> Such an arrangement then looks like (Figure
> 2):
>
> ![](121-1.jpg)
>
> Or, without the Km differential,
> simply as follows (Fig. 3):
>
> ![](121-2.jpg)
>
> May be filled with fluid or solid dielectric
> material, or separated in vacuum. Grid occupies about 120
> degree sector.
>
> In Fig 3, the location of the grid will
> determine the direction of the force, rather, the position
> of the dielectrics. Rotation of the grid 180 degrees will
> reverse the direction of he resulting force acting upon the
> unit as a whole.
>
> High K, high *m* dielectric material,
> either as a fluid filling all of the inside of the can or as
> a solid encapsulating material will, it appears, increase
> the force. That material which is not in the active sector
> comprising approx 120 degrees where the grid is located will
> not add to the force, nor will it detract.
>
> *Page 122*
>
> The force for a given voltage should be a
> function of both K and *m*. In vacuum, with a K of
> unity and *m* = 0, the force should be minimum. It
> should increase with the use of a fluid dielectric such as
> oil, pyranol or carbon tetrachloride and even further with
> solid dielectrics which, at the same time, may serve to
> encapsulate the elements in the can.
>
> In this connection, it may be pointed out that
> the solid dielectrics may take the form of tubes arranged as
> follows (Fig 4):
>
> ![](122.jpg)
>
> Drawing expanded radially for sake of
> illustration.
>
> Force is always in the direction from the
> center (inner) cathode toward the center of the control
> grid. The control grid may be turned into other quadrants or
> the entire unit (encapsulated) may be turned in order to
> change direction of the force.
>
> *Page 123*
>
> ***68. Cylindrical Units in Parallel***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; an 19, 1958.
>
> It is readily apparent that the units
> described in Sec. 67 may be of commercial value in
> propulsion of ships, railroad or other land vehicles. In
> such practical application, units would be arranged in
> multiple.
>
> Control of the direction of force would be
> accomplished merely by rotating the entire can if the
> elements are rigidly encapsulated ore by rotating the
> control grid with respect to the can if the elements are oil
> (or heavy fluid) insulated.
>
> Units in parallel would look like:
>
> ![](123.jpg)
>
> In the above illustration, the cans are
> stationary and the grid is movable about the control axis.
>
> Thrust is determined by the voltage applied
> (the current being determined by the resistance of the
> dielectric and the transformation requirements to kinetic
> energy).
>
> *Page 124*
>
> ***69. Self-Adjusting (Ionic) Oscillator
> and the Use of High Voltage RF in the Propulsion of
> Space Craft.***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; Mar. 25, 1958.
>
> Using the push-pull system of three electrodes
> (p. 118), it is possible that a resonant circuit can be
> established when the voltage between the outer two
> electrodes (and presumably also the lift) could be
> enormously increased. Such a system could use the three
> electrodes as a self-adjusting (ionic)oscillator.
>
> ![](124.jpg)
>
> In the above system, the DC exciter voltage
> need only be sufficient to establish oscillation in the
> resonant circuit. The high voltage for the principal lift
> would come from the delta (or equivalent) inductor.
>
> *Page 125.*
>
> ***70. Dielectromotance (The Generation of
> Dielectricity)***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; march 31, 1958.
>
> In Sec 65, I speculated upon the existence of
> high-gravitic potential differences and upon a flow
> resulting from such potential differences. In many respects
> such a flow would be analogous to the flow of electricity
> (or current). The flow arising from a difference in gravitic
> potential might be termed "dielectric current", in that it
> would presumably be conducted by dielectrics.
>
> If one subscribed to the idea of an ether,
> such a flow could be viewed as a movement of the ether. The
> flow, of necessity, would be circulatory, creating one or
> more vortices.
>
> It was pointed out that materials may offer
> varying amounts of resistance to such a flow, thus giving
> rise to a force of ponderomotive nature acting upon the
> interposed material. Such a force may conceivably be similar
> to, or perhaps indistinguishable from, the force of gravity.
>
> The flow of dielectricity, whether or not it
> is responsible for gravity, results from a field in which
> there is a difference in potential --- not electric, but
> attending and usually created by an electric field.
>
> *Page 127*
>
> In Fig 2, the flow again is from the region of
> highest to lowest flux density, hence from the point
> electrode in the center to the toroidal electrode around it,
> and returning axially, as indicated.
>
> Assuming the arcuate surface (in Fig 1) or the
> toroidal surface (in Fig 2) to have a gravitic (or
> dielectric) potential at or near the ambient, I is the
> center electrode which has the high gravitic potential ---
> at least, insofar as the generation of dielectricity is
> concerned.
>
> The situation is similar to that of a battery
> and closed loop of an electric circuit, where the one side
> of the battery is grounded, as:
>
> ![](127-1.jpg)
>
> Another method of generating dielectricity (in
> greater volume) is the series or cascade arrangement, as
> follows:
>
> ![](127-2.jpg)
>
> *Page 128*
>
> ![](128-1.jpg)
>
> Generator of dielectricity as a 3-element
> dielectric ring with highly charged electrode (+) midwday
> between the center electrode (-) and the outer ring
> electrode (-\_showing radial flow in the ring or disc from
> the center outward and returning through the environment
> (outer field) to the axis.
>
> It is understood that while, in this drawing,
> the electric field is (-) to (+) to (-), the generator is
> equally operative in the (+) to (-) to (+) polarity.
> Reversal of polarity does not affect the direction of flow
> of the generated dielectricity.
>
> Hence, it is readily understood that such a
> device will operate on AC, and at any frequency, always
> causing a flow of dielectricity from the center outward to
> the ring, thence returning through the exterior field to the
> axis.
>
> The flow pattern is essentially two toroids
> with one side joined --- hence, interlocked and inseparable.
>
> ![](128-2.jpg)
>
> Sectional view of interlocked toroidal
> vortices.
>
> *Page 129*
>
> ***71. The Flow of Dielectricity***
>
> Walkertown, NC; April 7, 1958.
>
> In the foregoing section, the generator of
> so-called dielectricity was discussed. It was pointed out
> that a flow could be created by a non-linear electric
> gradient and that the direction of that flow would be from
> the region of highest electric flux density to the region of
> lowest flux density.
>
> In other words, a difference of potential is
> created which is not expressible in terms of electricity but
> which flows if a return circuit is provided. The flow does
> not necessarily follow a path o electrical conductivity
> (such as a wire) but arches through the environment in the
> manner of a magnetic field.
>
> Preliminary experiments have indicated that
> the flow prefers glass or plastics as a path, hence,
> exhibits the characteristics of a flow capable of
> conduction. Since the materials revealing such conductivity
> are generally dielectrics, the entity comprising the flow
> has been named "dielectricity".
>
> In summary, therefore, "dielectricity" may be
> defined as "an entity capable of flowing" which is "placed
> in motion" by a non-linear electric gradient and which flows
> from the region of high electric flux density (by the
> shortest route) to the region of lowest flux density, thence
> returning by an exterior circuit formed by materials which
> do not necessarily conduct electricity.
>
> *Page 130*
>
> If the behavior of such a flow is similar to
> that of magnetism or electricity, it is to be expected that
> an increase in conductivity of the circuit elements (or
> conversely, a decrease in resistance) will result in an
> increase in the flow itself. For example, in a magnetic
> circuit the more of the circuit which contains iron, the
> greater is the magnetic flux density. This is usually
> expressed as a decrease in the air gap. The factor
> introduced is the integrated mu for all sections of the
> magnetic circuit.
>
> In the present instance, where we may be
> talking about a dielectric phenomenon and a flow of
> dielectricity, the integrated K may be the factor which is
> significant. On the other hand, if the characteristics of
> the flow of dielecticity or the results of a difference in
> potential of dielectricity are gravitational, then the
> significant factor may be mg or the gravitational
> mass of the circuit sections. If both are involved, as
> perhaps an electromagnetic phenomenon, then both K and Mg
> are important factors in the circuit. The final answer to
> this question cannot be given until precise tests of various
> materials can be completed.
>
> *Page 131*
>
> One characteristic of the flow of dieletricity
> appears to be its ability to create a force on the material
> through which it is slowing. It may be said that it was
> largely through the indications of its forceful effects that
> its presence was initially detected. In practically every
> experiment where a flow of dielectricity is established, an
> air flow results in the direction of the flux. In the
> beginning, the air flow was so pronounced that it was
> difficult to purify the results so as to eliminate what
> appeared to be the effects of an "electric wind".
>
> It is to be noted that the classical concept
> of electric wind is perhaps inseparably confused and
> inter-related to the effects of a flow of dielectricity. Any
> electrified point, according to classical concepts, produces
> ions of the same sign as the point and hence are repelled by
> the point, producing a motion of the medium when their
> momentum is transferred to that medium. It is assumed that
> the reaction, resulting from the repulsion of the ions from
> the point, will drive the point in the opposite direction
> and that this reaction will be exactly equal and opposite to
> the forward momentum of the wind.
>
> *Page 132.*
>
> A simple experiment will reveal that this is
> not necessarily true:
>
> ![](132.jpg)
>
> Net force on system of two electrodes is as
> shown. Measured only on the two electrodes.
>
> In the above experiment, only by considering
> the forces acting on the medium to the side of the alignment
> of electrodes (which are in a direction from right-to-left)
> will the net force (as indicated) be eliminated.
>
> It is obvious that the classical concept of
> the electric wind does not explain a movement of the medium
> from right to left (in the above explanation).
>
> On the other hand, the classical concept
> explains the left-to-right momentum but cannot explain the
> lack of balance which causes the net force as indicated.
>
> In Sec 70. it was shown that a flow of
> dielectricity probably results from any situation in which
> there is a no-linear electric flux density.
>
> *Page 133.*
>
> In the illustration on the previous page,
> there is a strong non-linear gradient on the electric field
> between the sharp point and the large arcuate electrode. The
> greatest density exists around the end of the point and
> falls of to a minimum at the arcuate electrode.
>
> Hence, according to the principles set forth
> in Sec. 70, a flow of dielectricity is created by such a
> configuration as follows:
>
> ![](133-1.jpg)
>
> Flow of dielectricity causes movement of
> dielectric fluid.
>
> Such a diagram, however, neglects the flow of
> dielectricity which is conducted through the leads of the
> power supply, as:
>
> ![](133-2.jpg)
>
> Flow of dielectricity through electric source
> in same direction as classical electric current.
>
> In general, however, where the wiring of the
> electrical supply is long and/or involved, a consideration
> of dielectric flow parallel with the electric flow is
> unnecessary. Even so, it may be completely and finally
> eliminated by the following system:
>
> *Page 134*
>
> Three-element System:
>
> ![](134-1.jpg)
>
> Where high impedance elements are placed in
> feed lines, flow of dielectricity assumes a shorter closed
> circuit path through the immediate environment.
>
> Now, excluding the electrical feed lines, the
> path becomes simply a closed toroidal vortex, as:
>
> ![](134-2.jpg)
>
> If the above vortex is acting within a
> dielectric fluid (such as oil or air) the fluid assumes a
> toroidal vortex as the structure (geometry) of the
> electrodes permits. The resistance of the fluid to the flow
> of dielectricity results in a movement of the fluid. That
> part of the flow which impinges upon the electrodes tends to
> move the electrode system. Hence, the electrodes (in the
> illustration) tend to move upward while fluid, particularly
> near the periphery of the electrodes, tends to move
> downward.
>
> *Page 135*
>
> If such a system is placed in a metal (almost
> infinitely high K) enclosure, the following field
> distribution takes place:
>
> ![](135.jpg)
>
> The conductivity is so great that virtually no
> flow appears externally.
>
> Due to the partial closing of the air gap by
> high conducting material, the flux density is greatly
> increased. This increase in flow of dielectricity will cause
> an increase in the lift of the electrode system within the
> enclosure. The downward flow through the walls of the
> enclosure will, however, be sufficient to virtually balance
> the lift if the electrode system is mechanically attached to
> the metal enclosure.
>
> In other words, placing the electrode system
> within the can greatly increases the lift of the electrode
> system by itself. But, a force virtually of the same
> magnitude and opposite in sense is created within the walls
> of the can, by reason of the resistance to the flow offered
> by these surfaces or (perhaps more correctly) these volumes
> of upper high-K materials.
>
> *Page 136*
>
> No secondary flow patterns are established
> outside of the can due to the ability of the metal walls to
> conduct all of the flow of electricity.
>
> The effect is similar to the ability of iron
> cores (of high magnetic permeability) to convey all the
> magnetic flux, allowing the establishment of no flux
> outside. This will, of course, be true up to the point of
> saturation, where a further increase in flux cannot be
> carried and leaks out into the surrounding space.
>
> When saturation to the flow of dielectricity
> has been reached, the flux which leaks out causes secondary
> flows or "reversed" vortices, as:
>
> ![](136.jpg)
>
> 3-Element dielectricity generator in thin
> Saran bag
>
> *Page 137*
>
> The friction of the moving air both inside and
> outside the container (upon the walls of the container) then
> causes the can to move downward, while the air farther away
> moves up.
>
> In this way, an electrode system encased in an
> enclosure where the flux density is beyond saturation (as
> with a Saran sheet enclosure), the force acting upon the
> system appears to be reversed.
>
> Increasing the thickness of the Saran or by
> using dielectrics of greater conductivity of dielectricity,
> this effect of reversal may be reduced or eliminated
> entirely.
>
> Penetration of a saturated sheet of thin
> Saran.
>
> Using Saran as an example of material which
> may be saturated when in thin sections, the following
> experiment is suggested:
>
> ![](137.jpg)
>
> Showing balance or possible null between
> primary and secondary flow.
>
> *Page 138*
>
> In the foregoing experiment, the electrode
> system is suspended for lift measurement within a Saran bag.
> Complete reversal of force, due to saturation, is observed,
> and the entire rig possesses a force downward.
>
> If then, the rig is placed in a metal can, a
> complete reversal to lift may be observed for small diameter
> metal cans. The force downward will persist in larger
> diameter metal cans. A size of metal can, between these two
> extremes, may be found where no force exists. This null will
> represent the balance between the primary flow which
> penetrates the Saran bag and the secondary flow created by
> the saturated bag.
>
> Another experiment which is suggested to test
> the saturation theory is the use of multiple layers of
> Saran, each layer contributing to the flux conductivity,
> whereby the addition of each layer reduces the reversed
> force a given amount, finally increasing the conductivity to
> the point below saturation (for that particular voltage)
> where the force is zero. At that voltage, the flux (being
> fully conducted) produces no force. At a slightly higher
> voltage, the flux being greater, is not fully conducted by
> the now saturated Saran sheets, and hence gives rise to a
> reversed force due to the secondary or exterior vortex.
>
> *Page 139*
>
> ***72. Generation of Dielectricity by the
> Use of Alternating Current.***
>
> Walkertown, NC; APR. 7, 1958.
>
> In Sec 69, the use of high voltage RF for the
> generation of dielectricity was proposed. The circuitry
> included a self-regulating oscillator fed by a DC exciter.
>
> It must be borne in mind that the generation
> of dielectricity is a kind of rectification process,
> producing unidirectional flow of dielectricity from either
> electrical polarity. Hence, AC at any frequency will
> generate dielectricity.
>
> Where the dielectricity generator possesses a
> natural capacitance, the circuitry may include an inductance
> for operation as a tank circuit at any desired frequency.
>
> Such a circuit is as follows:
>
> ![](139.jpg)
>
> Concentric type dielectricity generator using
> AC.
>
> The flow connectors must (electrically)
> connect every other ring as indicated. The flow of
> dielectricity is outward from the center.
>
> *Page 140*
>
> ***73. The Coiled Strip Capacitor as a
> Generator of Dielectricity.***
>
> Walkertown, NC; April 8, 1958.
>
> It is proposed that the spiral or coiled-strip
> capacitor may make a very convenient and cheaply constructed
> generator of high potential dielectricity.
>
> ![](140.jpg)
>
> *Page 141*
>
> Using the spiral generator in the propulsion
> of a space craft, the following may be suggested:
>
> ![](141.jpg)
>
> The advantages are that the electrical
> circuits be limited to the spiral and the inductor. The
> dielectric circuits would include the A frame and the rubber
> (as the center of the spiral). Hence, there would be no
> electrically charged elements under the craft. The voltage
> used in the RF drive for the spiral capacitor would be
> relatively low.
>
> No electric potential would exist between the
> high potential dielectricity terminals, nor in the external
> circuit. All luminous phenomena would arise from the high
> potentials of dielectricity present in the force field.
>
> *Page 142.*
>
> ***74. High Flux, Closed Circuit Transducer
> for Dielectricty***
>
> Walkertown, NC; April 29, 1958.
>
> In the foregoing sections, the pattern of
> circulation of dielectricity was indicated in a number of
> instances. The flow invariably is from a region of high
> electric gradient to low electric gradient, such as:
>
> ![](142-1.jpg)
>
> (1) Outward from a highly charged point into
> the environment
>
> ![](142-2.jpg)
>
> (2) Outward from an inner electrode to an
> outer electrode. May be arcuate and may be concentric.
>
> ![](142-3.jpg)
>
> (3) From the small end toward the large end of
> a dielectric under electric strain --- may be wedge-shaped
> or cone or pyramid frustrums.
>
> ![](142-4.jpg)
>
> (4) From the high-gradient end to the
> low-gradient end where the non-linear electric gradient is
> established through external circuit resistance such as
> leakage.
>
> *Page 143.*
>
> ![](143-1.jpg)
>
> (5) From the low density end (or low K or mu)
> toward the high density end (or high K or mu) where an
> electric field exists in a non-homogeneous dielectric.
>
> In (3), the flow of dielectricity is created
> initially by the wedge-shaped or truncated cone shaped
> dielectric. Such a member is a "dielectromotance". The
> return circuit for the dielectric flux is through the medium
> immediately surrounding the member, as:
>
> ![](143-2.jpg)
>
> Where two members are related in series, the
> flux density is increased and the air gap (free path through
> the medium) is shortened, as:
>
> ![](143-3.jpg)
>
> Circulation pattern of dielectric flux between
> two dielectromotances in series.
>
> In the above circuit, the (total)
> dielectromotance is doubled and the flux density greatly
> increased by reducing the air gap.
>
> *Page 144.*
>
> ***74. (Continued)***
>
> In the transducer, which is the subject o this
> section, the arrangement is as follows:
>
> ![](144.jpg)
>
> These forces may be of a high magnitude when
> high K material is used in the conical (armature and stator)
> sections. Rubber or plastic diaphragms may be used to hold
> the armature in position yet permit limited vertical (axial)
> movement. The device may be studied at high voltages either
> in vacuum or under oil.
>
> Such a device is a transducer, between
> electrical and mechanical energy.
>
> *Page 145.*
>
> ***74. (Continued).***
>
> When electrical energy is supplied to either
> or both members, motion results.
>
> If one or the other member is energized, and
> mechanical motion is supplied, an electric current in the
> second member will be generated. Such current will vary in
> accordance with the motion. Hence, the device will operate
> as a vibration pickup or microphone as well as an
> oscillating force generator or loudspeaker element.
>
> Also, where all electrical conditions are
> rigorously constant, the force will vary according to the
> flux density. If such flux density within a closed system
> such as this varies with a linear, solar or sidereal diurnal
> pattern, such pattern will show upon a suitable force
> recorder operating for time-series observation.
>
> As an actuating mechanism for such a recording
> device, the apparatus appears to have great promise.
>
> *Page 146.*
>
> ***75. Motion of Dielectric Media Produced
> by Dielectric Flux. Dielectric Wind.***
>
> Winston-Salem, NC; May 1, 1958.
>
> In all of the experimental work to date, the
> results which have led to the concept of dielectricity and
> dielectric flux have carried one characteristic in common
> --- i.e, force or motion exerted upon dielectric solids or
> fluids.
>
> In general, the source of the dielectricity or
> dielectromotance possesses a force in one direction whereas
> the balance of the circuit exhibits a force in the opposite
> direction, as:
>
> ![](146.jpg)
>
> If the return circuit is in air, oil or other
> dielectric fluid, the force results in movement of the
> fluid. In many cases where the electrodes are charged with
> respect to the medium, the flow may be mistaken for electric
> wind. It is usually quite difficult to separate these
> effects.
>
> Any highly electrified point produces ions
> which are repelled from the point, giving rise to a motion
> in the medium known as electric wind.
>
> In the same structure, the non-linear electric
> gradient outward from the point constitutes a
> dielectromotance and gives rise to a flow of the medium
> outward from the point ad in the direction of the decreasing
> flux density. Hence, the so-called electric wind may in fact
> be a total of the two effects. See p. 142 (1).
>
> *Page 147*
>
> Only by creating a dielectric potential
> difference where there is no electric potential difference,
> can the pure dielectric wind be separated from the electric
> wind. This is possible, it would appear, in the following
> structure:
>
> ![](147.jpg)
>
> In these circuits, two dielectromoances are
> connected in series, and the dielectric potential difference
> is doubled. The flow is in the closed circuit as indicated.
>
> *Page 148.*
>
> Another way for detecting the force acting
> upon dielectric media is the hydrostatic pressure developed
> by oil within an insulating tube.
>
> ![](148-1.jpg)
>
> (1) Increase in height of oil column due to
> pressure as indicated.
>
> ![](148-2.jpg)
>
> (2) Same as above but with three turns of
> tubing, increasing the pressure 3 times.
>
> ![](148-3.jpg)
>
> (3) Using a series of arcuate or conic
> field-shaping devices
>
> ![](148-4.jpg)
>
> (4) Motion of dielectric rod.
>
> *Page 149*
>
> If dielectric flux creates a potential
> difference which is additive with each turn, such as the
> hydrostatic pressure would be in Fig 2, then the following
> may produce interesting results:
>
> ![](149-1.jpg)  
> ![](149-2.jpg)
>
> If the flow if dielectricity is conceived to
> be from a higher to a lower potential, then the end of the
> conductor at point A will have the higher potential. The
> flow will be toward B in the external circuit.
>
> ![](149-3.jpg)
>
> If AC is used, frequency of the dielectricity
> is double the frequency of the supply electricity.
>
> *Page 150*
>
> Inductive force effects created by a coil
> carrying dielectricity.
>
> ![](150-1.jpg)
>
> Figure 1. Causing rotation of adjacent disc.   
> Figure 2. Causing rotation of core (axis)
>
> High potential dielectromotance with a large
> number of turns of dielectric conductor. Shown in Fig 7. p.
> 147.
>
> ![](150-2.jpg)
>
> *Page 151*
>
> ***76. A Method of Ship Propulsion using
> Dielectric Flux.***
>
> Walkertown, NC; July 7, 1958.
>
> If the dielectric return circuit passes thru
> the water surrounding a ship, it would seem entirely
> possible that the ship would be propelled.
>
> ![](151-1.jpg)
>
> Such a requirement would be satisfied by the
> following scheme:
>
> ![](151-2.jpg)
>
> Applied to a ship, the design might take the
> following shape:
>
> ![](151-3.jpg)
>
> Entire water body is the cathode envelope and
> is driven astern. Ship (dielectric) is driven forward.
>
> ---