Thomas Townsend Brown: Scientific Notebook, Vol. 4

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---

 **Thomas Townsend BROWN**  
***Scientific Notebook, Vol. 4***  
 

---

**[ [Volume
1](../brown1/brown1.htm) ] // [ [Volume 2](../brown2/brown2.htm) ]**

**Copyright 2006 Townsend Brown Estate**

**[ Note: Volume 3 was not
released ]**

**Contents:**

**[179.](#179)  Two
Glitches of Extraordinary Magnitude.**   
**[180.](#180)  Basic Circuits for Patent
Application.**   
**[181.](#181)  Possibility of Augmenting Voltage
Output by Passing Current through Resistors.**   
**[182.](#182)  The Effects of High Temperature.**
  
**[183.](#183)  Re-Emission of Radiant Energy by
Masses.**   
**[184](#184).  A Communication System Using
Secondary Radiation.**   
**[185.](#185)  Geophysical Regions as Active
Emitters**   
**[186.](#186)  Possibility of Indicating
Geothermal Reservoir at Koolau Dome Site.**   
**[187.](#187)  Self-Potential Measurement in
Relation to Potential Geothermal Reservoirs**   
**[188.](#188)  Self-Potential in Geothermal
Plugs as a Source of Commercial Electricity.**   
**[189.](#189)  Effects of Sensor Shielding.**
  
**[190.](#190)  Regular Pulsations in Rock EMF
Output.**   
**[191.](#191)  Augmentation of Output by Sand
Cores.**   
**[192.](#192)  Possible Cause of the Weber
Events.**   
**[193.](#193)  Storage of Electricity in Rocks.**
  
**[194.](#194)  Initial Electrical Polarization.**
  
**[195.](#195)  Sand Sensors.**   
**[196.](#196)  Gravity Vector Sensors.**   
**[197.](#197)  Electric Dipole Rotation.**   
**[198.](#198)  Sensors in Vertical Series.**   
**[199.](#199)  Effects of Ambient Temperature.**
  
**[200.](#200)  Electrically Polarized Materials
as Sensors.**   
**[201.](#201)  Quasi-Luminous Gravitic
Radiation.**   
**[202.](#202)  The Structure of the Gravitocell.**
  
**[203.](#203)  The Effect of Increasing Bias.**
  
**[204.](#204)  High Voltage Bias and Energy
Extraction.**   
**[205.](#205)  Bridge Circuits for Higher
Sensitivity.**   
**[206.](#206)  Qualitic Astronomy**   
**[207.](#207)  Relation of Conductivity to Bias
Voltage.**   
**[208.](#208)  The Gravitoelectric Generator.**
  
**[209.](#209)  Bias-Assisted Sensors.**   
**[209-A.](#209A)  Retention of Bias by
Resistors.**   
**[210.](#210)  Piezoelectric Materials as
Sensors.**   
**[211.](#211)  Effects of Ambient Mass.**   
**[212.](#212)  Pulse-Polarization of Sensors.**
  
**[213.](#213)  Possible Correlation with
Dow-Jones Industrials.**   
**[214.](#214)  Self-Potential in Calcareous
Solids.**   
**[215.](#215)  Self-Maintained Polarization.**
  
**[216.](#216)  Bleeder-Sustained Polarization.**
  
**[217.](#217)  Self-Potential in Ceramic
Capacitors.**   
**[218.](#218)  Heavy Metal Oxides as Sensing
Media.**   
**[219.](#219)  Construction of the Tungsten
Carbide Sensor.**   
**[220.](#220)  Glycerin-Litharge Sensors.**   
**[221.](#221)  The Strong Glitch of May 4, 1976.**
  
**[222.](#222)  Electrolytic Capacitors as
Sensors.**   
**[223.](#223)  High Flux Density in the Great
Pyramid.**   
**[224.](#224)  Biological Effects of Secondary
Radiation.**   
**[225.](#225)  Gravitic Radiation Receptor
Materials and Binders.**   
**[226.](#226)  Long-Wire Sources of
Self-Potential.**   
**[227.](#227)  Concrete Blocks as
Gravitoelectric Converters**   
**[228.](#228)  Self-Potential in Long Wire
Resistors.**   
**[229.](#229)  Tungsten Carbide Gravitovoltaic
Converter.**   
**[231.](#231)  Spontaneous Heating of
Petroelectric Materials.**   
**[232.](#232)  Commercial Possibilities of
Petroelectric Heating.**   
**[233.](#233)  Lawson Adit Petrovoltaic Readings**
  
**[234.](#234)  K-Waves in Space.**   
**[235.](#235)  Glitch-Detecting Circuit.**   
**[236.](#236)  Electrolytic Capacitors as
Sensors (Part 2).**   
**[237.](#237)  Battery-Referenced Electrolytic
Sensors.**   
**[238.](#238)  Electrolytic Sensors (continued)**
  
**[239.](#239)  Zero-Centered Electrolytic
Sensors.**   
**[240.](#240)  Portable Electrolytic Sensor.**
  
**[241.](#241)  Glitch-Signaling Circuit.**   
**[242.](#242)  Bridge Circuits for Electrolytic
Sensors.**   
**[243](#243).  Comparison --- Electrolytic
Sensors and Rocks.**

---

*Page 1*

***179. Two Glitches of
Extraordinary Magnitude.***

Honolulu, HI; Jan 28, 1975.

During my absence from the Haleakala
Observatory (trip to the mainland Dec 17 74 to Jan 16 75) the
automatic computer was continued in operation.

Readouts showed a sudden and intense
disturbance on all sensors beginning at (or shortly after 1 AM
Honolulu 150 Degrees time on Dec 21, 1974, and lasting approx 3
hours. On certain sensors the effect lasted several days.

Another disturbance, also sudden and
intense, occurred beginning at, or shortly after, 7 AM Honolulu
time, on Jan 7, 1975. This disturbance, on certain sensors, also
lasted several days.

*Page 2.*

***180. Basic Circuits for Patent
Application.***

Honolulu, HI; Jan 28, 1975.

One cannot patent a rock, even if the
rock generates electricity! But one can patent a circuit using a
resistor, a method patent, if the results represent a new and
useful application.

Hence, it is appropriate at this point
to illustrate a series of basic circuits which might form the
fundamentals leading to patent protection.

![](p2.jpg)

*Page 3.*

![](p3.jpg)

In certain special cases where the
resistive materials, like granitic rocks, are electrically
polarized, the diode rectifiers need not be used, but their use
does not detract in such cases.

Even with granitic rocks, which
basically act as gravito-electric receptors, and are slightly
polarized naturally, the use of the diode improves performance as
an electrical energy source. The method therefore includes the 3
circuit elements, resistor, diode and (storage) capacitor.

*Page 4*

In describing the operation of this
form of electric generator, it s believed that the resistor (any
high resistance) intercepts radiation from the ambient (possibly
gravitational radiation from space) and then coverts the incoming
energy to RF (broad noise spectrum) intrinsically within the body
of the resistive material. This RF noise appears at the terminals
of the resistor or at the sides of the granite block (for example)
to which electrodes have been attached.

This RF is then rectified by the diode
and the DC is stored in the capacitor. The terminals of the
storage capacitor provide the output leads of the "generator".

As mentioned earlier in these notes,
certain granitic rocks appear to be electrically polarized and put
out DC without the aid of an external diode. The rectifying action
obviously takes place within the body of the rock. It is not
conceivable that the DC output could in any way originate
externally if one assume the source is gravitational (or other)
high frequency radiation. No external DC source, such as
atmospheric electric fields, appears to be operative.

A suggested method claim may be:

(1) Method for generating electricity,
consisting in utilizing a circuit containing a resistor, diode and
capacitor, connecting the same in series, and exposing said
circuit to an ambient energy source.

*Page 5.*

(2) An electric generator comprising a
circuit containing a high resistance, a diode rectifier and a
storage capacitor whereby an electrical potential difference is
created and stored for use.

(3) A generator according to claim 2
utilizing a body of resistive materials as the high resistance.

(4) A generator according to claim 2
utilizing granitic material as the high resistance.

(5) A generator according to claim 2
wherein the diode rectifier is an integral part of the polarized
resistive material.

(6) A generator according to claim 2
wherein polarizable resistive material possesses capacitance.

See also Sec. 140 in Notebook No. 3,
dated 1-23-74.

T. Townsend Brown (1-28-75)

*Page 6.*

***181. Possibility of Augmenting
Voltage Output by Passing Current through Resistors.***

Honolulu, HI; 1-29-75.

In the foregoing section, the only
current which passed thru the resistors was that which was
self-polarized. Aside from the RF current itself, the only other
current was DC from the diode action.

The thought occurs that if this
phenomenon is rooted in resistor noise (from whatever source), it
may be increased by increasing the (bias) current thru the
resistor.

Hence, the following circuit should be
considered:

![](p6.jpg)

*Page 7.*

***182. The Effects of High
Temperature.***

Honolulu; 2-2-75.

All the sensors seem to have
temperature effects, some rather unpredictable. This is the reason
we have preferred to place the sensors in a temperature-controlled
cabinet. Under constant temperature, the observed variation in
voltage output were believed more clearly to reflect the
variations in the ambient radiation, whether gravitational or
otherwise.

In general, it appears to e noted that
voltage output increases with temperature. If this were the result
of thermal noise, the additional output may be directly traced to
the incident (incoming) thermal energy.

If, however, the increase in
temperature produces an increased susceptance to the incoming
gravitational radiation, then higher temperature brings about
increased gravito-electric conversion efficiency, and higher
readings are the result.

No critical tests of this possibility
have been made. The thought is being presented here merely in
regard to increasing sensor (converter) output or efficiency.

Going further along this line, it is
proposed that high temperature rock tests are in order. How high
to go is a matter of speculation. Do red hot rocks produced high
output voltages?

*Page 8.*

The answer is important in connection
with "in-hole" generation of electricity from dry-rock geothermal
reservoirs.

To date, all extraction of energy from
geothermal sources comes about thru the emission and harnessing of
steam or hot water. No method seems to be available for the direct
conversion of in-hole heat to electricity. Ordinary thermoelectric
generators require both hot and cold junctions. To my present
knowledge, there is no (single) hot junction thermoelectric
converter available. It is thought here that red hot rocks may do
this kiNd of job.

Hence, could it be that hot rocks
(with suitable electrodes attached) may generate RF which could be
conducted away (by coaxial cable) and subsequently rectified? Not
only would such a system completely revolutionize the concept of
obtaining geothermal energy but it would have many other
applications as well.

Commercial generating stations today
use fuel (coal, gas, oil, etc.) to generate steam which then runs
turbines and electric generators. Converting heat directly into
electricity would eliminate the steam step and conceivably
increase efficiency substantially.

*Page 9.*

Systems would be as follows:

![](p9.jpg)

*Page 10.*

***183. Re-Emission of Radiant
Energy by Masses.***

Honolulu, Feb 7, 1975.

In Sec 173 of Notebook #2, I discussed
the possibility that various regions of the Earths surface may be
radiating energy. This radiation may be gravitational or it may be
something else not yet identified or recognized.

This hypothesis has grown out of the
strange behavior of the rock sensors in various location, or when
moved from place to place.

When one considers that a single rock
generates an emf which is conducted away, it means that energy is
being removed from the rock. If the rock is to remain stable as to
its energy content, it must receive energy at the same rate it is
losing energy. Hence, there must be incoming radiation. This, I
believe, is basic.

Now, if the electrical current is
opened, so that no electrical energy is conducted away from the
rock, then the internal energy of the rock builds up to a
saturation point. Either it must at this point, refuse or reject
any further incoming energy or it must re-emit that energy as fast
as it is received. Since there appears to be no mechanism to valve
the incoming radiation I am inclined to the latter view that
re-emission takes place, but this re-emission need not be (and
probably is not) within the same spectral band as the incoming
radiation.

*Page 11*

In this respect, the action is similar
to fluorescence, were light is re-emitted, but at a different
frequency.

There are other examples. RF radiation
striking matter causes an increase in temperature so that as the
temperature rises, infrared is emitted and this increases until a
balance --- input vs output --- is reached. All phosphors, in
general, do the same thing.

![](p11.jpg)

Assuming a constant primary, then

Epri = Esec + Eelec

If the electrical circuit is opened
then

Epri = Esec

Now, it follows necessarily that all
rocks must re-emit or re-radiate, especially if there is no
conversion to electricity.

If there is conversion to electricity
and that electrical output is converted by Joule heating within
the rock, then the rock becomes warmer than the ambient. This may
be the reason for the Brush "spontaneous generation of heat in
certain complex silicates, lavas and clays".

*Page 12.*

This means that a rock may have a
second re-emission spectral band as heat:

![](p12.jpg)

It would appear that the re-emission
spectral band need not be the same as the primary --- depending
upon the nature of the rock or the temperature of the rock.

In physics generally, except in the
case of direct reflection, re-radiation, or fluorescence is
seldom, if ever, of the same frequency as the incident primary
radiation.

I cannot conceive that rocks merely
reflect the primary, hence, I believe the secondary is of a
different frequency and this varies from rock to rock depending
upon internal composition.

Now the question of resonance comes
up. Is there some internal characteristic of granitic rocks,
perhaps a kind of resonance, which permits the rock to select its
particular frequency from the broad band of incident primary
frequencies? In other words, are rocks tuned like a radio receiver
so that they respond only to a certain frequency?

Where conversion to electricity takes
place, this would explain the difference in emf generated by
different rocks at the same instant.

*Page 13.*

Assuming that the primary for a
certain rock is composed of the secondaries of adjacent rocks, and
assuming that the certain rock referred to is resonant, then it
follows that the receptor rock may be directly influenced by the
secondary of an adjacent rock with which it is resonant.

.![](p13a.jpg)

Therefore, the second rock, which is
the sensor and is generating an emf, is subject not only to its
own primary, but also t the secondary of an adjacent rock with
which it resonates.

So, in a system of rocks, an extremely
complex interrelationship may exist, with all neighboring rocks
contributing to the emf output of the sensor rock.

![](p13b.jpg)

*Page 14.*

In this case, the resonant sensor rock
would respond to the total flux of the secondaries of all the
adjacent rocks, but particularly that portion of the total flux
with which it is resonant. It would also respond to that portion
of its own primary with which it is resonant.

In the above examples, I have referred
to adjacent rocks. How adjacent? Will a large mass like a granite
mountain at a distance produce the same effect as a small granite
rock close by?

And what about other materials than
granite? What about lava, or clay or ocean water? This thing goes
wild --- it gets more and more complicated.

Now, if the crust of the Earth
generates secondary emissions and it comes from near and far and
it comes from granite, marble, clay, ocean water, hot magma and
possibly even the core of the Earth itself, it is no wonder that
the spectrum is so broad. And it is no wonder that various regions
within that total spectrum continuously shift up and down
according t the relative intensities of these various secondaries.

I begin to see where it is a most
complex phenomenon.

*Page 15.*

Actually, one may say that the primary
for any sensor is the complex blending of the secondaries of all
masses of whatever nature anywhere within range.

In the macrocosmos, one could then
believe (for the same reason) that the secondaries of the stars,
every star in the galaxy, bathes the Earth. One could say that the
primary striking the Earth comes from the secondaries of every
other body (material body) in the Universe.

So far as the Earth is concerned, its
primary is composed not only from the secondaries of the stars
(near and far) but of all the planets, the moon and the sun! The
Earth then, as its part, re-radiates so that its secondaries
travel outward to the moon, the sun, all the planets and the
stars.

All matter in the universe must
therefore be tied together in a vast network of primaries and
secondaries, of incoming and outgoing radiant energy.

What is the nature of this radiant
energy? Is it gravitational? Does it produce te force of gravity?
Or is it something new, something which may never have been
discovered or even postulated? Is it limited to the speed of light
or is it (as Newton postulated) "action at a distance" with
infinite velocity?

*Page 16.*

***184. A Communication System
Using Secondary Radiation.***

Honolulu, Feb 11, 1975.

In the previous section, p. 11, it was
proposed that masses receive what is termed primary radiation from
the ambient and, upon saturation, re-radiate secondary radiation.
However, If electrical energy is generated in the process, and
that energy is conducted away, the amount of re-radiation is
reduced.

In other words, the incoming energy
must always equal the total outgoing energy, i.e., the electrical
plus the secondary.

Epri = Esec + Eelec.

It would appear, therefore, that if
one varies the electrical output, the radiation (secondary) output
would vary inversely.

If one modulated the electrical
output, the secondary radiation (whatever it is), would be
modulated with inverted phase.

![](p16.jpg)

*Page 17.*

If the secondary radiation of one
mass, which is being modulated, becomes (in part) the primary of
another mass, then it would seem that the electrical output of the
second mass would be accordingly modulated. Hence:

![](p17.jpg)

Therefore, it would appear that a
communication system is possible, using secondary radiation as the
transmitting agent. If that secondary radiation is gravitational
in nature, it would be very penetrating --- passing readily thru
electromagnetic shields. This then would be a way to test the
communication possibilities as well as providing some clue as to
the nature of secondary radiation.

We might call this "rock
communication" since rocks would constitute the antennae of both
the transmitter and the receiver. If the emission frequency of the
receiving rock and the receptive frequency of the receiving rock
matched, the system would be tuned very much like a radio system.

*Page 18.*

***185. Geophysical Regions as
Active Emitters***

Honolulu; Feb 15, 1975.

As we continue to get more data from
the various sensors, it begins to appear that the variations which
occur, and show up in the charts, would be due to variations in
the secondary radiation from land mass domains.

The whole idea that regions of the
Earths crust emit some form of radiant energy is interesting, to
say the least. This emission is not electromagnetic, so far as we
know. Of course, there is heat radiation --- secondary radiation
from the sun, then conceivably fluorescence (from certain minerals
and rocks) as the secondary emission from sunlight.

The idea that there may be a type of
re-emission or fluorescence from gravitational radiation from
space is new. But I wonder if this may not be exactly what it is.

If this is true, then the primary
radiation from space account for the energy of excitation. Various
regions (granite, lava, clay, perhaps sea water) respond
differently according to their resonance and each region emits its
own characteristic spectrum. The intensity of each varies from
time to time for reasons which may become clearer as the research
continues.

*Page 19.*

The various sensors are resonant also
and respond to the terrestrial region with which they are most
closely tuned.

It has been suggested in one of the
previous sections (Sec. 173, p. 140) that moving a sensor around
in the automobile that various regions might be mapped, perhaps
even an isometric chart prepared:

![](p19.jpg)

If this is possible, what does the
chart represent? Obviously, regions of greater secondary emission.
But what are some of the factors affecting the emission: moisture
(the presence of water) or heat (possibly sub-surface
temperature)?

Did the high readings over Kula
represent high sub-surface temperature? If so, this may represent
a valuable tool for locating geothermal reservoirs.

I shall conduct some surveys over the
Koolau Dome area on Oahu.

Does this mean, if true, that the
secondary emission of rock is a function of its temperature? Is
this additional emission due to thermal energy conversion? Or does
the heat act catalytically, making the rock (or region) more
susceptible to the incoming primary, so as to derive more energy
from it?

Either way, the additional secondary
emission is indicative of heat.

Considering that virtually all our
sensors here in Hawaii show a definite diurnal pattern --- low at
6-7 AM and high at 6-8 PM, could this be ground temperature? It is
easily proved that it is not air temperature. How deep in the
ground could such changes in temperature occur? The lag from air
temperature is quite understandable. Could the secular change be
due to the variations in temperature of individual geothermal
regions?

What about rainfall? Does ground
moisture play a part --- either as water content or by its cooling
action? Obviously, deep layers of earth or rock do not change
their moisture content rapidly. Something else must cause the
sudden glitches. Could they be cosmic ray showers? Or some other
unidentified energetic radiation?

In summary so far, it now appears
highly probable that our sensors are responsive to the secondary
emission of various regions of the ambient matter, rocks, sand,
water, any dense mass.

*Page 21.*

***186. Possibility of Indicating
Geothermal Reservoir at Koolau Dome Site.***

Honolulu; Feb 18, 1975.

If granitic rocks generate an emf
depending upon temperature (either by direct thermoelectric
conversion or by increased gravitoelectric susceptance) then what
about lava rocks? Could the massive and dense (3.2 gr/cm3)
material making up the Koolau Plug radiate (increased) secondary
radiation because of its possible high temperature? Or is there a
kind of Curie Point, above which such secondary emission is
precluded?

Assuming that the Plug is hot, as
evidenced by its lack of magnetization, could there be an
increased radiation coming from that region above the plug which
is below the Curie Point? Only field tests will reveal the answer.

![](p21.jpg)

*Page 22*

One could argue, based on the sensor
evidence so far, that there must be a gravitic "Curie Point". In
other words, there must be a temperature (depending upon the
nature of the rock) above which secondary (gravitic) emission is
not possible.

Otherwise the entire thickness of the
Earths crust would be radiating with such overall intensity that
it would mask the individual surface domains which now appear so
strongly. Even the deeper sections, even to the core, might be
radiating unless precluded from doing so by some critical or
cut-off temperature.

Returning to the consideration of the
Koolau Plug, if the temperature of the plug itself (connected to
the deep magma below) is above the gravitic cut-off, then no
radiation would come from the plug. However, if the rock between
the crest of the hot plug --- extending clear to the surface, is
below the cut-off, then it surely would be radiating.

Hence, if all this is true, it
represents a geophysical tool to explore warm spots too deep to be
detected by infrared aerial surveys. By pinpointing the
intermediate depth warm spots, one could predict regions of strong
temperature gradients and, therefore, the existence of hot spots
below.

*Page 23.*

Laboratory tests should be conducted
of secondary emissivity with temperature. It isnt enough to
merely heat a rock sensor and to determine its emf output as a
function of temperature. What we are talking about is gravitic
emissivity from ambient rocks near te sensor rock.

![](p23.jpg)

In the above consideration, I have
speculated upon the effect of temperature upon the secondary
emission of ambient rocks or domains.

But domains (depending upon the type
of material) --- granite, lava, clay, sand or possibly water ---
differ in the characteristic spectrum of their secondary emission.
It is possible that spectral signatures differ widely, so that one
may eventually be able to identify the domain by its spectral
signature.

But a change in temperature, or even
moisture, could affect the signature, either to change the
intensity or the spectrum, or both. No wonder the various sensors
reveal a complex of independent variables, considering that each
sensor responds to its tuned ambient domains near and far away.

*Page 24.*

These surely are not temperature
related, but must come in to the various emitting domains from
space as changes in the primary --- either as intensity changes or
spectral shifts.

Some glitches affect all sensors
simultaneously, or within a few minutes. It is possible that the
ambient domains respond differently to the primary glitches from
space, both as to resonant frequency shift and general intensity.

It would appear, therefore, that while
the sensor itself may be responsive to these "space" glitches, it
is more reasonable to believe that the sensor mainly picks up the
response (as secondary emission) of the ambient domains to said
"space" glitches. The effect, therefore, may be one step removed.

![](p24.jpg)

The same indirect effect may apply to
the secular variations which may also come in from space.

*Page 25.*

[Missing]

*Page 26.*

In summary, therefore, it may be said
that ambient domains, emitting secondary radiation are tuned and
have characteristic spectral signatures which are picked up by a
sensor similarly tuned.

Any sensor may pick up the combined
radiation from a vast mosaic of domains of similar spectral
characteristics.

At this point, it is believed that the
daily (solar-driven) variations in the domain temperature affect
the sensor, not the temperature of the sensor itself.

The peaking temperature (phase) of the
various masses comprising the domain are never precisely the same,
but may vary over many hours --- hence, the difference in peaking
time (or phase).

Proximity of the sensor to its
(resonant) domain is important as the action is presumed to fall
off as a function of distance.

In the case of the Koolau Plug,
resonant in a certain spectral band, we may have to try different
sensors in order to find one with the same (or close) spectral
sensitivity. What would be different about the Koolau Plug, from
the neighboring domains? Probably its density or its temperature.

*Page 27.*

***187. Self-Potential Measurement
in Relation to Potential Geothermal Reservoirs***

Earth-currents have been observed and
measured over vast regions of the earths surface for many years.
Much of this early work was performed by the Carnegie Inst. during
and prior to 1930 by O. Gish. Diurnal variations were consistently
observed which seemed to be related to the Earths magnetic
envelope. Observations also bore correlation with solar flares,
magnetic storms and auroral displays. There is quite a literature
on this subject.

Continuation of these earth current
measurements in Hawaii showed the existence of self-potential
domains, as:

![](p27.jpg)

These domains appeared to be related
to (or caused by high subsurface temperatures, thus indicating the
probable locations of geothermal reservoirs. No explanation, to my
knowledge, has been advanced for the cause of this electrical
potential. It has been thought to be caused by some (obscure)
oxidation process. But one may ask: oxidation of what?

*Page 28.*

I am of the opinion, at this moment,
that these self-potential domains are of the same origin as the
domains as discussed in Dec. 185, p. 18.

Rocks within the domain must be
generating higher emf than those in the surrounding area, hence an
electrical gradient outward as shown in Fig. 1, p. 27. I
understand that some of these self-potential gradients run as high
as 900 mV. This is not incompatible with the emf produced by our
individual rock sensors. It may simply mean that the rocks below
the surface are hot and that their gravito-electric (if that is
what it turns out to be) conversion of energy is greater.

I plan to take a portable EA recorder
with a rock sensor in the automobile to the Koolau site this
weekend, making continuous measurements in and about the area. It
is entirely possible that a telluric domain can be pinpointed and
profiled.

*Page 29.*

***188. Self-Potential in
Geothermal Plugs as a Source of Commercial Electricity.***

Honolulu, Feb 22, 1975.

In the previous section, it was
pointed out that telluric electricity, so-called self-potential,
appears to be generated in hot geothermal domains. The electrical
gradient is outward, and in the same direction as the thermal
gradient.

Hence, it would seen that if we placed
a large electrode in the center of the domain and other electrodes
in the periphery, and substantial current might be observed,
outward from the center. In other words, if we placed electrodes
in regions of different temperature, currents would flow from the
hot region to the cold region.

![](p29.jpg)

Which means that electrons must flow
inward toward the hot region. But where is the return circuit? Let
us worry about that later.

In the meantime, one might generalize
that the hot magma is positive, while the upper crust of the earth
is negative.

*Page 30.*

Or, that the top of a drill hole (into
a geothermal reservoir) is negative, while the bottom is positive.
If large enough electrodes were embedded at each place, a
commercially useful current may be obtained.

![](p30.jpg)

It is interesting to consider at this
point whether the electrical energy is entirely converted from
thermal energy or whether gravito-electric conversion is partly
responsible. As stated before, high temperature may increase the
susceptance of rocks to gravitational radiation, so that more
gravitic energy is captured.

A test might be to look for glitches
or secular changes typical to primary space radiation. Purely
thermal conversion would depend only on temperature differential
and probably would be fairly constant.

*Page 31.*

***189. Effects of Sensor
Shielding.***

Honolulu, Mar. 3, 1975.

It has recently been noticed that when
a shielded sensor (No. 16-GZZ-100) is removed from the vicinity
(along side of) an unshielded (but Plexiglass encased) sensor No.
17-DZZ-100 and 18-DZZ-1000, the two unshielded sensors increase
emf output substantially. Obviously, they sense the presence of
the metallic (aluminum) shielded sensor alongside.

Two reasons or this: (1) a depressing
effect resulting from interfering resonance, or (2) the effect of
the adjacent metal case. I am inclined to favor the latter
explanation, as:

![](p31.jpg)

This could, of course, be the result
of partial electromagnetic shielding --- provided by No. 1, if em
radiation is causing the emf in No. 2 and 3. But em radiation
cannot explain the diurnal and other sensor characteristics. So
let us consider something radically different and perhaps not
considered in contemporary physics. That is a kind of "ether"
flow.

*Page 32.*

If a critical flow of ether existed
(in this instance), it may find greater conductivity (or
permeability) in the metal. Hence, it would be diverted away from
the Plexiglass encased sensors. When the metal is removed, the
flux would then increase in the two other sensors.

This may throw an entirely new light
on the entire phenomenon. Could it be related to ether or ether
flow? And it presents a new possibility in the design of the
resistor-type sensors, as follows:

![](p32.jpg)

*Page 33.*

This hypothesis can be rather easily
tested by inserting a large diameter rod in the center of the
ceramic tube which forms the substrate for the large resistor,
such as the GZZ or DZZ series.

Rods of both light and heavy metal
should be tested, say aluminum and lead. If we are observing a
kind of gravitational flux permeability, there should be a
difference.

Just as magnetic flux follows an iron
core, so possibly a gravitational flux follows a lead core. I
wonder!

Magneto-electric/gravito-electric
induction: Inductive windings generate an emf then the core is
center. If a lead core is centered within a resistive winding,
would it be a parallel situation? Would it represent
gravito-electric induction?

 In looking back over the sensor
records, I find an interesting fact:

![](p33.jpg)

*Page 34.*

This seems to indicate that any kind
of case (on the outside) reduces the emf output. The effect is the
same as if it were only the result of electromagnetic induction
--- from ambient em noise --- but this does not seem to be borne
out. It is not incompatible with an inductive hypothesis of
another sort, perhaps gravito-electric.

Another aspect of this finding and
interpretation is that a sensor is influenced by the nature of its
surroundings. In the apex, maximum readings may be expected. When
surrounded by heavy walls or large metal objects, the readings
would be less. I believe this was borne out at the Haleakala
Observatory, where on one instance a sensor was attached to a
steel column. Virtually no reading. Removed from the vicinity of
the column, the reading became normal. Hence, one might say that
steel framing (in a building) reduces the readings of the sensors.

Hence a sensor may serve as a detector
of neighboring masses --- a proximity sensor if you will. The
greater the density or mass the greater is the effect. But the
mechanism of this effect is the action of the neighboring mass
upon the ether flux (much as I hate to use that word --- nothing
else quite fills the bill).

![](p34.jpg)

*Page 35.*

In Fig. 1, the flux lines are
concentrated thru the sensor. In Fig. 2, the adjacent mass has
"stolen" the field.

This brings up the possibility that
certain "long form" sensors may be directional --- that is,
respond when in the alignment of the flux. In the previous Figs 1
and 2 the flux was assumed to be vertical. But what of a
transverse or horizontal flux? Does flux density shift from
predominately vertical to strongly horizontal and back again? Is
this the mechanism of the diurnal variation? Now, we must carry on
some careful orientation tests.

Are we possibly talking about ether
drift? I am no sure that there is no ether drift. Certainly, the
long labors of Miller have never been contradicted by valid
experiment.

Assuming for the moment that ether
drift does exist and that the movement o the Earth around the Sun,
coupled with the axial rotation of the Earth gives rise to the
diurnal variations which we consistently observe, could we place a
long sensor on an equatorial mounting and continuously observe the
direction of motion? I am inclined to think we could.

*Page 36.*

***190. Regular Pulsations in Rock
EMF Output.***

Honolulu, March 10, 1975.

It has long been observed, both in the
emf output of rocks and resistor-diode combination hat continuous
rapid variations exist. These variations have appeared to be
mostly random, with a few instances where regular periods of
several minutes to several hours have been observed.

A volcanic rock of about 10 cm
diameter was picked up on the beach at Waikiki, oven-dried a 400
F, then after cooling, copper-print electrodes were painted on (in
the usual manner). Output was about 60 mV. But when connected to
the EA recorder immediately showed a rapid regular pulsation of
approx 1 second frequency. See Chart at left (1 sec marks). Also
another frequency appeared of about 1/3 second pulse duration.
Phase shifting complicated the pattern.

This is the first time, to my
knowledge, that rapid regular pulsations have been observed.

Now, the big question is, what is the
source? Other rocks picked up the same day do not show this
pattern. Hence, it is not in the recorder circuitry, but comes
from the particular rock.

![](p36.jpg)

*Page 37.*

***191. Augmentation of Output by
Sand Cores.***

Honolulu, March 16, 1975.

In Sec. 18, it was suggested that by
using cores of heavy material, the output of resistive sensors
could be increased. Lead and aluminum rods, as cores within DZZ
resistors, were suggested. This might give some clue as to the
so-called gravitational permeability, or (if you will) ether flux.

An experiment has (this day) been
conducted which may relate to the above. One of the recently
acquired resistors (DZW-100 megaohm) was filled with beach sand
from Kuhio Beach.

Tested both before and after filling,
revealed substantial gain in emf output with a sand core.

Could this mean increased grav.
permeability or could it mean proximity to a re-emitting mass as
discussed in Sec. 183?

![](p37.jpg)

*Page 38.*

This experiment raises the question as
to the effect of other core materials:

(1) Other beach sands. Black (lava)
sands.   
(2) Clay --- Bauxite --- Sandusky clay.   
(3) Monazite sands (from various places.   
(4) Lead monoxide (litharge).   
(5) Lead monoxide and glycerine compound.   
(6) White silica sand.   
(7) Molding sand (with clay content)   
(8) Carborundum or alundum.   
(9) Powdered metals, lead, aluminum, etc.   
(10) Iron filings.

Or various liquids:

(1) Water, sea water.   
(2) Alcohols.   
(3) Carbon tetrachloride --- heavy non-conducting liquids.   
(4) Oils (mineral and vegetable).   
(5) Waxes --- paraffin, carnauba, etc.

Or solid metal cores:

(1) Non-magnetic and magnetic.   
(2) Ferrite.   
(3) Rock cores, granite, lava, etc.

*Page 39.*

It appears to be quite definite, at
least in the instance of the first test with Kuhio Beach sand)
that the emf output increased from approx 63 mV to over 115 mV and
still rising! There is no question that the sand core did increase
the output of the sensor.

Now, the next question is: Is this due
to re-emission  (secondary radiation) from the sand? If it
has a frequency spectrum, is it related to the spectrum of the
entire Kuhio Beach area? What is the diurnal pattern? Could it be
affected by the temperature changes of the Kuhio Beach area? These
are interesting and perhaps very important questions.

If the answer can be related to the
area from which the ore material is obtained, we may have an
important geophysical sensing tool. Of course, the porcelain tube
(substrate) of the resistor may have its own contribution and this
must be taken into account.

By this same reasoning, a rock sensor
may be related to the area from which the rock came. Granite rocks
from granite areas. Lava rocks from specific volcanic areas. One
wonders about liquid cores. Could a salt water core be related to
the body of ocean water?

*Page 40.*

***192. Possible Cause of the Weber
Events.***

There is a growing belief that the
so-called "events" observed by Joseph Weber in his gravitational
radiation detectors are not due to oscillations of the large
aluminum cylinders. The very nature of the electrical impulses
from the strain gauges does not appear to resemble the kind of
thing one would expect from a "ringing" cylinder. If shock
excited, the cylinder would engage in decremental excitation, as:

![](p40.jpg)

at the resonant frequency --- 1661 Hz
or 1580 Hz, as the case may be.

However, the events indicated by
resistance changes in the strain gauges do not show this
decremental pattern, but something quite different.

It leads one to believe that the
events are not indicative of cylinder oscillations but of some
effect arising within, or related to the electrical circuit.

Hence, one must look to resistive
changes or to voltage "bursts" in the resistive materials.

*Page 41.*

This brings to mind that the effects
observed and reported in the previous section (191) and in 189 may
be responsible for the Weber events.

If resistive material lies adjacent to
a large mass, is it possible that the secondary emission from the
mass could affect the resistance?

In the case of the sand core
experiment, it seemed clear that the presence of the sand affected
the output of the sensor. If the sand were replaced with a mass of
metal, such as aluminum, would there be similar, or even greater,
augmentation?

![](p41a.jpg)

This is precisely the arrangement in
the Weber experiments.

A better arrangement might be to
surround the mass with resistive material (preferably
non-inductive).

![](p41b.jpg)

*Page 42.*

Or, using Weber-type cylinders, simply
attach sheets of resistive material, of 100 megaohm or more, to
the sides of the cylinder, just as the strain gauges are attached.

The only difference would be that
large high-resistance non-inductive sheets are used instead of the
comparatively low-resistance strain gauges. Then using also diodes
for rectification of the RF induced in the sheets.

Other large masses may be used even
more effectively. It need not be an expensively machined cylinder.
Any large hunk of material would serve as an emitter. Perhaps,
even a mountain.

It is all based on the belief, at this
point, that radiation from space (gravitational or something else)
is the primary --- supplying energy, and that the mass engages in
fluorescence, emitting a secondary which generates RF noise in
neighboring resistive material. The spectral band of the secondary
may be quite different from that of the primary, depending upon
the composition of the re-emitting material and its temperature.

T.T. Brown (3-18-75). (I am 70 years
old today).

*Page 43.*

***193. Storage of Electricity in
Rocks.***

Honolulu, Mar. 24, 1975.

Rock sensors act as storage batteries
and may be charged. Just how long the charge remains varies with
the particular rock. Rocks in series are able to store a higher
voltage.

In other words, rocks have a very high
(natural) capacitance. More than capacitance, it seems to be in
the nature of a persisting excitation. So long as the excitation
persists, the voltage sustains.

Thus, it is not simple capacitance
depending upon the dielectric constant of the dielectric but
something else, a form of excitation which requires an energy
input and then decays. This decay is far slower than if the effect
were merely capacitance.

This difference (from ordinary
condenser action) is clearly noted when the rock is shorted. When
the short is removed the potential returns to a value almost as
great as before the short occurred.

![](p43.jpg)

*Page 44.*

In this respect it is similar to
electrets which may be shorted and then return to normal when the
short is removed. Hence, we may again refer to rocks as
geo-electrets (Sec. 172).

There is this difference. Carnauba wax
electrets retain a high voltage but can support virtually no
current. Geo-electrets seem to be able to support large currents,
depending upon the size. Large rocks may conceivably provide
substantial current.

This places the geo-electret in the
class of a chemical cell or storage batter, and may, as a matter
of speculation, find an application commercially as an energy
storage means.

One may picture large blocks of
granite, connected in series, as equivalent to storage batteries
--- with the advantage of not requiring service or replacement and
conceivably having indefinite, unlimited life.

![](p44.jpg)

*Page 45.*

If this is true, and it seems to be
what of the great pyramids? Can the atmospheric electric gradient
charge the pyramids? Has anyone measured the potential difference
between the cap and the base of Cheops? What of the pyramid shape?
Is it significant?

![](p45a.jpg)

*Polarization:*

Does all this mean that rocks become
electrically polarized by the application o a field? Does the rock
contain molecular dipoles which become oriented? Similar to
becoming magnetized, can a rock become electrolyzed? Is there an
electrical Curie Point, above which polarization is lost?

Let us take, for example, a large flat
surface of the earths granitic crust, apply a positive charge at
the center so as to establish a radial field.

![](p45b.jpg)

*Page 46.*

This then becomes a radially polarized
electrical domain. Measurements of the so-called self-potential of
this region would establish the existence of such a domain. Can
this pinpoint the presence of subsurface heat? Apparently, it is
believed that it can.

This would infer that the hottest
region is positive and that the heat gradient and electric
gradient are parallel. Hence, in the case of the Koolau Plug, the
central region of the plug is positive while the periphery is
negative.

This charge retention in rocks,
perhaps also in many solids (crystalline and amorphous), may be
due to dipole orientation. A gradient or field probably aligns the
constituent dipoles, so that a net potential difference results.
The greater the number of aligned dipoles, the greater is the net
potential. But the alignment decays, as individual dipoles flip to
random positions. Hence, the net voltage drops.

Thermal agitation would appear to
hasten this decay. Hence, the higher the temperature the more
rapid the decay. At some temperature (as with the Curie Point in
magnetism) dipole orientation cannot be maintained and the net
charge would disappear.

*Page 47.*

Conversely, at lower (cryogenic)
temperatures, the net charge may possibly be retained
indefinitely. This, I believe, is true with electrets generally,
although certain electret waxes (of very high resistivity)
maintain charge for long periods of time.

Going forward with this thinking, one
might say that the (natural) residual charge of a rock may be
wiped out by heating to a certain temperature which we shall call
the Electrical Curie Point. Then apply a high electric gradient to
the rock as it is cooling, possibly to some cryogenic temperature
where the charge persists without decaying. The stored energy
would have come from the applied field. Could it be removed by
shorting or an electrical load?

Or would there be a replenishment of
that charge thru the mechanism of primary and secondary radiation,
as discussed in the earlier sections?

Is it possible that a newly-acquired
rock sensor must be polarized to be sensitive to the incident
radiation? Does the degree of polarization affect the spectral
band to which the rock responds? Can one change the circadian
signature of a sensor by applying a field or gradient? This may be
possible with rocks but why would it be effective with the
so-called synthetic rocks --- resistor, diode, capacitor sensors
where dipole orientation seems inappropriate.

*Page 48.*

***194. Initial Electrical
Polarization.***

Honolulu, April 1, 1975.

It is believed that the storage of
electricity in rocks is the result of polarization, i.e., the
alignment of electric dipoles within the body of the rock. When a
field is applied, the dipoles are aligned and this energy is
retained by that alignment.

As the alignment decays, the charge
decays also.

Initial alignment may result from
atmospheric gradient, as suggested in Fig. 3, p. 45. This may
account for the seemingly valid observation that the upper side of
rocks (such as those picked up on the beach) are positive. This
may also be accounted for as gravito-electric induction. Perhaps
even the atmospheric gradient is the result of gravito-electric
induction.

Recent tests, where a field is applied
to initially polarize a rock show a phenomenal reversal of initial
polarity.

![](p48.jpg)

*Page 49.*

The mechanism here is certainly not
understood. It seems to take place with all rocks.

***195. Sand Sensors.***

Volumes of sand, in insulated
containers, act as rocks. This is probably to be expected. Sand
grains in contact with each other actually form a series of
dipoles.

![](p49.jpg)

Here, too, the original polarizing
charge decays and reverses, as in Fig. 1. Variations, diurnal and
secular, occur then in the reversed charge.

It is believed many granular or
powdered materials behave in this way. Tests are proposed with
litharge, silica sand, monazite, black lava sand, barium titanate
powder, clays, coral sand, etc. Is it a function of mass and/or
dielectric constant?

*Page 50.*

***196. Gravity Vector Sensors.***

Honolulu, April 2, 1975.

In Sec. 144, Notebook 3, dated 2-7-74,
reference is made to the interaction of the gravitational and
electric fields. It was pointed out that the atmospheric electric
field, the mountain effect, and similar vertically-oriented
electric fields may be caused by the gravitational field of the
Earth.

This reference goes on to suggest a
possible gravity-vector instrument useful in space navigation. It
describes such an instrument in Fig. 4 (p. 66), based on the
belief that the upper end o a vertical resistor is positive with
respect to the lower end.

In Sec. 170 (pp 133 and 134), the
electrical polarization (possibly by the gravity flux) was
extended to include rocks and grains of sand. Gravito-electric
induction was again proposed in Sec. 171 (9-14-74). Improved
sensors for gravity-flux were described (p. 139, Fig. 1) where
beach sands, or loess, would be settled in a fluid. During
settling, the individual sand grains would have an opportunity to
orient before compacting. Hence, a permanent geo-electret would be
formed. Such a sensor was illustrated in Fig. 1, p. 139. In every
case, it is believed that the positive end of the sensor will be
up, and negative down.

*Page 51.*

In an experiment performed today,
Kuhio Beach sand was paced in a Plexiglas tube with electrodes at
each end, as:

![](p51.jpg)

Immediately, the upper electrode
became positive. Voltage approx 60 mV.

When the tube was inverted, the upper
end again became positive, at about the same potential.

Hence, it again pointed up the
relation of electrical polarity wit the gravity vector. It is a
difficult phenomenon to explain in terms of contemporary physics.
To my knowledge no known electrical manifestation is related to
gravity with the possible exception of the orientation of polar
molecules in florigen/heterauxin which seems to be responsible for
the vertical growth of plants.

Now, the next question arise: what of
centrifugal fluids? Is the effect, as in Fig. 1, responsive to
inertial fields? Is there equivalence between inertial and
gravitational mass, or is somehow an exception?

*Page 52.*

Only future tests will reveal the
answer.

Today, most of the recording
equipment, including the digital data logger was moved to the
basement, constant temperature seismic vault of the Hawaii Inst.
of Geophysics. Recording was started at 1600.

The vertical sensor is still at my
apartment in Waikiki. I shall move it to the University tomorrow.
I plan to place it on a trunnion mounting, so as to invert it
conveniently. As:

![](p52.jpg)

Using a digital VTVM or equivalent to
read voltage and polarity.

In the above experiments, it is
important to electrically shield the Plexiglas tube from
electrostatic gradients in the ambient. Ideally, the tube should
be placed within a grounded metal case which is attached to the
trunnion support. Shielded cables must be used also. Observations
should be made as to whether the maximum voltages occur in the
zenith-nadir alignment (as it should be if it truly gravity flux)
or whether, if mounted equatorially, it might indicate some
contribution by a cosmic field.

*Page 53.*

***197. Electric Dipole Rotation.***

Honolulu, April 3, 1975.

In the previous section, vertical
dipole induction from the gravity gradient was discussed.
Crystalline materials, such as rocks or grains of sand, were
considered. It was discovered that the sand sensors were superior
to rock sensors for detecting the gravity vector.

The mechanism is not clearly
understood at this point, but it is believed that dipole rotation
may be responsible. Sand is better than crystalline rock possibly
because the resident electric dipoles may rotate more freely.

It is now suggested that amorphous
materials and fluids, especially liquids, which have high
resistivity, density and dielectric constant, may be better than
sand. An insulated tube filled, let us say, with carbon
tetrachloride or bromine or acetylene tetrabromide may allow rapid
orientation of resident dipoles. Since high resistivity appears to
be required, liquids with ionic conduction would not be suitable.
Liquids with suspended powders may also be suitable. Matching the
density of the liquid to the powder would help to keep the powder
in suspension.

*Page 54.*

***198. Sensors in Vertical Series.***

Honolulu, April 13, 1975.

Various circuits have been tried, with
more or less success, putting sensors in series order to build
higher voltages. Strange effects occur which make the results
disappointing. After a time, some of the sensors go negative
(reverse their polarity) so that the total voltage is not
sustained. This seems to occur not only with
resistor-diode-capacitor sensors but also with rock sensors in
series.

The reason for "going negative" when
related in a circuit with other sensors is certainly not clear.

A slightly different circuit is
suggested:

![](p54.jpg)

*Page 55.*

***199. Effects of Ambient
Temperature.***

Honolulu, April 15, 1975.

For some time, there has been
conflicting evidence as to the effect of temperature, not only
upon the resistor-diode-capacitor sensors, but also upon the rock
and piezoelectric types.

There appears to be some complex
temperature dependence upon the sensor itself, but there are
instances where the actual sensor temperature is constant and the
(remote) ambient temperature changes --- producing a change in
output.

In other words, a sensor might
indicate a temperature change of a remote medium and yet (itself)
remain at a constant temperature. The "remote" medium may be air,
or, conceivably, it could be masses of rock, sand, or water. It
could be termed a remote-sensing pyrometer, almost like an optical
pyrometer except that no part of the pickup changes temperature.

This may turn out to be a phenomenon
related to secondary radiation (see. p. 23). If the neighboring
radiating mass is warmed, it could radiate more (scalar increase)
or it could increase the radiation frequency. This could be
entirely a remote-activated effect. The sensor itself need not
change temperature.

*Page 56.*

There have been several striking
instances which point to this conclusion.

(1) Sensors operating in constant
temp. conditions (cabinets) sense the temp. variations of the
environment.

(2) Sensors in boxes of large thermal
inertia sense rapid changes in the ambient temperature.

(3) The entire phenomenon of diurnal
variations, where sensors are heat-shielded.

![](p56.jpg)

Air (atmospheric) probably has the
greatest (diurnal) effect, although soil, sand or surface rocks
may contribute to a daily temperature effect with different
phasing.

Could this explain the various diurnal
pattern (circadian cycles) which are observed?

*Page 57.*

***200. Electrically Polarized
Materials as Sensors.***

Almost from the beginning of this
research, as early as 1927 at Janesville OH, massive high-K
dielectrics have been used. At the naval Research Lab (1931-33),
the assigned official project was "The Anomalous Behavior of
Massive High-K Dielectrics".

Various massive high-resistance
materials were tested. At Janesville, powdered lead monoxide
(litharge) was mixed with molten paraffin (or beeswax) and cast
into blocks with electrodes cast on opposite sides. These were
called "molecular gravitators".

When these blocks were free to move,
either as a pendulum or on a rotary support, and charged to
150-300 KV DC, a mechanical force developed which moved the block
in the direction neg to pos. The force varied with time even
though the applied emf was held constant. This force appeared to
have solar, lunar, and sidereal periodicities which was
subsequently studied (over the years) in great detail.

Other materials such as lead monoxide
and glycerine (chemically reacted), marble, lead monoxide in
bakelite binder, were tried with varying success.

*Page 58.*

In later years, when high-K
dielectrics as used in ceramic capacitor, were developed,
attention was directed toward barium titanate and the like. As
piezoelectric technology developed, other suitable materials came
into being.

Today, various piezoelectric products
such as those put out by Clevite Corp. (Cleveland) are on the
market. Most of these materials are truly massive high-K
dielectrics. Great progress has been made in the last 40 years,
since the time of the project at NRL.

These new piezoelectric materials are
"clay-like" substances which are molded like potters clay and
fired. During the firing, a high voltage field (DC) is applied
which aligns the natural dipoles and provides a (more or less)
permanent polarization, thus making an "electret" capable of
retaining a potential difference for a long period of time.

Such an electret, like the earlier
classic electrets of carnauba wax, will not support an electrical
load. The voltage drops to zero, but recovers again when the load
is removed.

Polarized piezoelectric transducers
are used in submarine signal applications, sonar, etc.
Polarization is needed for in-phase coupling.

*Page 59.*

The literature on the subject is
extensive, but there is still some uncertainty as to the factors
which affect the behavior of piezoelectric materials. In the
following paragraphs, I shall point out some interesting
observations which may (or may not) be related to gravitational
radiation.

(1) In the first place, these
materials are truly massive high-K dielectrics. Barium titanate is
one of the heaviest. Its dielectric constant, in some cases, is
over 20,000! And it has very high electrical resistivity.

(2) The polarization life is quite
long, and for practical purposes virtually steady. Minimum decay.

(3) It is an ideal material for
intercepting gravitational radiation over a broad band, converting
the energy of the gravitational radiation into an emf.

(4) Each constituent dipole acts as a
gravito-electric converter, resulting in an increase in dipole
gradient and total charge.

(5) The total charge of each dipole is
additive along the alignment of dipoles so that total polarization
(emf) is increased by the incident gravitic radiation.

(6) Hence, there is a certain seeming
parallel between piezo-electricity and gravito-electricity. The
reasoning is this:

*Page 60.*

(a) In a photocell, incident light (em
radiation) falls on a surface of material which emits electrons
(classic photoelectric effect). The electrons are driven
(energetically) to a collector electrode nearby. The collector
becomes negative whereas the emitting surface becomes positive.
Here is then an electric gradient, a polarization, or, if you
prefer, an increased polarization.

(b) In a gravitocell, gravitic
radiation penetrates thoughout the volume of a polar material,
causing one of the constituent poles to emit electrons which are
energetically driven to the other pole, leaving the first pole
positive and making the second pole more negative, thus increasing
the polarization or total emf.

(c) It must be borne in mind that the
photoelectric effect is essentially a surface effect --- being the
surface exposed to the incident light. Electrons are ejected from
various distances below the surface, governed by the light
absorption constant of the material, possibly from the Fermi
level. The displaced electron (caused by photon absorption)
travels through the crystal lattice to the surface. This travel to
the surface requires energy and is called the work function.

*Page 61.*

(d) There is a distinct relation
between the frequency of the light and the generated emf.
Einsteins equation is h ( v  vo ) = eV where h =
Plancks constant and v the frequency.

(e) The action of a gravitic quantum
or graviton is similar to that of the photon. The action, however,
occurs not just on the surface or near the surface, but throughout
the volume of susceptable material. It may be termed ponderomotive
in that it acts throughout the volume or mass of material. Rock
sensors are examples. The electrical energy is generated
throughout the entire volume of the rock, not just on the surface.

(f) High density of the receptor
material appears to be a factor. The greater the mass, the higher
is the graviton capture rate.

(g) High dielectric constant (high-K)
may serve several functions: (1) to slow up the incident graviton
so as to facilitate capture; (2) to concentrate the generated emf,
or, (3) to store energy.

(h) In the case of a barium titanate
sensor, it seems reasonable to assume that the heavier part (Ba)
is the electron emitter and therefore positive.

*Page 62.*

The receptor would be the titanate
half and the negative side of the dipole molecule. As in the case
of a photocell, escape energy from the barium atom may be required
so that work function would again apply. Alloys with cesium might
lower that work function, or, as is the case with certain
semi-conductors, intermetallic compounds such as Cs3Sb or
Na-K-Cs-Sb, or other impurity states could lower the work
function.

This may account for the observation
that certain rocks, for example, granitic or lava rocks produce
higher outputs. Impurities may be desirable.

(i) Since electromagnetic and gravitic
radiation are closely related, the energy is directly related to
frequency (hv = eV). Hence, the higher frequency bands of the
gravitational wave spectrum are the more energetic, and probably
have the greater effect on the sensors. Frequencies equal to those
of light (especially blue and above) may be the most effective.
Possibly gravitic frequencies may extend to those of x-rays or
gamma rays.

(j) There is a theory that
electromagnetic radiation from a dense star, passing through a
fixed magnetic or electric field (surrounding the star or in the
path of travel) will be slowly (gradually) converted into gravitic
radiation. Hence, gravitic radiation, of the same frequency as
light, may be present. One could thing of red, yellow, green, blue
or violet gravitic radiation, with wavelengths expressed in
Angstrom units (8000 to 4000A) as may be the case.

*Page 63.*

There would seem to be the possibility
that monochromatic lines exist or other typical spectral
configurations.

(k) If such conversion actually takes
place, i.e., from em to gravitational (at the same frequency), the
residual light (not fully converted) must have lower energy than
it did at the start --- hence, appear shifted to the red. Could
this account for the cosmological red shift or the as yet
unexplained redshift of certain stars or clusters?

(l) If this conversion is true, the
total gravitic radiation in the band from 4000-8000 A must be
great. Could it equal or exceed that of light?

(m) Hence, rock electricity from
cosmic gravitic radiation may be homologous with photoelectricity
from starlight or sunlight. Gravitoelectric and photoelectric
conversions are parallel and the instrumentalities are similar.
Both emit electrons (which are captures) by gravitons in one
instance, photons in the other. Both convert energy.

(n) The term "white" gravitic
radiation may have real significance, as a cosmic energy flux.

*Page 64.*

*Summary:*

This section sets forth the
parallelism of gravitic and em radiation throughout the entire
spectral range. The hypothesis suggests the existence of gravitic
radiation of the same frequency as light, extending possibly to
x-rays or gamma rays. The lower end of the spectrum, the RF and
sub-RF, has already been suggested by Press and Thorne.

Methods of detection are believed to
be similar. Gravitons cause emissions of electrons from emissive
materials, just as photons do. The gravitoelectric effect
parallels the photoelectric effect. The gravitocell is similar to
the photocell. Both are energy converters.

The gravitocell is volume dependent
while the photocell is surface dependent.

Many natural materials are
gravitocells, such as granitic rocks or siliceous sands, lavas, or
clays. Polarization is important, so as to direct electron
emission, Otherwise, emission is random and no net field or
current can be generated.

In a gravitocell, electron emission is
facilitated by heating, hence it is somewhat temperature dependent
up to its Curie Point. Impurities (certain semiconductors) may
reduce the work unction, causing increased eV.

*Page 65*

Piezoelectric materials with high
polarization appear to be desirable because of the "field" needed
to direct the electron emission. This field is internal.

Polarization aligns the dipoles within
the gravitocell. During electron emission each dipole increases
its potential difference, and since the dipoles (aligned) are in
electrical series, the net emf of the series increases. Electrodes
are at the ends of the series of internal dipoles.

A reverse action may also take place
during electron emission. Since the emitted electrons fall through
the fixed field, the positive pole attracts the electrons, tending
thereby to reduce the fixed field. This could cause, and does
appear to cause, polarity reversal in the output. Very strong
polarization is suggested to prevent such reversal.

Electron emission may conceivably be
directed or influenced by a magnetic field. Direction would be at
right angles to the field. This will be the subject of a further
section.

*Page 66.*

***201. Quasi-Luminous Gravitic
Radiation.***

Honolulu, Apr. 19, 1975.

This is an extension of the hypothesis
developed in the previous section. It concerns the idea that the
broad spectrum of natural gravitational radiation extends beyond
the range considered by Press and Thorne (p. 342, *Gravitational
Wave Astronomy*).

These authors consider the spectral
region from ELF to VHF. The concept presented here concerns the
extension into quasi-luminous regions expressed in Angstrom Units,
i.e., 8000 to 4000 A.

One reason for this belief is that
theory exists in the literature today that em radiation (including
light from stars) may be gradually converted into gravitational
radiation (of the same frequency) while passing through static
electric and/or magnetic fields which exist around certain stars
or in galactic space.

Such conversion must generate (if it
exists) substantial amounts of quasi-luminous gravitic radiation
throughout space. Our eyes cannot see it for the reason that our
photosensitive receptors do not capture it.

It is interesting to note that such
conversion of the visible light from certain stars to gravitic
radiation reduces the energy of the residual visible light,
causing a redshift of that residual light.

*Page 67.*

Is it possible that the anomalous
redshift, observed in the light from certain star clusters, is not
due to Doppler recession (as previously generally supposed) but to
the energy depletion resulting from this conversion?

It may point up the existence of a
substantial flux of quasi-luminous gravitic radiation throughout
all cosmic space.

Such radiation would have enormous
penetrability, whereas light does not.

This penetrability permits gravitic
"light" to penetrate throughout large volumes of heavy masses. If
the method comprising such masses is electron-emissive through
graviton capture --- just as photosensitive material is
electron-emissive through photon capture --- a flux of free
electrons is created. If a field exists to direct a flow of these
free electrons, an electric current is created. This electrical
energy is derived entirely from the incident gravitic light.

The so-called "rock electricity" may
result from such an energy conversion.

Since the eV so derived is a direct
function of frequency, and rocks may vary in functional resonance,
various rock specimens may be responsive to various spectral bands
and output phasing (in their circadian rhythms) may be quite
individual.

*Page 68.*

In other words, certain rocks may be
"green" sensitive, certain others "red" sensitive. And the
incident radiation may vary as to green-red balance. The broad
background radiation may be termed as white, but it could become
reddened or blued in irregular (secular) or diurnal patterns.

Photocells (solar cells) convert light
(visible and IR) from the sun. This is a practical source of
electrical energy.

Gravitocells convert gravitic light
into electrical energy, but the source is galactic, not just the
sun. It is possible the sun may contribute to the total flux. This
possibility requires further study. The thought here, however, is
that this represents a new and untapped practical source of
electrical energy if true.

The structure of photocells is
technically fairly well understood.

The structure of gravitocells may be
closely parallel. It is because of this parallelism that theory
and practical development may "hang its hat".

If quasi-luminous gravitic radiation
is a valid concept and if the flux density at the Earth is
adequate, it could represent an alternate source of much-needed
energy of practical proportions.

*Page 69.*

***202. The Structure of the
Gravitocell.***

Honnolulu, Apr. 19, 1975.

Gravito-sensitive materials bear the
same relationship to gravitic light as photosensitive materials
bear to ordinary light. Both are fundamentally electron-emissive.

The photoelectric effect is primarily
a surface effect (or a variable short distance under the surface).
Incident photons penetrate to the conductor band relatively close
to the Fermi level within the atom. In semi-conductors,
penetration is largely to the valence band. Electrons are emitted
(dislodged by the photon) which migrate through the lattice to the
material surface. There they may be captured by an electrode
which, thereupon, becomes negatively charged. A current can be
generated between the main body of emissive material and this
electrode.

In photoconductivity, the action is
similar. Free additional carriers (mostly electrons) are generated
when photon energies are absorbed in electronic transitions.
Electrons are excited from a filled (atomic) band to a conduction
band. Electron holes are injected into the valance band. At
thermal equilibrium, photoconductivity depends on the energy of
the incident photons.

![](p69.jpg)

*Page 70.*

In both photoelectric and
photoconductive phenomena, photons kick electrons loose.

In gravitoelectric phenomena,
gravitons also kick electrons loose, but the penetrability of
gravitons permits the increase of free electron flux throughout
the mass of the conductive (or semiconductive) material which
absorbs the gravitons.

Gravitic radiation (let us now think
of it as principally gravitic light) is highly energetic but
almost perfectly penetrating. It has been said that such radiation
is as penetrating as neutrinos! Nevertheless, it is almost
perfectly penetrating, not perfectly penetrating. Mass (high
density materials) keep it from being perfectly penetrating.
Absorption is a function of mass.

Heavy materials would, it would
appear, capture an unknown small portion of the ambient graviton
flux, but the energy represented by that small portion may be
substantial.

Predicated, therefore, on this
possibility, graviton capture is assumed. Gravitons (sub-quanta)
with energy of gravitic light may be extremely energetic. Their
absorption is believed to be capable of electron emission or
electron-hole formation.

The thrust of all this is that
electrical conduction (generally) may be affected.

*Page 71.*

This may be termed gravitoelectric
conduction or gravitoelectric conductivity. It would be parallel
to photoconductivity.

All conductors would be subject to
this phenomenon, which would be observed as a change in
resistance. It would appear that the more massive conductors would
be the more vulnerable. The drop in resistance (caused by graviton
capture) would be a function of mass.

However, this may not be strictly true
and might depend on electron hole recombination rates and other
factors not related to mass.

The simplest form of gravitoelectric
sensor may be a length of wire which is carrying a current. See
Sec. 123, Notebk # 3 (1973. Effects would be observed as a change
in resistance.

Any semiconductor may show the same
effect. Biased high resistance conductors seem to show an
additional effect by acting as an electromotance, i.e., generation
of a current. In such a device, the energy of the absorbed
gravitons is converted into electrical energy in almost the same
way as photons convert into electrical energy.

*Page 72.*

If the ambient flux of gravitons
changes the population of electron hole pairs within a conductor
and the net movement of the charge carriers is directed, a usable
current is generated.

Charge carriers may be directed by (1)
An electric gradient (bias); (2) A magnetic field; (3) A gravity
field (such as the Earths gravity field).

![](p72.jpg)

*Page 73.*

In Fig. 1, polarization is supplied by
an HV external battery. Graviton-induced emf is counter to this
polarization if electrostatically induced. If current-induced, it
is augmentative.

In Fig. 2, polarization is built into
the emissive material. An electrostatic field is established
within the mass. Graviton-induced charge carriers tend to migrate
in the direction of the field, tending to reduce the field, thus
decreasing the polarization.

In Fig. 3, the alternating magnetic
flux drives the graviton-induced charge carriers (as well as the
free resident carriers) so as to increase output current.

This is a new type of sensor. Its
output is AC. If RF driven (without core), the output would be
augmented RF.

Figure 4:

![](p73.jpg)

*Page 74.*

***203. The Effect of Increasing
Bias.***

Honolulu, April 21, 1975.

In the previous section, it was
proposed that additional charge carriers (pairs) are created in
massive dielectrics by the absorption of gravitons, an effect
similar to pair creation in photoemissive materials by photons.

The difference lies in the difference
in penetrability of gravitons and photons. Gravitons easily
penetrate thru the massive material, whereas photons penetrate
only a short distance below the surface. In the case of
photoelectric emission of electrons, the electrons lose energy in
escaping thru the crystal lattice (work function). In
photoconductivity, it is the change in conductivity which results,
rather than the emission of electrons.

The effect of gravitons is presumed to
be on conductivity primarily. Electron hole pairs are created
throughout the body of dense dielectric material. Recombination
takes place rapidly unless a field (or current flow) exists. In
such case, the additional charge carriers increase the
conductivity.

It would appear that a relationship
exists between the current and the conductivity, i.e., the greater
the current  (or bias, the greater the conductivity.

*Page 75.*

These would be less time for
recombination, or at least the rate would be lower.

In summary therefore, gravitocells
should be biased, either by a current flow or by an electrostatic
field (electric polarization) or em induction.

Fig. 1, p. 72 illustrates the use of
current.   
Fig. 2, the use of polarization, and   
Fig. 3, electromagnetic induction.   
Fig. 4, high-freq. induction.

It is recalled that the first gravitic
sensors were believed to be operative because of a change in
resistance. Resistance bridges were used, having arms of resistive
material of different density.

Later, resistors (>100 megaohms)
were used, together with a diode. It is now seen that the diode
(once AC was intercepted) provided the flow and the bias, which
was then augmented. The establishment of the bias in rocks is not
as yet understood. Once established, however, it could be
sustained.

But the purpose of this section is to
point up the need, even with rock sensors, to use a battery to
provide a reliable constant voltage bias.

*Page 76.*

An experiment is in progress today
which, I believe, adds weight to this thinking. As follows:

![](p76.jpg)

The circuit actually measures the
conductivity of the rock, but it provides the rock with a bias.
Graviton-created charge carriers (electrons and holes) add to the
normal conductivity. Variations in gravitic flux are readily
observed as a change in conductivity.

It is noted that conductivity
increases at noon each day, hence it is an indication that the
flux increases at noon. It does not appear to be temperature
dependent.

Does this mean that the sun is a
source of gravitic light as well as em light? What of gravitic
heat --- slightly lower frequency? If this is so, would it
represent an alternate source of energy?

*Page 77.*

***204. High Voltage Bias and
Energy Extraction.***

Honolulu, April 2, 1975.

In the previous section, the biasing
of rock sensors was discussed. It appears that the sensitivity
(receptivity) or rock sensors to gravitic radiation is increased
as some function of bias voltage. In an experiment currently
underway a 45 V "B" battery is used. Diurnal sensitivity appeared
to increase 10-fold over that of the normal which resulted from
the rocks natural self-potential.

The thought, therefore, extends to the
use of higher voltages. What would be the result?

With the setup as shown in Fig. 1 (p.
76), voltage across the rock ranges from 35.0 V at noon to 36.0 V
during the night. Incoming radiation appears to reduce the rock
bias, by lowering the resistance of the rock. This voltage
variation is not steadily or smoothly changing; it is highly
erratic, possibly noisy. Extraction of energy may be possible by
rectifying this noise, as:

![](p77.jpg)

*Page 78.*

An alternate circuit which may give
interesting results is:

![](p78.jpg)

What sounds will be heard, if any?
Perhaps the coupling transformer should be RF along with the
amplifier. Will the voltage output of the RF transformer represent
the incident gravitic radiation? Can it be recorded on a
strip-chart recorder?

If resistors (100 megaohm or above)
are substituted for the rock and constant voltage HV supply
(possibly 10 to 25 KV) are used with the circuit described in Fig.
2, "resistor" noise may be studied. Will this be the same kind of
white noise ordinarily observed as resistor noise (Johnson or
Nyquist)? Will there be any evidence that the cause if of cosmic
origin?

These questions may be answered when
proper equipment becomes available.

*Page 79.*

***205. Bridge Circuits for Higher
Sensitivity.***

Honolulu, April 25, 1975.

At the very start of these observation
on resistive changes (Record Bk. 2), it was believed that a
resistance differential effect would be observed between
conductors of high mass vs low mass, i.e., tungsten vs aluminum.
Resistance bridges were proposed.

In the tests which followed, many
bridge sensors were built. All showed positive results but were
somewhat erratic. Low voltages <6V were used. Now it appears
very much higher voltages should have been used.

Matching rocks against standard
resistors, the following circuit is suggested:

![](p79.jpg)

Mass differential is provided between
the rocks (or barium titanate blocks) and standard resistors which
match in resistance. Adjust to null. It is thought that graviton
flux increase will increase the conductivity of the
electrically-stressed rocks creating a shift in the null.

*Page 80.*

Audible variations would be observed
by placing an amplifier pickup in the circuit in place of the
recorder.

***Qualight and Qualitics***

In Sec. 201, p. 66, the idea that the
spectrum of natural gravitational radiation from space may extend
into optical frequencies was presented. This broad natural
spectrum, rather than stopping at microwave frequencies (as
suggested by Press and Thorne) may conceivably extend upward into
thermal and optical frequencies, possibly even to x-rays and gamma
rays.

Thus, the gravitic spectrum would
parallel the electromagnetic spectrum. One would be the homologue
of the other in all respects, except penetrability. Many of the
properties of light may also be found in so-called quasi-light.

Hence, to assist in this concept,
certain terms have to be invented.

"Qualight" would be defined as
quasi-light.

"Qualitics", the homologue of optics.

*Page 81.*

***206. Qualitic Astronomy***

Now, added to optical astronomy, radio
astronomy and gravitational astronomy is a newcomer. While
qualitic astronomy is related to basic gravitational astronomy, it
is (or would appear to be) a discipline unto itself.

The whole idea of qualight is new, so
far as I am aware. Qualitic radiation from the stars, with its
many parallels to light, should be a new and separate regime.

*Origin of Qualight*

It is conceived that qualight is
created by the conversion of light into gravitational radiation.
Such conversion is believed to take place (gradually) as light
traverses fixed electric and/or magnetic fields, such as those
which surround certain dense stars or clusters or exist (for
instance) even in the galaxies or in inter-galactic space.

This gradual conversion results in
reddening of the residual light, and possibly explains the
redshift with distance and the anomalous redshift observed in
certain dense and active clusters nearby.

Integrated throughout space, the total
energy of this converted light, as a presently existing flux, must
be enormous, equaling or possibly exceeding the light flux. In
other words, the total flux of qualight may equal (or exceed) the
total flux of light.

Qualight has one distinguishing
property --- its penetrability. But it cannot be perfectly
penetrating.

It is reasonable to assume that
absorption is a direct function of mass. Hence, heavy materials
would absorb some of the qualight energy. Heavy metals (gold,
tungsten, and the light) would appear to be principal candidates.
But heavy dielectric materials (of high-K) may also absorb
qualight.

Evidence of this absorption is the
principal point of concern here. Energy is converted during
absorption, possibly in most instances, into electricity or em
radiation, being the reverse of the process by which qualight was
created in the first place.

Hence, throughout the universe, there
may be energy exchange --- em into gravitic radiation and back
again into em radiation ending in heat.

*Page 83.*

In other words, light is converted
into qualight which, through a process similar to
photoconductivity, creates pairs of charge carriers (electrons and
holes) which recombine with the evolution of heat.

Another point of significance is that,
if an electric or magnetic field exists in the material where
charge carriers are created, so as to prevent immediate
recombination, an electric gradient is generated which not only is
measurable but may be useful.

In metals, because of high electrical
conductivity, electric gradients are low and difficult to observe.
In dielectrics, however, electric gradients are readily observed.
Hence, one turns to heavy (massive) dielectric materials to
observe these effects. This is probably the reason why rocks
intrinsically show electric polarization --- the so-called
self-polarization.

Properties of qualight homologous to
those of light:

(1) Refraction: Bending of qualight by
massive bodies seems a reasonable assumption. This will be
developed in greater detail.

(2) Re-Radiation (Fluorescence):

When qualight is absorbed by a mass,
energy is converted to electricity which, if not conducted away,
builds to a maximum or saturation condition. At this point,
re-radiation takes place. This re-radiation may be electromagnetic
or gravitic or both. It may be in the form of heat or could (in
part) be qualight at the same or different frequency. As such, it
might be termed gravitic fluorescence.

Rocks of the earth may show gravitic
fluorescence. This possibility was discussed in Sec. 183, p. 10.
The re-emission spectra of various rocks may be quite different,
so as to create domains on the surface of the earth. (Sec. 157, p.
100, Notebk 3).

It has been suggested that
astronomical bodies, such as the moon and the planets (as a whole)
reradiate, and that the spectral bands may be distinctive to the
body. Therefore, for example, the re-radiation of gravitic energy
(qualight) by the moon may be observable on earth. It may have its
own spectral signature, differing markedly from that of the sun or
the planets.

*Page 85.*

This re-radiation, at the same or
different frequency may be termed gravitic fluorescence. It is
homologous to optical fluorescence.

Tuned sensors may be able eventually
to pick up and distinguish lunar fluorescence from that of other
planets or the sun. Such effects may or may not have tidal
characteristics. Fluorescence from Mars or Venus may be equally
observable.

One begins to wonder at this point as
to possible effects of qualight or gravitic radiation generally
upon human behavior. Could astrology have some basis in fact?

Are the well-documented correlations
between the lunar phases (full moon, etc) and police-crime
frequency and hospital attendance traceable to such a relation?
Are plant and animal life processes in any way responsive to
qualight? Certainly, ordinary light has profound basic effects;
why not qualight as well?

The subject has vast implications. It
seems to be utterly new and yet not entirely unexpected.
Throughout biology there has been a thread of mystery which may be
cleared up, at least in part, by the recognition of such cosmic
forces.

*Page 86.*

***207. Relation of Conductivity to
Bias Voltage.***

Honolulu April 27, 1975.

There appear to be a definite relation
between the conductivity of a rock with the bias voltage applied.
Increase in bias causes an increase in conductivity. This is to be
expected if polarization results in facilitating charge-carrier
separation (electrode and holes) and charge transport.

If incident qualitic radiation
initially produces charge pairs (the qualitoelectric effect), the
population of such pairs is directly related to the resultant
conductivity. And this is further assisted by the existing
polarization as established by the applied bias.

![](p86.jpg)

At 220 V bias, rock = <100 K ohms;
Radiant = > 2 ma.(approximately)

Hence, it would appear that by
increasing the bias to the highest practical value, the rock
conductivity would be increased and, concurrently, permit a more
reliable measure of the intensity of the incoming radiation.

*Page 87.*

In this circuitry, it would appear
that the current readout would indicate the intensity of the
incident flux.

High sensitivity indicating (or
recording) instruments would not be needed. High input impedance
would not be an important or limiting factor.

Using long-life "B" batteries of, say,
200 V, a portable sensor could easily be constructed, as:

![](p87.jpg)

This, of course, assumes a linear
relation between bias and conductivity. If the relation is not
linear (or approx so), and resistance is reciprocal, would the
resistance reach minimum somewhere above 200-300 V?

*Page 88.*

***208. The Gravitoelectric
Generator.***

Honolulu, April 27, 1975.

In the previous section, it was
foreseen (based on further confirmation) that very high voltages
may be the key to obtaining direct conversion of gravitic energy
into usable electricity.

Unbiased rock electricity does not
have (it seems) a practical and reliable electrical output. But
with a bias of several kilovolts, it may have.

It would seem that rocks (and possibly
other equivalent forms of dense dielectrics) will act as an
electromotance when biased to the KV range. It is interesting to
note that no bias current would be required. Hence, no current is
consumed in the excitation. The output of the electromotance
represents the net or usable gain. This gain, then, is the net
conversion of gravitic energy into electrical energy. Its output
is DC.

![](p88.jpg)

*Page 89.*

Or, a clearer diagram may be:

![](p89.jpg)

In the above circuit, as soon as the
rock becomes fully biased (10 KV), it is generating a current in
excess of the bias current. Minimum energy comes from the exciter
and the system becomes self-sustaining.

If excessive current is drawn, the
output voltage may be drawn down to below 10 KV, at which time
energy is again drawn from the exciter. Output current, therefore,
is limited to that value where the output voltage does not fall
below 10 KV.

The output voltage of 10 KV is merely
illustrative. Larger masses of heavy high-K dielectric (or rocks)
and very much increased voltages may be used.

*Page 90.*

***209. Bias-Assisted Sensors.***

Honolulu, May 1, 1975.

It now appears quite definite that the
sensitivity of the rock sensors is increased by a bias voltage.
Such a field (through the body of the rock) provides polarization.

Based on the hypothesis that internal
electric polarization facilitates charge-carrier separation
(retarding recombination) of the gravitoelectrically-produced
pairs, it is reasonable to assume that the increase in
conductivity will be a function of the polarization voltage.

In other words, increasing the applied
bias increases the rock conductivity. It is quite possible that
the amplitude of the diurnal or secular variations will be
increased as well.

A simple suggested circuit is:

![](p90.jpg)

The resistor provides a cushion so as
to permit the variations in rock output to be observed, yet
providing a steady polarization voltage to the rock.

*Page 91.*

Another more sensitive circuit,
because it permits a balanced or null position, is:

![](p91a.jpg)

In this circuit, the output of the
rock is balanced against the steady bias (to a very sensitive null
position). Any slight change in the resistance of the rock is
readily observed and recorded.

Circuits as in Fig. 1 and 2 are being
tested now and the results, so far at least, are quite
encouraging.

Another example of bias-assistance in
sensors is that of the resistance-diode-capacitance type, the
so-called "synthetic" rock, as:

![](p91b.jpg)

*Page 92.*

In the circuit shown in Fig. 4, the
applied bias opposes the polarity of the resistor diode emf,
tending to balance the gravitically-generated emf. An adjustable
resistance, either in parallel or in series with the 1G resistor,
provides for null adjustment. At null, this makes possible an
extremely high sensitivity for diurnal measurements.

![](p92a.jpg)

Using two matched rocks and 2 matched
variable resistors seek null:

![](p92b.jpg)

For detection of diurnal and secular
variations.

*Page 93.*

Simple series-bias circuit:

![](p93a.jpg)

***209-A. Retention of Bias by
Resistors.***

It is observed that battery-biased
resistance materials (rocks and carbon spirals) tend to retain the
bias. Similar to capacitors, the charge appears to be retained for
long periods of time. This is a phenomenon certainly far from
being understood.

![](p93b.jpg)

As in the above circuits, the
polarization is retained by the resistor and/or rock for an
unexpected and phenomenal length of time.

*Page 94.*

***210. Piezoelectric Materials as
Sensors.***

Honolulu, May 9, 1975.

In Sec. 200 (p. 58), the use of
piezoelectric sensors was discussed. Several units of this type
have been tested over several weeks. Results are quite
encouraging.

The sensor is a piezoelectric tube
(probably lead zirconate or equivalent). It is placed on a thermos
flask for temperature stability and the flask is covered with
aluminum foil which is grounded. The coaxial lead to the recorder
is also shielded and grounded.

![](p94.jpg)

It is noted that the output, as
indicated on the strip-chart recorder, shifts from positive to
negative (polarity reversal) with a definite diurnal cycle which
does note correlate with room temperature. Placing the sensor in a
thermos bottle increase its temperature time constant making it
virtually insensitive to rapid variations in temperature.

*Page 95.*

It is sensitive, however, to sudden
atmospheric pressure changes, showing sudden jumps with varying
wind pressure. Long-term variations in pressure do not show.

However, these are present long term
variations which are diurnal. The interesting finding is that
there is a fairly regular polarity reversal ( + to - ) in the
morning and an opposite reversal ( - to + ) in the afternoon.
During midday, the readings are negative while during the night
they are positive. Please note, however, that opposite polarities
(depending on recorder connections) are possible.

It is quite clear that polarity
reversal take place (at this time of the year) about 8 AM and at
about 6 PM.

In assembling the charts over the last
20 days, it begins to appear that there may be a sidereal drift of
4m/day. Assuming an Earth-shading effect, it may mean that the
source of this radiation is in the region approx 15h RA. Only by
continuing these observations over a period of several months
(better 1 year) can one be certain that this sidereal drift
continues. If it does, it constitutes good evidence of a cosmic
source.

*Page 96.*

***211. Effects of Ambient Mass.***

Honolulu, May 25, 1975.

In comparing the results of
observations in the seismic vault (Hawaii Inst. of Geopysics) with
those on the roof (10th floor) of my apartment building in
Waikiki, it is quite apparent that surroundings have an effect.

In the vault, 8 ft below the surface,
the surrounding material is broken rock with dense (volcanic)
material at floor level. In the penthouse at the apartment, the
walls are of concrete block with a concrete slab overhead. It is
on the 10th floor with no nearby buildings.

Diurnal variations are pronounced at
the penthouse whereas only long-term (secular) variations are
observed in the vault. Diurnal variations are minimal.

It would appear that ambient mass is
responsible, acting very much like an electrical capacitance, to
smooth out more rapid variations.

The mechanism is far from being
understood. Speculating a bit:

(1) Ambient mass may re-radiate
gravitic (cosmic) radiation on the same (or lower) spectral band.
As such, it may be viewed as gravitic fluorescence.

*Page 97.*

In such an event, the ambient mass may
become excited in order to re-radiate, and this excitation may
have persistence, therefore

(a) a time lag would be introduced and
a soothing effect.   
(b) also, possibly energy absorption by the ambient mass, so as to
reduce the sensor readings.

In general, this would mean that in
order to observe maximum diurnal variations and all sudden
changes, elevation (above earth) is important.

Locations in vary tall buildings are
foreseen, especially where the surrounding walls of the instrument
room are of light (non-metallic) material. To insure against
electrostatic gradients, copper screening is suggested. The ideal
would be a thermally-insulated wooden shack with complete copper
screening, as high as possible above the earth.

It is true that such construction
would no shield against magnetic fluctuations, but the sensitivity
to such fluctuations can be determined by deliberately introducing
magnetic fields throughout the enclosure. The same applies to the
penetrating em radiation, that which penetrates the copper
screening.

*Page 98.*

Now that the equipment is being moved
to SRI, perhaps some recording might be done at the top of some
very high building in San Francisco.

Another interesting test would be to
install recording equipment in a mobile lab which could be moved
to various elevations and regions of various ambient mass.

It is with this thought in mind that I
would like to rent a camper this summer, install recording
equipment and travel across the USA.

The necessary 115 V AC could be
supplied by a converter from 12V storage batteries which could be
recharged periodically.

Perhaps such a trip could start from
Palo Alto, using the recorders now being shipped to SRI.
Installation could take place at Polytec Prod. Co. at Menlo Park.

If funds become available, July 10
would be a good starting date.

*Page 99.*

***212. Pulse-Polarization of
Sensors.***

Honolulu, May 25, 1975.

In the previous sections, the
polarization of rock sensors by applying DC was discussed. Rocks
could be polarized by heating to a temperature above the Curie
Point, then applying a high voltage field as the rock cools
through the Curie Point. We might call such electrified rocks
geoelectrets. See Sec. 172, p. 137, Notebk 3.

If we are ever to extract usable
energy from rocks, several factors must be considered:

(1) The rocks must be strongly
polarized.

(2) If polarization voltage is
supplied, the natural electrical resistance of the rock consumes
energy, converting it into heat (Joule heating) and then lost.

(3) It is probable that the
polarization energy may exceed the converted (gravitoelectric)
energy, i.e., no net gain.

If, however, adequate polarization can
be maintained by frequent short duration pulses, the situation may
be corrected. It is proposed, therefore, that high voltage pulses
(say, 1 millisecond) be substituted for DC excitation, with the
pulse frequency being determined as needed to maintain a fixed
polarization. Gravitoelectric energy may then dominate the output.

*Page 100.*

The circuit may be as follows (Figures
1 / 2) ---

![](p100.jpg)

Or, a switching arrangement may be
provided to disconnect the load during the instant of pulse.

It is assumed that output voltage
would decay after each pulse, as Fig. 2.

But the energy differential would
favor the output because of the slow decay, being fed by gravitic
conversion.

*Page 101.*

***213. Possible Correlation with
Dow-Jones Industrials.***

Avalon, CA; July 23, 1975.

For many years, I have felt that a
correlation may be found between sidereal radiation and the stock
market. Even as early as 1937 such a correlation seemed to exist.
Then, through the years, no positive follow-up occurred and the
effort was abandoned.

Now, realizing that the incoming
radiation covers a broad spectrum, ranging from a few Hz to MHz
and higher, individual sensors only cover relatively narrow bands.
Diurnal phasing and secular variations of the various sensors are
all different. The idea of a general correlation becomes lost in
the welter of differences.

However, by accident, a certain rock
(Catalina Granite) has been connected to a Triplett meter Model
8035 Type 1 for several months. Readout has been charted, and a
phenomenal correlation with the DJ Averages appears to persist. It
is being watched with great interest.

There appears to be a lag (radiation
to DJ) of about 4 days. In the earlier correlation (1937 and
1939), the lag appeared to be about 2 days.

No explanation seems to exist.

*Page 102.*

Charting was started May 31, 1975 and
is continuing (July 23). Five reversal of trend have, so far,
taken place. The probability of this is astronomical.

Continual charting is necessary before
we can be sure, but if a correlation (with a 4-day lag) is, in
fact, confirmed, the financial possibilities are staggering.

In anticipation of such possibilities,
I have prepared a prospectus of an experimental market account to
be known as the magnum Fund. Such a fund would operate under the
aegis of the Townsend Brown Foundation. Participation might be
offered to interested scientists or other knowledgeable person
purely as a venture experiment.

If successful, profits would be routed
into scientific research. The office of the fund would be in
Sunnyvale, CA with Dean Witter and Co (Palo Alto) as the broker.

Operation is scheduled to begin about
August 1, 1975.

*Page 103.*

***214. Self-Potential in
Calcareous Solids.***

Avalon, July 23, 1975.

The phenomenon of self-potential in
rocks was first observed in Catalina granite. For some time it was
believed that it could be observed only in silicaceous materials,
but in Hawaii it was also found in beach sand, primarily
calcareous.

Now, I am wondering if calcareous
solids such as bone (human bone) might also give rise to
self-potentials. It would be interesting to try fresh animal bone
such as beef), dried bone and even ancient bone to see if an emf
is present, and (even more significant) if such potential varies
in a diurnal or secular pattern.

If so, one may speculate on the
possibility that, in living bone, the bone marrow is affected by
the electric field, possibly altering the generation of red blood
cells or the many other complex biochemical functions living bone
serves in the body.

This may be a clue as to the
mechanisms by which sidereal radiation may affect mans mental or
physical well-being, hence, his mood relative to investments.

*Page 104.*

***215. Self-Maintained
Polarization.***

Sunnyvale, CA; Oct. 5, 1975.

The beneficial effects of polarization
have been repeatedly observed. There is no doubt that, by
initially applying a high voltage to a rock sensor, a higher
reading (output) is obtained. The rock acts like a storage
battery, retaining a charge for long periods of time. But unlike a
capacitor, the charge cannot be instantly shorted. It tends to
return to its former value.

However, over long periods of time,
the charge gradually diminishes and some rocks "go dead". It is
obvious that the rocks have simply become depolarized. Such rocks
may be reactivated or repolarized by subjecting them to a high
voltage, especially when the potential is maintained or several
days.

Since it is believed the incoming
radiation (possibly gravitational radiation) produces RF in the
body of the rock, a method is herein suggested to maintain
polarization.

![](p104.jpg)

*Page 105.*

The use of a diode to rectify the RF
supplies a DC polarization voltage. The diode passes pulses only
in one direction and will continue to charge the rock so long as
the rock output (DC) potential does not exceed the peak inverse of
the diode.

Units of this type may be placed in
series to produce and maintain higher output potentials. This may
be the answer to a commercially useful power source, as:

![](p105.jpg)

Before connecting the diodes, the rock
slabs should be individually polarized (or if a high voltage ---
RF --- is used, the entire series may be polarized at once). The
diodes are connected only after the voltage has fallen to a value
below the peak inverse of the diodes.

Such a circuit may prevent
depolarization.

*Page 106.*

***216. Bleeder-Sustained
Polarization.***

Sunnyvale, Jan. 2, 1976.

In the foregoing sections, various
methods have been proposed to maintain polarization in rocks. In
Sec. 209, a simple circuit is described to accomplish this.

This circuit now appears to deserve
further consideration and testing.

The Koolau Plug rock normally has a
self-potential at room temperature of about 400 mV. Using a
bleeder-type charging circuit to balance the load of the readout,
this self-potential is greatly increased:

![](p106.jpg)

Starting today, this circuit, using
400 V power supply and 2G resistors, is being tested for diurnal
fluctuations.

Observed variations are as follows:

*Page 107.*

[Page 107 is blank]

*Page 108.*

***217. Self-Potential in Ceramic
Capacitors.***

Sunnyvale, Jan. 16, 1976.

Polarized piezoelectric ceramic
cylinders were tested in Hawaii, See Sec. 200 and 210. The
characteristic of retained polarization appeared to make them
effective sensors. This work should be continued.

Now, it appears that ordinary high-K
ceramic capacitors are good sensors for diurnal variation and
glitches. The so-called "cartwheels" --- 2000 uufd are examples.
Even without polarization, the observed diurnal fluctuations are
striking.

In tests now underway, five cartwheels
are connected in parallel. Vestigial self-potential is present to
a few millivolts. These capacitors are aligned, when connected
together, so that the self-potential or remnant polarizations are
in the same direction. Squeezing the individual capacitors with
the fingers produces a voltage shift of all five units in the same
direction. This, of course, is a piezoelectric effect shared by
most ceramic capacitors.

The capacitors are then connected in
parallel, enclosed in a plastic (insulating) bag which is then
wrapped in aluminum foil which is grounded.

*Page 109.*

The assembly is placed in the constant
temperature (90 F) box and connected directly to a millivolt
recorder.

Rapid variations are observed, so that
it is helpful to connect a 2 ufd polycarbonate capacitor to smooth
the output.

![](p109.jpg)

Three glitches have appeared to date
(2 neg and 1 pos) which instantly carried the recorder pen to the
chart limit. Recovery to the original reading took place within a
few minutes.

The rapid fluctuations (extreme
sensitivity) is a feature of this system. Diurnal cycles, even at
constant temperature, are clearly evident. Atmospheric
(barometric) pressure does not seem to be responsible or even to
affect the voltage output. Vibration, within the limits of
observation during the tests, likewise appears to have no effect.

*Page 110.*

***218. Heavy Metal Oxides as
Sensing Media.***

Sunnyvale, CA; April 22, 1976.

From the very beginning of this
gravitational research (Janesville, 1926), lead monoxide
(litharge) has been used as a high-K dielectric material. The
advantage stems from is high density (mass as well as its high
dielectric constant (K).

Early gravitators were made of
litharge bound in paraffin or beeswax.

More recently, litharge-glycerine
mixtures have been used. This is not actually a mixture but a
chemical compound, inasmuch as a chemical reaction takes place
following mixing. This reaction is exothermic, resulting in a
rock-hard mass which is quite heavy and, after drying, is a good
(high-K) dielectric.

Sensors made of this material appear
to develop self-potential with higher current capabilities.
Internal resistance is lower, so that generated power (wattage) is
higher. This material makes excellent gravitic sensors --- not
particularly piezoelectric and only slightly pyroelectric.

Hence, the direction this research
seems to be taking is toward the more massive metal oxides and
carbides as dielectric materials.

*Page 111.*

One of the most promising appears to
be tungsten carbide (WC).

Tungsten carbide powder or granules
bound in Carnauba wax is suggested. Tests are being planned.

The electret ability of Carnauba wax
is well known. It is the classic electret material, capable of
generating (more accurately, retaining) quite high voltage, even
in the K range when properly polarized. But the resistance of
Carnauba wax is so high that only microamperes can be withdrawn.
The output energy is entirely related to and dependent upon the
(input) polarization energy.

The thought now is that by loading
Carnauba wax with tungsten carbide powder, the resulting massive
electret would gain energy from gravitic radiation, acting as a
converter as well as a storage device.

Tungsten carbide has a very high
density (specific gravity) almost that of gold. The carbide has a
fairly high electrical resistance, so that it may make an ideal
material for gravitic sensors. Tests of this material are being
planned at the present time at UC Berkeley.

*Page 112.*

***219. Construction of the
Tungsten Carbide Sensor.***

Sunnyvale, April 23, 1976.

In the foregoing section, tungsten
carbide was suggested as a suitable high-output gravitic sensor.
The high density of tungsten and the carbide make it particularly
desirable as a gravitic radiation receptor. The carbide powder is
mixed in a suitable liquid binder such as Carnauba wax (molten)
and polarized during cooling and solidification.

To reduce thermal effects
(pyroelectricity), casting may be done in Dewar flasks. High
voltage DC is applied during cooling to polarize the sensor.

![](p112.jpg)

It is believed that the use of WC will
provide relatively high self-potential. If allowed to cool and
settle slowly, compacting the WC particles, a lower internal
resistance will result. This will produce a higher power output
(watts).

*Page 113.*

***220. Glycerin-Litharge Sensors.***

Sunnyvale; May 6, 1976.

In Sec. 218, the rock-hard mixture of
glycerin and litharge (PbO) was discussed. A small shielded sensor
(aluminum box 2 x 4 x 6) has been tested and found to be one of
the best sensors made to date.

Tests at the UC Berkeley indicate that
its power peak is somewhere near 100,000 ohms. Continuous voltage
output of approx 5 mV was obtained with a 10,000 ohm resistance
load. The output undergoes a surprisingly smooth diurnal cycle of
approx 20 mV with the Houston recorder as the only load (100
megaohm).

Strangely, this sensor reversed
polarity when it was moved from Berkeley to Sunnyvale. At the
moment, it is operating in my apartment in Sunnyvale, ranging from
2 to 20 mV.

Originally, it was polarized
(positive) with 300 V DC, while it was hardening. At Berkeley, it
indicated approx +50 mV. The reason for reversal of polarity is
not known. It is potted in paraffin so there should be minimum
moisture (humidity) effect. Also very low, if any, piezoelectric
and pyroelectric effect.

*Page 114.*

***221. The Strong Glitch of May 4,
1976.***

Sunnyvale, May 6, 1976.

This glitch or event was recorded on
both the barium titanate and Catalina granite in the mineshaft at
UC Berkeley. It has a sudden commencement at 0300 PST (110 GMT) on
Tuesday, May 4. Catalina granite went off-scale at 97 mV; its peak
could not be traced. Barium titanate peaked 28 minutes later (20%
rise) --- voltage gain from 6.96 to 8.35 mV, then fell to a
minimum at 0350, a total duration of approx 50 minutes.

It is to be pointed out that this
event occurred in the mineshaft early in the morning. No person
was present. Power failure (or surge) was ruled out by
investigation by Jim Jardine, who deliberately produced failure
the following morning with no similar effect. Instrumental trouble
also was ruled out. The glitch appears genuine.

It is noted that this event occurred
at approx 17h sidereal time, at approx upper meridian transit of
the galactic center. This may or may not be a coincidence. In any
event, it is a strong (pulse) increase in energy recorded in two
different dielectrics.

*Page 115.*

![](p115.jpg)

*Page 116.*

***222. Electrolytic Capacitors as
Sensors.***

Sunnyvale, May 10, 1976

Because of their high
capacitance-to-volume ratio, electrolytic capacitors are generally
used in compact circuitry. Because of their electrolytic
(electrochemical) construction, they usually generate a small emf.
This emf is often temperature related.

However, it now turns out that these
compact capacitors may also be gravito-voltaic. Test with Mallory
18,000 ufd reveal a surprising diurnal variation at constant
temperature. Voltage ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 mV during recordings
today. It is noted that the polarity of the self-potential is
reversed fro that indicated as the working polarity of the
capacitor. Phase is also reversed, with maximum occurring at
approx 10 AM and minimum late at night.

Jim Jardine reports that a [blank] ufd
electrolytic (at UC Berkeley) shows a pronounced diurnal (and
other) variations which surprised him.

I plan to put the Mallory 18,000 ufd
in the constant temperature box in the mine. Results will be
reported.

*Page 116.*

***223. High Flux Density in the
Great Pyramid.***

It is fascinating to speculate on the
reasons for building the pyramids of Egypt and, for that matter,
the massive stone monuments of the Yucatan Peninsula and
elsewhere.

Thoughts have been expressed that some
form of energy may be concentrated by the peculiar (pyramid)
shape. Is it possible that this may be true?

Measurement of self-potential in the
mineshaft at Berkeley indicate a greater flux density than
outside. If this flux is gravitic radiation (possibly in the
optical frequency range), perhaps the same king of increase may be
present within the pyramids. Reradiation of the incident primary
(from space) by a rock mass may be termed gravitic fluorescence
(see Sec. 211). The reradiated energy may have different spectral
characteristics from the primary.

Gravitic fluorescence, it is
conceived, would be homologous to optical fluorescence. For
example, minerals fluoresce under UV light. The color is
characteristic if the mineral, not of the incident UV. The
re-emission of energy is at a lower frequency.

*Page 117.*

In the case of gravitic fluorescence
of granite, the primary radiation from space may have optical
frequency, even quasi-UV, and the re-emission may be gravitic in
the Angstrom range or lower. As such, it would be invisible and
non-detectable as an em radiation.

In other words, if the granite of the
great pyramid serves to intercept and re-emit primary gravitic
radiation from space, the flux density at the center of the
pyramid would be greater than outside. There may be, in effect, a
focusing of the flux toward the pyramid center.

If this is so, the Kings Chamber
would be located near this focus. Did the architects of Cheops
understand this? Could this knowledge have come from a more
advanced technology of some extraterrestrial culture?

Is this increased flux density
observable today? Would granite sensors, such as those we have in
operation at UC Berkeley (in the mineshaft) reveal a higher
self-potential?

Another point upon which we might
speculate is the strange and unusual structure of the Kings
chamber and its overhead or roof. Why is there a series of granite
rocks, with space between, above the Kings Chamber?

*Page 118.*

This strange structure is as follows:

![](p118.jpg)

Could this configuration amplify the
gravitic flux produced by the body of rock forming the rest of the
pyramid? Are the limestone blocks insulators? Is this overhead
arrangement of granite blocks for the purpose of increasing the
flux density in the Kings Chamber below?

In the lab, could we use this
arrangement of granite slabs (spaced and insulated from each
other) to intensify gravitic flux density? Would this produce a
higher self-potential in the bottom rock?

*Page 119.*

***224. Biological Effects of
Secondary Radiation.***

Sunnyvale, June 7, 1976.

If future experiments to confirm the
existence of gravitic fluorescence (secondary radiation) from
rocks, does this radiation have biological effects?

It is hard to conceive that Nature has
failed to utilize this form of energy in one way or another. The
fact that our human eyes do not perceive it does not mitigate
against its presence all around us. Do birds or fish perceive it?
Is the homing instinct related to such possible perception? Were
the ancients aware of its existence and/or influence?

In the foregoing section, the thought
was advanced that the pyramids (and other prehistoric stone
structures) might be receptors and concentrators of gravitic flux.
Were the architects aware of the possible effects even though they
may not have known the reasons?

Was the geometrical shape of the
pyramids convenient as a burial mausoleum for kings or was the
shape chosen for other (perhaps advanced) esoteric reasons? Did a
more advanced culture (perhaps extraterrestrial) dictate the
pyramid shape to accomplish some result?

*Page 120.*

Was this shape purposely selected and
utilized to aid the king in the afterlife? If so, would the
increased flux density esoterically assist toward this end?

It is rather amazing to see that the
sarcophagus (believed to have held the kings body at one time) is
located exactly at the center of the pyramid (Cheops) and at a
location which could be the focus of secondary radiation.

It has been reported that
mummification is accelerated in the pyramid and that organic
bodies do not decay. Could this radiation be responsible? If so,
does such radiation assist organic processes or suppress them? Is
such intense flux life-giving or death oriented?

What of the many explorers who have
penetrated the pyramids in the past? Men who have spent long
periods, cutting into corridors, mapping and studying? Was their
health or longevity affected? I should like to conduct some
research on the subject.

In any event, it would be worthwhile
to study the possibility that secondary radiation may have
profound effects on biological processes, beneficial or
detrimental. Could stone or concrete buildings, for example, prove
to be hazardous to health and well-being --- perhaps even
carcinogenic?

*Page 121.*

In this age of concrete buildings, are
we overlooking one of the reasons for increased incidence of
cancer?

Some measurements of gravitic flux
density must be made. A portable sensor, similar to a Geiger
counter, would be very helpful. As a geophysical survey tool, a
gravitic flux meter may be used to map subsurface domains of
granite or geothermal reservoirs, even perhaps deposits of
minerals or oil. It is with this end in view that I am hoping to
fit out a mobile laboratory or survey vehicle (camper) to conduct
profile studies.

Such studies may provide isometric
maps of natural flux density across various California (and other)
regions which may be extremely valuable. No other survey tool,
available today, could provide such information.

A flux meter of this type could be
used in the determination of pyramid radiation, if such radiation
does, in fact, exist.

A group from SRI pans to make a trip
to Egypt this summer in connection with other studies. It is our
hope that they will be able to take a gravitic flux meter with
them, specifically to use in the Cheops pyramid.

*Page 122.*

***225. Gravitic Radiation Receptor
Materials and Binders.***

Sunnyvale, June 9, 1976.

*Receptors*: In looking for
possible receptor materials, the principal characteristics would
seem to be mass and high dielectric constant. Conducting metals
are excluded because of usual inability to obtain voltage
gradients in thicker sections. In thin sections (filiform) there
is a chance that usable self-potential can be obtained. Long thin
wire sensors will be discussed in the next section (226).

In general, high-mass sensors must be
of high-resistance materials. Lead monoxide (PbO) was the first of
such materials to be tested. It is heavy and has a high electrical
resistance.

Barium titanate and lead
zirconate-titanate are similarly effective. Both have been used in
sensors made to date.

Tungsten carbide is a new contender
for the honors and promises to be even more effective (See Sec.
219).

These heavy powders may be bonded by
compression, sintering, or by the use of a binder. Initial
polarization is not normally possible during compression or
sintering, although in the future some technique may be worked
out.

*Page 123.*

*Binders*: Several liquid binders
are possible which can permit polarization during hardening. Among
them are the waxes, such as paraffin, beeswax and Carnauba wax.
Polarization is accomplished by applying a high-voltage field as
the binder hardens upon cooling.

Other binders such as polyurethane and
methyl acrylate harden by the use of an accelerator. There are
many plastics of this nature which may be used to bind the
receptor materials.

Another interesting possibility is
ordinary Portland cement. When mixed with water it is electrically
conducting, but its resistance increases as it sets. Concrete
blocks may prove to be effective sources of gravitic
self-potential. If the aggregate is crushed granite, monazite sand
or even such receptor material as tungsten carbide, the use of
Portland cement (or the like) may be quite effective.

It must be borne in mind that the
internal resistance of a gravitic battery must be low if high
currents are required. If only high voltage is required, the
internal resistance may be high. Peak power output from any
receptor material depends upon matching the internal resistance
with the load.

*Page 124.*

***226. Long-Wire Sources of
Self-Potential.***

Sunnyvale, June 9, 1976.

The generation of white RF noise in
long wires was discussed in Sec. 140 and 180. This RF is rectified
by a diode and stored in a capacitor (as DC). If the molecules of
the metal forming the wire are polarized aligned) by a strong
current while the metal is cooling from a high temperature, the
long wire becomes polarized so as to produce a DC self-potential.

Thus, the metal of the wire becomes a
gravitic receptor.

Tungsten, due to its high mass (sp.
gr. 18) in fine wire form appears to be ideal.

A tungsten wire sensor would then be a
non-inductive resistor of very fine wire which has been cooled
from a high temperature while carrying a current.

![](p124.jpg)

Tungsten wire non-inductive grid
heated then polarized while cooling.

*Page 125.*

***227. Concrete Blocks as
Gravitoelectric Converters***

Sunnyvale, June 9, 1976.

In Sec. 225, the use of Portland
cement as a binder was discussed. This idea may have some real
practical value in constructing converters for power generation.
Batteries would be large and relatively inexpensive.

Using concrete slabs with suitable
crushed granitic or basaltic aggregate, electrically polarized
upon curing, self-potential may be developed which would be
additive by connecting the slabs in series.

![](p125.jpg)

Concrete blocks electrically polarized
while curing. Connected in series to produce DC output.

The relatively low resistance of the
Portland cement (binder) may provide a high current output.

*Page 126.*

***228. Self-Potential in Long Wire
Resistors.***

Sunnyvale, June 11, 1976.

In Sec. 226, the idea of long-wire
sources of self-potential was set forth. The thought was developed
that long wires of massive materials (such as tungsten) being
cooled while conducting a current, would retain a polarization
which would result in a continuing self-potential.

If this is so, long-wire resistors may
be made gravitovoltaic by subjecting them to a high initial
voltage, then lowering the voltage slowly as the resistor cools.
The high initial voltage and current aligns the constituent
molecular dipoles which remain aligned as the current drops and
temperature is lowered past the Curie temperature.

Hence, resistive materials in general,
if heated by excessive DC current above the Curie point, then
allowed to cool, would thereafter become a source of
self-potential. In other words, an overloaded resistor may become
a battery. This would, indeed, be a surprising discovery if valid.

![](p126.jpg)

*Page 127.*

One wonders why this effect has not
been noticed before. High voltage resistors have been operated at
high currents with seemingly constant characteristics, or have
they? If anomalies have been noted, perhaps they have been
attributed to errors in observation.

Assuming that long-wire resistors can
be polarized by DC overloading so that they will (thereafter)
produce a voltage, the problem of creating a useful battery may be
solved. The internal resistance may be selected to match the load
and hence provide peak power output.

Various metals, not necessarily
tungsten, may have differing characteristics, as to Curie
temperature, retention of polarization, and resultant
self-potential. Tungsten was originally suggested because of its
high density, but aluminum, iron, copper, nichrome and many other
metals, alloys or even ductile ceramets may prove to be better.

After all, there is very little basic
difference between resistive materials in so far as the ability to
generate self-potential is concerned. Mass (density) is important.

Experiments to check the above should
be conducted as soon as possible.

*Page 128.*

***229. Tungsten Carbide
Gravitovoltaic Converter.***

Sunnyvale, June 13, 1976.

In Sec. 219, tungsten carbide (WC) was
proposed as a probable effective material for a battery. Much
depends upon its electrical resistance. This will have to be
researched. The high mass of tungsten compounds appears to make
them ideal as gravitic receptors.

Tungsten carbide (WC), bitungsten
carbide (W2C), thorium tungsten and the like may be compressed (as
powders) into a heavy semi-conducting mass. Better still, if high
temperature casting is possible, or if the material is sintered,
the resultant mass may make an effective battery.

Such a mass would be heated above the
electrical Curie temperature and then, in the presence of a high
electric field, oil-quenched (or otherwise cooled) to retain
electric polarization.

![](p128.jpg)

*Page 129*

[Missing]

*Page 130.*

Also present is a vertical anisotropy,
wherein the maximum voltage always appears when the front end is
up, i.e., toward the zenith. In most observations, voltage at
zenith is double the voltage at nadir. This appears to have no
relation to the proximity or direction of an electric line.

When the sensor (resistor, diode,
capacitor combination) is horizontal, the azimuth effects are
observable with greatest voltage when the front (end) is directed
toward the south (presumably the magnetic south). When in this
position, voltage is further increased when the south end is
raised (presumably to the point (angle) where the sensor is
aligned with the magnetic declination).

To be convincing, this experiment must
be repeated out in the open, away from power lines, etc., which
now confuse the results. Shielding studies should also be carried
on, although shielding may cancel out the basic effect in which we
are interested.

If this phenomenon is indicative of an
ether flow (from the south --- ref. Miller interferometer
observations), a metallic casing may "kill" the effect. It is
best, for the moment, to utilize the Plexiglass casing alone.

*Page 131.*

***231. Spontaneous Heating of
Petroelectric Materials.***

Sunnyvale, Oct. 1, 1976.

Where an emf is generated (as in any
kind of electromotance, such as a battery), and the external
circuit has low resistance, the internal resistance (of the
battery) causes heating through Joule "heating".

In other words, if a battery is
shorted, it will get hot.

This Joule heating will undoubtedly be
present if a petroelectric source is shorted. An active
petroelectric sensor should become warmer than its ambient if it
is electrically shorted.

The energy of the evolved heat may be
converted from optical frequency gravitational radiation.
Increased petroelectric voltage would cause increased heating.
Therefore, the temperature would necessarily correlate with the
diurnal or secular variations in the gravitic input.

If this is true, certain rocks or
other gravitovoltaic materials (if shorted) will be warmer than
their environment.

*Page 132.*

This presents some interesting
possibilities. For example, a large rock (in nature) may be
petroelectrically active, but will not be warmer than the
environment until it is electrically shorted. If, however, it is
finely ground and the sand-like particles are mixed, and if the
particles themselves are petroelectrically active, it follows that
shorting per se results from the interacting of the particles.

*Conclusion:*

(1) Finely ground petroelectric
material (especially when compressed) may be found to be warmer
than the environment. This spontaneous evolution of heat may show
the same diurnal and secular variations as the unground pieces
which are electrically shorted.

(2) The spontaneous evolution of heat
of certain complex silicates, lavas and clays (ref, Charles F.
Brush) may be due to gravitoelectric conversion.

(3) Such heating would be directly
related to the energy (at that frequency) of the incident
optical-frequency gravitic radiation

This phenomenon appears to be the same
as that discovered by C.F. Brush in Sandusky clay and related
materials. Calorimetric tests were performed by Harrington,
National Bureau of Standards.

*Page 133.*

***232. Commercial Possibilities of
Petroelectric Heating.***

Sunnyvale, Oct 2, 1976.

If the phenomenon discussed in the
previous section actually exists, as present evidence seems to
indicate, the practical applications of such a source of heat are
virtually unlimited.

Assuming, of course, that materials
may be beneficiated so as to increase their petroelectric
activity, finely ground particles of such materials, especially of
compressed, may provide:

(1) A direct gravito-to-thermal
output;   
(2) Spontaneous and continuous heating of materials such as:   
(a) Gypsum-compound wallboard for cold climates;   
(b) Blankets and certain clothing;   
(c) Engine warmers;   
(d) Heating devices, low-temp. furnaces;   
(e) As a constituent in concrete;   
(f) Snow-melting pavement;   
(g) No-fog mirrors, etc.,

and various other applications too
numerous to mention!

*Page 134.*

***233. Lawson Adit Petrovoltaic
Readings***

![](p134.jpg)

The above readings appear to be
typical of petroelectric voltages observed in the Lawson Adit (UC
Berkeley) during mid-summer of 1976,

Catalina granite undergoes a diurnal
variation, approx 5 mV amplitude, peaking about noon with minimum
near midnight.

Barium titanate also shows a diurnal
effect primarily in the amplitude of micro-pulsations.

Recording by Jim Jardine, UC Berkeley.

*Page 135.*

![](p135.jpg)

The above readings of Catalina granite
were made in the Berkeley mineshaft approx 250 ft back from the
entrance and under an estimated 200 ft of rock overburden. Sensors
were located in a constant temperature chamber (90 F +/- 4 F) and
at a relatively constant humidity. Sensors were electrostatically
shielded with grounded shields.

It is noted that both a diurnal cycle
and a secular change (gradual rise) was observed.

Recording was unattended. Mineshaft
was entered only at the beginning and end of the run. Serviced by
Jim Jardine.

*Page 136.*

***234. K-Waves in Space.***

Sunnyvale, Nov 18, 1976.

For some time, I have toyed with the
idea that the electric permitivity of space, as well a the
magnetic permeability, is not constant but varies from place to
place, as, for example, in regions of great gravitational
potential. Ref. Sec. 109 (1973).

Further, it would appear that
variations with time may appear, as, for example, with the passage
of a gravitational wave.

Hence, a K-wave may be
indistinguishable from a gravitational wave, one being concurrent
with the other. The gravitational wave would be difficult to
detect, but the K-wave may be relatively easy to detect.

Reviewing the proposal set forth in
Sec. 108, Rec. Bk. 2, a capacitance bridge should be considered.

![](p136.jpg)

*Page 137.*

If the K of the ambient space varies,
the low-K Pyranol would be (percentagewise) affected more than the
high-K ceramics. Hence, a differential situation would exist. The
indicating high resistance multivoltmeter would reveal the
differential.

Both types of capacitors will have
resistance (leakage) and, therefore, to balance at null, a
zero-adjusting resistor must be used (as shown in red).

Petroelectric sources may likewise be
used, either with rocks for both legs of the bridge or rocks and
capacitors used in balance, as:

![](p137.jpg)

Such systems must be operated in
constant-temperature, magnetically- and electrostatically-shielded
boxes.

*Page 138.*

***235. Glitch-Detecting Circuit.***

Sunnyvale, Nov 22, 1976.

The relatively large amplitude of the
secular and diurnal variations make it difficult to set alarm
limits (contacts) for glitch warning signals. A continually moving
base, acting as a running average, is needed. A sudden glitch,
above or below such a base, may trigger pre-set alarm limits,
serving as a warning of an oncoming glitch.

Such a circuit is as follows:

![](p138a.jpg)

Petroelectric emf is stored in the
large capacitor, so that only sudden changes in emf actuate the
alarm contacts.

The resistor diode sensor may be
connected in the same way.

![](p138b.jpg)

*Page 139.*

***236. Electrolytic Capacitors as
Sensors (Part 2).***

In the various tests using
electrolytic capacitors as storage means, the question has arisen
as to the capacitor stability. Do such capacitors develop
self-potential similar to rocks? Is such self-potential (if it
exists) due to an electrochemical or gravitic source? Does it
partake in diurnal fluctuations which are not related to changes
in temperature? If it is purely galvanic in nature, continuous
readings at constant temperature will reveal the answer. Ref. Sec.
222.

According, preliminary tests are as
follows:

![](p139.jpg)

Readings at room temp. --- variable.

*Page 140.*

***237. Battery-Referenced
Electrolytic Sensors.***

Dec. 16, 1976.

In the foregoing section,
consideration was given to the spontaneous emf produced by
electrolytic capacitors. Using high-capacitance units, such as
Mallory 3V, 115,000 ufd, with a standard cell 3V bucking circuit,
measurements are proposed for detection of charging-discharging
rate, as:

![](p140.jpg)

The capacitor is initially charged to
3V by closing switch, allowing sufficient time to become
thoroughly saturated. Then the switch is opened.

The conductivity of the mV meter is
such as to (normally) keep the capacitor fully charged
(polarized). Any variation in the self-potential of the capacitor
(above below 3V) will be indicated as a plus or minus voltage by
the meter. All this assumes, of course, that the standard cell
voltage remains constant. This test should be conducted at
constant temperature.

*Page 141.*

***238. Electrolytic Sensors
(continued)***

Jan. 16, 1976.

In the two previous sections, the use
of electrolytic capacitors (of extremely high capacitance) was
considered. Tests have now been run for the last several days with
rather surprising results.

Using the Mallory 115,000 ufd 3V DC
with a single dry cell and the HP digital readout, as:

![](p141.jpg)

*Results*: Battery constant at
1.542 V, the capacitor stabilized at approx 1.080 V, the readout
represented the difference 0.462 V. But the readout underwent
systematic variations not entirely due to temperature changes.
Variations occurred while room temperature remained constant.
Furthermore, a strong glitch occurred between 0600 and 0610 (temp.
steady at 66 F) today of magnitude 26 mV.

It is to be understood that during
this glitch the capacitor emf fell 26 mV and then returned to its
former value within 10 minutes. No external factors were observed
which could have accounted for the sudden voltage drop.

*Page 142.*

In an attempt to understand the
significance of this negative glitch, the following thoughts come
to mind.

(1) It must be recognized that the
energy storage in a 115,000 ufd capacitor is relatively great.
Over short periods of time, such as 10 minutes, high stability
would be expected. What could cause momentary loss of voltage with
subsequent complete recovery?

(2) If the stored energy remained
constant, voltage change could (I believe) result from a momentary
change in the dielectric constant (K) of the dielectric material
of the capacitor. A sudden increase in K would cause a
proportionate decrease in V.

(3) A similar result might come from a
sudden increase in the conductivity of the dielectric.

Hence, the voltage dip may be caused
by (1) an increase in K, or (2) an increase in conductivity
(decrease of resistance).

Ionizing radiation, such as a cosmic
ray shower or gamma ray burst from space could, I suppose, produce
a sudden increase in conductivity. If so, the use of electrolytic
capacitors as sensors for such penetrating radiation would be
worth investigating. To my knowledge, no such evidence exists
today.

*Page 143.*

One must consider the observed fact
that the voltage returned to its former value after the glitch. If
the momentary effect resulted from an increase in conductivity,
would there not be a loss of energy (Joule heating?), although
this loss, of course, if it exists, would be miniscule and
probably not observable.

The remaining possibility which must
be recognized is a momentary change in K of the dielectric. Could
such a change be induced by incident radiation or by the ambient
K, perhaps even a K-wave from space? See Sec. 234.

The possibility of detecting K waves
is certainly exciting. If such waves do exist in space, what is
their origin and velocity? Are K waves limited to the velocity of
light? Do they convey energy? If not, why should they be limited
to the velocity of light?

As to their possible effects, are they
observable only in capacitors? Are high-K capacitors more
receptive? Are there other manifestations in cosmology, such as
pulsing red-shifts or other anomalous optical phenomena?

The study of electrolytic sensors must
be continued.

*Page 144.*

***239. Zero-Centered Electrolytic
Sensors.***

In the circuit shown in Fig. 1, p.
141, the meter reads in mV but actually, because of the meter
resistance, the reading represents current. Due to the slight
conductivity of the capacitor, this current is always positive.
The capacitor losses always draw energy from the battery.

In order to increase the sensitivity
of the system, the following circuit is suggested:

![](p144.jpg)

A high voltage bias is preferred in
order to pass sufficient current through 2G ohm resistors to
effect a null in the recording meter. In other words, the high
resistance places no load on the capacitor emf. Once adjusted to
null, so that the capacitor is charged to a value equal to that of
the battery, the meter will thereafter reflect the voltage
differential between battery and capacitor. Such a circuit should
have great sensitivity. Alarm contacts on the recorder could
signal the onset of glitches.

*Page 145.*

***240. Portable Electrolytic
Sensor.***

In the foregoing sections, emphasis
was placed on the voltage variations observed in electrolytic
capacitors. Another approach is to measure the current drain from
a standard cell of constant voltage. The current is low, expressed
normally in microamperes. Such a system makes possible a portable
instrument of rather high sensitivity.

![](p145.jpg)

A portable instrument with the above
circuit has been constructed. The tests are as follows: [blank]

*Page 146.*

***241. Glitch-Signaling Circuit.***

Sunnyvale, Feb. 1, 1977.

The appearance of glitches or sudden
surges in the recorded voltage or current have presented an
enigmatic situation. No explanation exists at this time.

These pulses appear seemingly at
random and do not appear to be related to diurnal or secular
variations. A circuit which will signal the start of a glitch by
ringing a bell or the like, will be a great help in trying to
identify the cause of the glitch.

Such a circuit may be as follows:

![](p146.jpg)

This idea is based on the use (if
possible) of an energy storage capacitor (2) which serves as a
reference to the voltage of the electrolytic capacitor (1) which
is the sensor. Capacitor (2) will follow the long-term variations
of (1) but will not follow sudden changes. Voltage difference will
trigger the alarm through the use of limit contacts on the
sensitive recorder.

*Page 147.*

***242. Bridge Circuits for
Electrolytic Sensors.***

Sunnyvale, Feb. 2, 1976.

In Sec 205 and 234, reference was made
to bridge circuits using rocks or capacitors in balance. Going
back to the original idea of resistance changes, now reviewed in
the behavior of electrolytic capacitors, the following circuit is
suggested:

![](p147.jpg)

It now appears that electrolytic
capacitors undergo resistance changes of possible cosmic origin
which are not shared by standard resistors to the same extent, A
bridge circuit to establish a null provides a very sensitive
detection circuit. By using an audio amplifying system in place of
the millivolt meter, audio detection of the incoming (cosmic)
signals may be possible. Care must be taken to avoid exceeding the
capacitors working voltage. Hence, the battery voltage must be
evenly divided between the resistors and the capacitors.

*Page 148.*

***243. Comparison --- Electrolytic
Sensors and Rocks.***

Sunnyvale, Feb 3, 1976.

The recent discovery that electrolytic
capacitors of very high capacitance are similar in behavior to
rocks is surprising and perhaps quite significant. The problem in
this ongoing research has always been the behavior of massive
high-K dielectrics. Aluminum electrolytic dielectrics are
certainly included in this classification.

The fundamental phenomenon seems to be
the spontaneous generation of an emf so-called self-potential.
Concurrently, an apparent change in resistance is present. At
first glance, one would conclude that the emf is caused by an
internal battery action of chemical origin (galvanism). This would
be especially understandable in the case of electrolytic
capacitors, but would not be explicable with rock self-potential.
Even so, the emf developed would surely be temperature dependent,
and this, it appears, is true.

When one considers the changes in
resistance (or conductivity) of both electrolytic capacitors and
rocks, apart from their self-potential (counter-emf), the thought
of a penetrating ionizing radiation presents itself. Any increase
in such radiation would cause an increase in conductivity or a
decrease in apparent resistance.

*Page 149.*

If K-waves exist, coming from space,
the change in dielectric constant of both capacitors and rocks
would, conceivably, cause proportionate voltage changes. But these
would not be conductivity changes, only apparent resistance
changes caused internally by the so-called counter-emf. Hence, it
becomes important to distinguish between true changes in emf and
conductivity. These factors are not readily separated. Only by
concurrently observing each one separately can this be
accomplished.

*Effects of Temperature ---*

There is a direct relationship,
although somewhat complex and certainly not proportionate, between
temperature and self-potential.

Conductivity is also directly related,
but also complex and not proportionate.

Both self-potential and conductivity
are influenced (obviously) by unknown external factors. Hence, to
obtain pure results, all tests must be conducted at constant
temperature.

*Glitches ---*

Both positive and negative glitches
have been observed. If ionizing radiation is considered, a sudden
increase (flare) would cause an increase in conductivity in all
sensors, possibly also in self-potential.

However, it is noted that glitches are
usually negative (in electrolytic sensors) and therefore would
indicate a decrease in ionizing radiation (if such exists).

*Page 150.*

This hardly seems plausible in view of
such possible effects as gamma ray bursts or cosmic ray showers,
which always increases in ionization and, hence, increases in
conductivity.

Changes in ambient (or internal) K, as
from the passage of a K-wave would (1) increase the emf as K is
lowered, and increase current flow or apparent conductivity; (2)
decrease the above if K is raised.

A negative glitch, therefore, may mean
a momentary increase in ambient K. Diurnal changes, as reported in
Sec. 233, could mean, therefore, K is high when V is down, making
the curve of K similar to the curves shown on p. 135, that is,
highest at noon, lowest about midnight.

*Conclusions:*

It now appears that ionizing radiation
is not responsible for the observed effects, either in capacitors
or rocks.

Another presently unknown factor must
be responsible.

K-waves or gravitational radiation are
candidates, but no conclusions can yet be reached.

T. Townsend Brown (2-3-77)

*Page 151.*

.![](p151.jpg)

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