Charles (Joe) Flynn -- Parallel Path Technology ![](0logo.gif) **[rexresearch.com](../index.htm)** --- **Charles ( Joe ) FLYNN** **Parallel Path Magnetic Amplifier** --- **Flynn Research****25409 Timberlake Trail** **Greenwood, MO. 64034****(816) 537-5306** --- ![](Completed_device_300.jpg) **PPMT Technology** Parallel Path Magnetic Technology (PPMT) is an advanced magnetic force control technology that is applicable to motors, rotary actuators, linear actuators, magnetic latches, and generators. PPMT uses permanent magnets controlled with a field coil in parallel magnetic circuits. PPMT is a revolutionary concept that has been demonstrated in a wide variety of devices. Flynn Research Inc. is the patent holder on basic and specific PPMT patents. Compared to conventional electromagnetic technology PPMT devices are: Smaller -- Lighter -- Run cooler -- More energy efficient All PPMT devices use two or more permanent magnets placed in parallel with steering coils between the magnets. We will illustrate PPMT basics in the form of a simple magnetic latching actuator: The basic magnetic circuit consists of a flux steering coil on each flux path as shown in figure 1. If there is no current in the coils the magnetic circuit then acts as if the coils do not exist. **Figure 1. Basic PPMT actuator (flux steering coils off)** However if current flows in the flux steering coils to produce a magnetic polarity, as shown in figure 2, the magnetic flux produced by the coils couples with the permanent magnet?s flux and the result is four units of force at one pole of the device (four units, not two, is due to the squared force law of the combined permanent magnet flux). Once the flux has switched and the actuation elements have moved to create an air gap on the zero force side, the steering coils can be turned off and the actuator or motor will remain in this new state at four units of permanent force with no power required. A momentary coil pulse with the opposite polarity, will switch the actuator in the opposite direction. **Figure 2. Basic PPMT actuator steering coils engaged to switch all magnetic flux to one actuator pole** In the actuation of the PPMT device, the steering coil only needs to have sufficient current to equal the flux of one permanent magnet. Thus, in PPMT devices a given amount of magnetic flux can be controlled with only half the field coil power required by conventional devices. Furthermore, the force generated by the PPMT device will continue, with no power required, as long as the geometric arrangement of the elements allow for it. This same basic magnification of the mechanical/magnetic/electric coupling relationship exists for generators and motors in a similar manner as it does for the actuator used in this simple example. Compared to an equivalent conventional motor/generator, or actuator a PPMT device has: Higher power density, Higher power efficiency, Lighter weight, Smaller physical size, Wider torque zone with high efficiency, Wider power zone with high efficiency, and Cooler operating temperatures. Figure 3. Shows a simplied cross section of one type of PPMT rotary motor. **Figure 3. PPMT motor cross section** ![](10kw_motor_.gif) --- Flynn Research offers a variety of standard and custom PPMT products to meet your industrial, aerospace, automotive, marine, and energy production needs. Flynn Research has built more than 50 prototypes and production models for various PPMT applications. Prototypes have been constructed with power ratings as low as 5 watts and as high as 10,000 watts. There is no inherent power or size limit to PPMT devices, they can be scaled to whatever power or size your application requires. Motors // Generators // Controllers // Rotary Actuators // Linear Actuators // Latches and Magnetic Clamps. --- [**http://www.flynnresearch.net/**](http://www.flynnresearch.net/) **Flynn Research** is both the patent holder and worlds leading research and development company in Parallel Path Magnetic Technology (PPMT). PPMT is an advanced magnetic force control technology that is applicable to motors, rotary actuators, linear actuators, magnetic latches, and generators. PPMT uses permanent magnets controlled with a field coil in parallel magnetic circuits. PPMT is a revolutionary concept that has been demonstrated in a wide variety of devices. Compared to conventional electromagnetic technology PPMT devices are: -- Smaller -- Lighter -- Run cooler -- More energy efficient --- [**http://www.pureenergysystems.com/academy/papers/How\_Parallel\_Path\_Gets\_Over\_Unity/**](http://www.pureenergysystems.com/academy/papers/How_Parallel_Path_Gets_Over_Unity/) **How Parallel Path Gets Over Unity** "[The paper below explains] how Joe Flynn's Parallel Path device works and where the energy comes from. I think you will like it. I tried to write it so that someone who is less than a nuclear physics or IEEE type can understand what is going on. Believe me, he is really on to something. "I was playing with magnets and pretty much knew his principles already. I just hadn't quite gotten to the process to do this. I knew one had to find a way to switch a permanent magnet and he has done it. Once that was done with leverage (higher than 1:1 ratio) the whole game was up. It is!" -- *Paul Noel* (March 7, 2006) PES Network, Inc. ] Parallel Path motors and devices like those supplied by Joe Flynn are able to achieve efficiencies above 100% of input energy. This fact is experimentally determined. No functional part of the process operates over 100% efficiency so how can this be? The answer is really pretty simple. The magnetic field we use to generate electricity in a normal modern generator is not the result of the inducing electrical current. The magnetic field is present in the cores of the metal in the generator at all times. All we do with the electrical induction current in a generator is to steer the field into a stable directed field. This field is then reacted in time and space against the motion of the coils in the generator to produce electricity. The same is true for electricity coming out of a transformer. It isn?t the same electricity that came in. The current in one of the windings of the transformer directs a magnetic field. The magnetic field then steers an electric current already present in windings of the secondary coil of the transformer. To understand Parallel Path technology you must understand this. Here is an experiment that illustrates fields and currents. It is a lot of fun. My 3-year-old daughter loves to do it -- it?s that simple. I take a 3/8-inch-by-3/8-inch rod NbFe magnet (N-35) and drop it into a vertical 2-foot length of 1/2-inch-diameter, bare, copper pipe. The magnet takes about 5 seconds to float down the 2-foot pipe. Here is why. The magnet steers the electrical currents in the copper pipe. These run circularly to the magnet. The electrical current makes a magnetic field exactly opposite to that in the magnet. As such the magnet floats. As the resistance in the pipe degrades the current, it lets the magnet drop. If the pipe were super-conducting, the magnet would not drop at all. It would just sit there floating in mid air! So let's summarize: A magnetic field exists in matter and is steered by electrical currents. Electrical currents don?t cause the field; it's already there and just aligns with the electrical current. I know some people are going to get bent out of shape about this, but to be specific, this effect proves that the ether exists. The ether (or ?aether? as some like to spell it) is the universal medium of all matter and energy. It is why James Maxwell said that ?We can scarcely avoid the conclusion that light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena.? This ether has been the subject of much serious attack by modern physics, which supposedly disposed of this medium in the Michelson-Morley experiment. Unfortunate, those who claim this do not understand that the experiment depends upon reflected light being independent of the mirror -- and it is not. (I will not go into this deeply here.) The Sagnac Effect, which is used in modern GPS devices, brings the ether into full proof status. It exists! You can bet your life on it. It is used every day. With the ether fully in place, this gives us a way to understand magnets. A magnet is to the waves in the ether what a diode is to electricity. It is a one-way gate. As such we get on one side a build-up of one phase of the energy, and on the other side the opposite phase building up. Matching phases causes repulsion because the waves add to each other. Opposite phases result in energy cancellation and matter is pulled together. This all relates to a funny little thing in electro-optics called Phase Conjugate Reflection. Without getting in too deep here either, this is the light field that holds matter together into solid or liquid or whatever. If it is in phase, everything stays put and no energy appears or disappears. When it is out of phase, all sorts of actions start happening. Of course a whole lot of people are not going to like this explanation. It is weird, but it is reality. Now that everyone is properly up to speed with what is going on right down there in the nuclear structure of matter in a magnet, it must also be noted that this relates to spin pairs in the atomic nucleus. This gets right down into what matter is and that sort of thing real fast. Lest one spend one?s entire life arguing deep nuclear physics, let?s move on. In any case, if the matter is spinning correctly and the light is bouncing around correctly, and this of course directs the electrons correctly and when all of this is locked down correctly ? we get a permanent magnet. We could also spin the atoms correctly, and all of this with an electrical current, or with a light beam. Remember though, the field we get from the magnet isn?t from our input energy. It is from the switching of the ether. That?s right, folks! When a magnetic field is induced, it is not made by the induction current. That current just pushes the alignment ?correctly?? and the rest follows like clockwork. [Editor's note: the word "right" was used instead of "correctly" in the above paragraph in the original, and has been changed so as to not be confused with right v. left.] Archimedes, a really bright Greek, is quoted as saying, ?Give me a lever long enough and a place to rest it and I will lift the world.? Leverage is a standard technology from ancient times. We routinely use leverage in all sorts of ways. We even use it to amplify electrical signals. We use the gate flux control on crystals powered by a small current to open the way for a really big current. This is called a transistor. This cute little device is a one-way device. The process does not work in reverse. It leverages electricity. Similar devices exist for light. Up until now our scientific models have not described such a device for a magnetic field. But they do exist. The processes of switching Light, Electricity and Magnetism exist. Shockingly, the devices proposed in the link (they do exist) above probably infringe on Joe Flynn?s patent. They are nothing more nor less than microscopic examples of his parallel path process! (Joe, are you reading this?) What Joe Flynn has is a transistor (actually a pair of transistors) for a magnetic circuit. It is one-half of a full-wave bridge with gate control. This is pretty simple if you look at his web site and see how the magnetic field is being controlled. Since we know that the magnetic field for the device is not sourced in the control field, and we know that all he is doing is steering the controlled field, we can recognize that he hasn?t done any funny physics. Flynn has just proved what men like Tom Bearden have been saying for a long time. That is, that the magnetic field we get out isn?t the energy we put in. But that is nothing new to our circuitry for electricity or for light. How could it be any different with our magnets? How do we get efficiency over one? Simple. The two ends are not connected. The person who argues that you cannot get out more than you put in is still correct ? when doing it his way. He is extracting his control current?s effect at a loss. He is steering a magnetic arrangement that is native to matter at leverage. He gets its energy out but it isn?t the same circuit as the induction current. He isn?t even 100% efficient at using it. He just gets part of its energy. He pushes in the output of 2 magnets and one control current. The flux drives the matter to induce a magnetic field equal to about 3 ? magnets after the losses are counted in. It?s all leverage and nothing else. The leverage says the output should be 4:1 and he gets about 3.5: 1. He isn?t even doing a perfect job. Any wise person has to ask what happens to the area where the energy comes from. To be plain, it is rather like a heat pump in your house. As it extracts energy from the outside, it cools that area. It warms the house. In time all the energy returns to where it came from and the net effect is zero. So Joe Flynn doesn?t hurt anything and we get to have fun. The laws of conservation of matter and energy are maintained. Though Tom Bearden pursued the extraction of energy at Phase Conjugation, he eventually gave it up. Now Joe Flynn has achieved it. Tom was right; he just didn?t get the method down. Tom Bearden is proud of Joe?s success and as we all should be. A final note must be added: Why doesn?t Joe Flynn remark on this and exploit it for all to see that it is ?over unity?? First, because it really is just leverage and steering of existing energy fields. Second, the reader needs only to imagine how hard it must be to sell a motor that cranks out torque at 2.5 times that which the electric company provided. That has to be very nearly impossible given the prejudice against such being possible. He might be wise to build the motors just to get 99.9% of the line current input just to keep the ?Physics Police? off his back. Even that level of efficiency would be fantastic and valuable. One can rest assured that if he sells a motor that gets over 2.5 times the line current value out as torque, some bright person will hook a generator to it and divide the current putting some back in to run the motor and the rest to use for whatever he sees fit. It will happen. At that point all hell will break loose, given the absolute unwillingness of the ?Educated? people to believe what is actually happening. Even if the device is built, they won't want to admit that it works. Joe has to be very careful with this device and he must know it. People get put in jail for making claims like this even if they can prove it! There is another reason Joe must be very careful. There is a terrifying amount of investment that has been made, and is still being made in our existing fuel-based economy. If anyone hooks a generator to his motors and gets more out than he puts in, the fuel-supply networks, mines and such will be very upset. So don?t heckle Joe if he keeps a bit quiet on this. If he is a bit subtle and understates his results, he is just being prudent with this technology. History is in the making for sure. This technology will have far reaching consequences if it comes into use. The consequences will include the complete alteration of the world balance of power, and strategic considerations. It will completely remake how we use our world. Such changes are most unsettling to a lot of people. --- [**http://www.magnetism.com/magblogarchives/2006/02/parallel\_path\_electromagnetic.html**](http://www.magnetism.com/magblogarchives/2006/02/parallel_path_electromagnetic.html) **Parallel Path Electromagnetic Motors** A magnetic storm is brewing at this website over "parallel path electromagnetism", described as a new technology from Flynn Research. This is explained as a method of controlling and directing magnetic flux within the core of a motor to provide an exponentially greater motive force than conventional motors. The promotors of this technology claim it will lead to powerful and highly-efficient electric motors. Others say phooey. It's just another perpetual motion machine based on poor science. Sadly, this is more likely explanation. The so-called "new" technology was patented by Flynn Research in 1998, and their website looks like it was abandoned shortly afterwards. Oh well. Back to the drawing board. ![](Fluxmotor.gif) *Posted by: Robert Melodia | October 16, 2006 05:29 AM* Completely wrong. Boeing publicly endorsed the technology in 2006 as one that works, and it was described at one of the most prestigious scientific conferences in America - STAIF. The physics is validated, replicated at the PESWIKI site, and already in mass production for select OEM customers. The simplest of internet searches reveals this information. *Posted by: Tim Harwood | October 17, 2006 05:55 PM* Well that's interesting. They seem to be quite skeptical here. And a search for "parallel path" on the Boeing website turns up zilch. In fact teh only reference to to Boeing and parallel path seems to come from dubious sites like this. Mass production for which OEM customers? Making what? Bah *Posted by: Physics student | November 3, 2006 10:00 AM* I would just like to confirm the science behind the Parallel Path technology. I have built and tested numerous versions of this motor. The clamed made on Flynn's Web site are very accurate and repeatable. The claims to over unity were not made by Flynn and you will not see any on His Web site. The truth regarding Parallel Path Technology is this: The technology works and works extremely well. Boing and numerous other companies are now designing and building the next generation of motors and generators using this technology. Joe Flynn also along with Boing presented papers at STAIF conference in February of this year. The proof to this technology has already long been established. So I ask this: If there is nothing to it why are numerous large corporations building prototype parallel path motors and generators and why are the ARMY, AIRFORCE, and NAVY also involved in research of this technology???? I think you should do so more digging and you will find what I say here to be true. --- [**http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yoM4Qjmduk**](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yoM4Qjmduk) **YouTube - Flynn's motor** 4 min 47 sec - Apr 23, 2008 - --- [h**ttp://pesn.com/Radio/Free\_Energy\_Now/shows/060812.htm**](http://pesn.com/Radio/Free_Energy_Now/shows/060812.htm) **Mike Schuckel to Talk about Flynn Parallel Path Energy Technology** Aug. 12, 2006 by Sterling D. Allan Copyright ? 2006 Pure Energy Systems News INDIANA, USA -- New Energy Congress member, Mike Schuckel, has been following Joseph Flynn's Parallel Path technology both as an observer as well as a researcher, having built several replicas of the technology, proving that it does work. A motor built according to this design methodology is potentially much more efficient than conventional motors. Design offers excellent torque, high power to weight ratios, and low manufacturing cost in volume production. An electric vehicle using such motor technology, for example, could have as much as two times the range on the same battery system, and at a comparable cost. Existing motors could use have the amount of energy they do at present, if traded out for a Flynn motor. The reverse process is also applicable in using the Flynn technology for generator applications, helping the alt. energy generation costs come down yet further with the increased efficiencies the Flynn motor technology can bring to bear. The Flynn technology is still in research and development, to find optimal configurations. Commercialization of the first motors available for purchase is expected within a year. All motor and generator companies should evaluate this breakthrough technology for possible licensing. --- [**http://www.opensourceenergy.org**](http://www.opensourceenergy.org) **PRWeb Press Release Newswire v5** **Parallel Path Electromagnetic Motors -- A Revolution in Motion?** *OSEN (PRWEB via PRWebDirect) February 21, 2006* -- Joe Flynn from Flynn Research is working on a new technology called "Parallel Path" with Boeing Phantom Works. The technology claims to be able to increase magnet motor efficiency substantially, even over the 100% barrier. They have received a US Patent. At Flynn Research, Parallel Path electromagnetism is explained as a method of controlling and directing magnetic flux within the core of a motor to provide an exponentially greater motive force than conventional motors. From their technical brief about the technology, Parallel Path could very well usher in a new age of powerful and highly-efficient electric motors. The venerable electric motor operates on well-understood principles. A stator contains a coil that when energized with alternating current, generates a magnetic force which in turn acts on a rotor to produce motive force. Electric motors can turn the blades of a desk fan, the wheels of an electric or hybrid car, or the even the propeller of a massive cruise ship. Motors come in widely different sizes, though they share one characteristic -- for each unit of electrical power consumed, contemporary motors generate a smaller unit of motive force. According to the laws of conservation, this makes sense. You should not be able to get more out of a system than you put into it and when someone claims to have invented something which does otherwise, skeptics are quick to challenge the validity of any claim that appears to violate conservation. According to the technical brief at the Flynn Research website, Parallel Path is a quantum leap in electromagnetic motor technology that requires no exotic materials or questionable science. A Parallel Path motor uses a pair of permanent magnets in addition to the familiar stator-coil-rotor arrangement of current motors. The magnets, along with an air gap, allow all of the magnetic flux within the core to be manipulated and directed--this ability to manipulate the magnetic flux in the core of a motor is what provides the exponential increase in efficiency with Parallel Path technology. Best of all, the Parallel Path technology can be used with linear as well as rotary electric motors. Independent replications of the Parallel Path technology appear to support Flynn Research?s claims. Testing and Finite Element Analysis show that the Parallel Path system indeed manages to not only increase the magnetic flux in the core by a factor of four over conventional electric motors, but manipulate the flux to act in the direction of motion, generating considerably more motive power than conventional motors. While this is still a new technology, motors built with Parallel Path technology could provide a much-needed boost to the electric vehicle industry by providing motors that generate a lot of motive power while using considerable less electrical power. What lends even more credibility to Parallel Path is that Boeing Phantom Works is apparently backing the technology and has recently presented with Flynn Research on the technology at the latest STAIF conference held Albuquerque, NM this Feb 2006. Flynn Research also has a patent that is certainly worth checking out its number is US Patent No. 6,246,561 Discussion link: http://forum.osen.org/Home/tabid/36/forumid/11/postid/165/view/topic/Default.aspx Full Article: http://www.opensourceenergy.org/txtlstvw.aspx?LstID=005f1c72-43ec-4bba-a318-90b4c7a3ef71 Full Details: http://forum.osen.org/Home/tabid/36/forumid/16/postid/174/view/topic/Default.aspx Contact: Matthew Carson Open Source Energy Network ( OSEN ) Canada Phone: 1.888.759.7057 ext 709 Website: http://www.opensourceenergy.org --- [**http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AIPC..813.1205F**](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AIPC..813.1205F) **Parallel Path Magnetic Technology for High Efficiency Power Generators and Motor Drives** **Flynn, C. J.; Talsoe, N. B.; Childress, J. J.** Space Technology and Applications International Forum - STAIF 2006: 10th Conference on Thermophysics Applications in Microgravity; 23rd Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion; 4th Conference on Human/Robotic Technology and the National Vision for Space Exploration; 4th Symposium on Space Colonization; 3rd Symposium on New Frontiers and Future Concepts. AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 813, held 12-16 February 2006 in Albuquerque, NM. Edited by Mohamed S. El-Genk. ISBN 0-7354-0305-8; ISSN 0094-243X; ISSN 0-7354-0306-6 (CD-ROM). Published by American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY: 2006, p.1205 DOI: 10.1063/1.2169303 --- [**http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Flynn\_Parallel\_Path\_principle\_device**](http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Flynn_Parallel_Path_principle_device) Flynn Parallel Path'principle' device project **Assembly Instructions** by **Mike Schuckel** ***Instructions for building a device to illustrate the principle of Flynn's Parallel Path technology.*** The device described here is by no means optimized!! I threw this together with what was available in the shop. Devices of this type, built by Mr. Flynn are far more efficient then this device. This device is great demo unit that will show the Parallel Path effect at a minimal investment. I will be working on a motor assembly project on this site as well, soon. -- Michael Schuckel (Feb. 20, 2006) **Finished Device** ![](Completed_device_angle_300.jpg) **Diagram** > > ![](Linear_Actuator_Test_Apparatus_500.gif) > > > > ![Image:Linear Actuator Test > > Apparatus 500.gif](Linear_Actuator_Test_Apparatus_500.gif) **Assembly Instructions** > ![](Laminant_one_bar_close-up_300.jpg) ... ![](Laminants_300.jpg) > > Start with a laminant. The laminates shown came from a > transformer I had lying around the shop. Only using straight > portion, not E portion. The laminates can also be purchased > from several companies. One company I found is Industries > International http://members.aol.com/indintl/prdidx.htm. Make > sure that you specify that you are looking for ?I? shaped > laminates. The laminates may be any size that is close to the > size shown here. The size I used here were .715? X 4.25? X > .013? You will need 180 laminates to build this device. Four > stacks of 45 each. > > Place 45 laminants in vice > > ![](Laminant_bar_stack_in_vice_300.jpg) > > I used ?? strapping tape for this device. Cut a 12? long > piece and start near the base. Make sure that you leave the > holes in the laminates open. Also make sure to pull the tape > fairly tight and keep it as straight as you can. > > Place other end of laminants bar in vice > > ![](Laminant_vice_tape_other_end_300.jpg) > > Flip the laminate stack over and mount in the vise again. Cut > another 12? long piece and start near the base and apply just > like the other sid > > Tape middle of laminants bar > > ![](Laminant_bar_tape_middle_300.jpg) > > Find the center of the bar and mark it. To keep it simple I > use 12" pieces of tape. This keeps things from getting out of > hand. Apply 3-12" pieces of tape to each side of the > centerline. Make sure to take you time and rap the tape as > straight as you can. > > ![](Laminant_bar_tape_middle_close-up_300.jpg) > > Then apply 3 more 12? pieces of tape to the other side of the > centerline. Keep it butt up against the tape you just applied > on the other side of the centerline. > > ![](Laminant_bar_tape_middle_b_300.jpg) > > The raised tape area will form an insulated base for the wire > winding. > > Wind bar > > ![](Wind_bar_begin_300.jpg) > > The winding will use 82? of #26 gage magnet wire. Start the > winding using a ?? X 1? piece of strapping tape to hold the > wire in place. Leave 12 inches of wire for the winding lead > wire. Start the winding with light pressure until you have > several turns in place then increase the pressure a bit. Keep > the winding as snug and neat as you can. > > ![](Wind_bar_first_layer_300.jpg) > > Stop winding the first layer about 1/32" from the end of the > winding area. This finishes first layer. > > Glue both winding ends to bar > > ![](Glue_winding_terminus_300.jpg) > > The glue keeps the wires from slipping as you apply the next > layer > > *Wind second layer* > > Beginning of second layer. The winding will be 4 layers deep. > Make sure to use thin super glue at both ends of the winding > on each layer. Allow time for the super glue to cure. You can > buy instant cure agent for super glue at hobby shops. The > instant cure is a pump spray and makes the gluing process much > faster. Super glue is important, it holds the previous layers > together and allows the next layer to wind over without having > the previous layer fall in. The glue also holds every thing > together when you?re finished. > > ![](Wind_bar_end_b_300.jpg) > > Winding finished > > ![](Winding_close-up_300.jpg) > > Winding finished, close-up. Notice multiple layers. The > winding should be 4 layers deep if all is well. Note: if the > winding is more or less then this amout by a bit, it's ok. > Just make sure you use 80 of the 82 feet of wire in the > winding. The winding is also coated entirely with super glue > for strength. > > Magnet Between Wound Bars > > ![](Two_bars_joined_300.jpg) > > Magnets wrapped with tape to keep them together. Target Gauss > of one combined magnet unit: 4,000 Gauss. These were magnets I > had available in the shop. I suggest that you shop for ceramic > VIII - ?? cube magnets for you devices. The magnet size is not > critical. Anything close to this size will work. What is > critical is the strength of the magnets. The magnets must be > no more then 4500 gauss and no less 1000 gauss. The closer you > can get to 4500 gauss the stronger the device will be. > > Magnet with North Up > > ![](Magnets_between_laminant_bars_300.jpg) > > Make sure that the magnets are placed in the device with the > North poles up. If the magnets are polarized wrong the device > will not work > > Tape End Laminant Stack > > ![](End_laminants_vice_grip_300.jpg) > > Photo Feb. 20. Note that this laminant stack is being placed > at the end, in place of the darker colored stack from photos > taken Feb. 18 below > > Laminant stack across ends > > ![](New_laminant_stack_across_ends_300.jpg) > > The two stacks are held in place magnetically. Ideally, the > length of the end laminants should be such that it does not go > short of the width of the two wound laminant bars separated by > magnets. (Note that in the Feb. 20 photos the end laminant > stacks, lighter in color, below, are of the proper length.) > Once you have the magnets in place you can measure the length > that the end bar stacks will need to be. You will need tin > snips to cut the remaining 90 laminates to length. Cutting the > laminates will warp them a bit, that?s ok just clamp then in a > vice to straighten then out. Each end bar stack uses 45 > laminates. Tape the end stack with 2 -12? pieces of strapping > tape one on each end of the end bars. > > **Completed device** > > ![](Completed_device_300.jpg) > > Feb 18 -- The finished device should look like the > pictures. you are now ready to wire up the windings. The > windings are wired up in parallel and MUST!!! be reverse > polarity. The polarity is critical, if the windings are not > reversed in polarity, the device will not work. > > With the windings wired properly and the end bars in place. > Connect the windings to 2 c size batteries (a variable > 3,6,9,12v household PSUs rated at 2 amps can also be used). > The device should show the parallel path effect at 3 volts. > The parallel path effect is simply this: all of the magnetic > force will focus to one side of the device and no force will > be on the other side of the device. Simply said the bar will > fall off one side and the other bar will be held in place with > extreme force. When I say extreme I mean it will take all your > mite to remove the second bar while power is applied. I > strongly suggest that you mount the device to a board before > attempting to pull the bar off to prevent damage to the > device. > > ![](Completed_device_angle_300.jpg) > > Important: If you use a variable Household PSU make sure that > it is not a stepped voltage type unit. The supply must be > linearly adjustable with an adjustment knob. > > When you test the device start with the voltage set to 1 > volt. Slowly adjust the voltage up to the 3-volt mark checking > the end bars as you do so. ***When the Parallel Path > effect takes place one of the end bars will have no force > holding it to the device, and will drop off, while the > other bar will lock into place.*** You will notice > that as you approach this point that the bar that is loose > will have a decreasing force holding it in place until you > reach the Parallel Path effect point. Either side of this > point you will see force start to build on the loose side of > the device. > > One thing to note: The end bar on the active side of the > devcice must be in place or the parallel path effect will not > take place. In other words if a flux path is not provided on > the active side of the device when you apply power. You will > not see the flux focus to one side. So make sure you have both > end bars in place when you test the device. > > The polarity that is connected to the device will cause the > parallel path effect to switch sides. > > **Results** > > **M**ike Schuckel's demonstration device in the > photographs above creates such a strong force on the one end > that it cannot be removed by hand -- and this with just the > input of two C-size batteries. > > This demonstrates the Flynn Parallel Path magnet effect. > > 1) The dropping off of the one end signals loss of magnetism > there. > > 2) The strengthening of the magnetic pull on the other end > demonstrates the focusing of the magnetic flux to that side. > > ***It is this redirecting of the flux, which could be > thought of as multiplying the magnetic field, that enables > the Flynn Parallel Path motors to give 3.5x more power out > per the same amount of energy put in and the same size of > motor as a traditional motor design.*** > > --- > > **Parts List** > > ## Laminants > > You can either get these through canibalizing a transformer, or > you can order the laminants new. > > The laminates come in ?E? and ?I? shapes. The ?I? shaped > laminates are what we need to build this device, so be sure to > specify that you want the ?I? shaped laminates. > > The exact size I used was .75? X 4.125? X .013?. Any laminate > close to this size will work. This device requires 180 of > these laminates divided in to 4 stacks of 45 each. > > The end bars are the same ?I? shaped laminates but will need > to be cut to length later. Cannibalize > an Old Transformer You will need to find an old > transformer, a good size for the transformer would be 5 ? X 5 > ? X 5 ?. The size is not critical, but the size mentioned here > is what I had in the shop to work with. > > The transformers can be purchased as surplus. > > If a transformer is found you want to look it over before you > buy. Do not buy a transformer that is WELDED, you need to find > a transformer that is just potted and pressed together. You > will need to slowly use a carpet knife and a hacksaw blade to > separate the laminates and remove them from the transformer. > This will take a lot of time, so if time is not on your side, > then buy the laminates from Industries International. Purchase Laminantes You can purchase the > laminates from Industries International. The web link is > http://members.aol.com/indintl/prdidx.htm . > > **Magnets** > > The magnets can be any type that measures 4500 gauss or less. > I used samarium cobalt magnets in the model I built because I > had them in the shop. These magnets are right at 4000 gauss > each. I suggest you get ?? cube ceramic VIII magnetsCheap > ceramic magnets (*http://www.magnetsource.com/Consumer%20Pages/Ceramic\_Mags.html*) > > **Magnet Wire** > > I used 80?of #26 gage magnet wire for each of two windings. > > 170 foot of 26 gauge magnet wire. This will provide you with > enough wire for 2 ? 80? windings. Strapping > Tape I used 3/4? wide strapping tape to rap the > laminates. Super Glue 2 tubes of thin > Super glue. WiresTwo 18-gauge wires to > connect to the magnet wires. One red and one black wire would > be preferable. Equipment Batteries Two C size batteries. > > Or you can go with a power supply. Power > Supply You can use two C-size batteries, or you can > use a power supply. > > Try these S**ources**: > > http://www.adleraudio.com/web/mdl/PS32LAB/detail.asp - That's > about the best price I have been able to find. A decent supply > is going to cost ~$100.. > > http://www.sportcraftcars.com/prof.power.htm > > http://shop.store.yahoo.com/webtronics/3002a.html > > http://www.lafayetteradio.com/Power\_Supplies/PS32LAB.htm - a > decent 5 amp bench supply. Solder > Solder and soldering gun. Voltage Regulator > You need to be able to increase and decrease the input voltage > to find the place where the effect kicks in. > > --- > > [**http://peswiki.com/index.php?title=Talk:Directory:Flynn\_Parallel\_Path\_principle\_device&oldid=17809**](http://peswiki.com/index.php?title=Talk:Directory:Flynn_Parallel_Path_principle_device&oldid=17809) > March 10, 2006. > > **Jan Vink's Replication** > > "I have built the 'proof of concept' device and it works !!!" > > Measuring tape is in metric. > > ![](Fppm1.jpg) > > On the first photo you can see the steel bar that will fall > off when the effect kicks in. > > ![](Fppm2.jpg) > > **Observations** > > The pp-effect kicks in at 2.2 Amps at 6.8 V (about 15 watt). > > It is easier to get results by using an adjustable power > supply, because the energy-frame for the effect is indeed very > small. > > I still have to improve the way to measure the force at de > 4x-side with a fine adjustable piece of hardware connected to > an unster. But the first indications are in the order of 3x !. > > It seems that the air gap between the coils bars and the > horizontal one is very critical. > > My next focus will be on a rotary device and it is hard to > keep concentrated on my normal work because of the very > promising results !!!!!!!!!!!!!. > > **Jan Vink** > > **Materials** > > The laminants with the coils are 20 x 25 x 150 mm in size. > > I used 4 magnets 2 against each other (for the right amount > of space). > > Magnet size 20 x 20 x 10 mm (Neodym , N42). > > Wire for the coils is 0,4 mm , 35 m long. > > Too Strong of Magnets Saturate Laminate > > Mike Schuckel says that the magnets here are too strong, and > that the laminants reach saturation, so the effect is not as > pronounced. (March 17, 2006) > > From: mschuckel > To: pes\_flynn\_pp@yahoogroups.com > Sent: Friday, March 17, 2006 3:41 PM > Subject: Re: [pes\_flynn\_pp] "it works" > > Great work Jan, > > I did notice that you used N42 NIB magnets for your device. > You need to get much weaker magnets to optimize your device. > If you use ceramic VIII magnets you will still reach > saturation in the core material, but at a much lower voltage > and current. Say around 2 or 3 volts at roughly half the > current. I know that Joe Flynn has had some of his devices > saturate at below 1 volt. > > Just thought I would give you something to shoot for. > > Thanks for your comment on the magnets > Mike, > > The device on the pictures is built using things I had > in stock in my workshop. > > Now in the process of finding magnets of the type indicated > and building stuff around the device to be able to measure the > forces in a more accurate way. > > Jan Vink > > --- > > **Build a Proof-of-Concept Flynn Parallel > Path Magnet Device** > > **By aligning two magnetic fields to one side of a flux > core, you can deliver 3.5x more units of magnetic force than > the electrical input alone could supply**. > > **Introduction** > > ![](FPPP_photo_and_diagram_hj85.jpg) > > A motor built with this technology is at least 3.5 times more > efficient than conventional motors, offers excellent torque, > and high power to weight ratios. It's not true perpetual > motion, because it doesn't violate laws of physics, and can be > modelled in industry standard flux software. It does add a new > rule that is sure to become a chapter in future electronics > textbooks, and to become standard fare in many electric > motors. > > Micheal Schuckel has successfully replicated several > variations of Flynn's Parallel Path technology, and has worked > with Joseph Flynn. He has agreed to provide a clear set of > instructions on how to build the simple static device, to > illustrate the Parallel Path concept, as well as additional > content describing how to build a Flynn PP motor with 3.5x the > output of a normal motor design. Basic > Concept. The following diagram represents the > principle that this proof of concept device is designed to > illustrate. > > ![](Ppfigure3.gif) > > The third of the four scenarios in the above diagram > represents the Flynn Parallel Path scenario. > > *This next diagram provides a diagram of the aparatus.* > > ![](Linear_Actuator_Test_Apparatus_500.gif) > > **Experimental Set-up** - Sets for the > objective and procedure for demonstrating the phenomenon of > focusing the four poles of two magnets in one direction. **Simple Flux Experiment** - By Tim Harwood. Basic > apparatus can be as little as $10. **Discussion Grou**p -- http://groups.yahoo.com/group/pes\_flynn\_pp/ > - Yahoo!Groups forum to supplement these projects. > > --- > > > > **US6246561** > **Methods for Controlling the Path of > Magnetic Flux from a Permanent Magnet and Devices > Incorporating the Same** > > **Inventor: FLYNN CHARLES J** > **Applicant: MAGNETIC REVOLUTIONS LTD** > > 2001-06-12 > > Also published as: **WO0007285** > > **Abstract --** A permanent magnet device includes > a permanent magnet having north and south pole faces with a > first pole piece positioned adjacent one pole face thereof and > a second pole piece positioned adjacent the other pole face > thereof so as to create at least two potential magnetic flux > paths. A first control coil is positioned along one flux path > and a second control coil is positioned along the other flux > path, each coil being connected to a control circuit for > controlling the energization thereof. The control coils may be > energized in a variety of ways to achieved desirable motive > and static devices, including linear reciprocating devices, > linear motion devices, rotary motion devices and power > conversion. > > **FIELD OF THE INVENTION** > > This invention relates generally to permanent magnet devices > and more particularly, to a permanent magnet control component > in which the flow of flux from a permanent magnet is > controlled between two or more flux paths by utilizing timed > delivery of electrical signals through one or more coils > placed along at least one of the flux paths. Such permanent > magnet control components may take on a variety of > configurations facilitating use of such components in a > variety of applications including applications involving the > production of reciprocating, linear, and rotary motion and > power conversion. Several novel permanent magnet rotary motion > devices of motor constructions which operate by controlling > the path of magnetic flux from one or more permanent magnets > are described, such permanent magnet rotary motor > constructions having increased efficiency and more desirable > torque characteristics as compared to many currently used > motors. > > **BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION** > > Magnetic force of attraction is commonly used in a variety of > types of permanent magnet devices including both linear and > rotary motors. In the field of such permanent magnet devices > there is a continuous pursuit of increased efficiency and > reduced complexity. > > Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide > a permanent magnet control component in which the path of a > given level of permanent magnet flux can be controlled by a > lesser level of electromagnetic flux. > > Another object of the present invention is to provide a > permanent magnet control component in which substantially all > of the flux from a permanent magnet can be switched between at > least two different flux paths of the permanent magnet control > component so as to enable useful work in the form of linear, > reciprocating, and rotary motion. > > Still another object of the present invention is to provide > permanent magnet control components and motor constructions in > which flux path control is provided by energizing an 10 > electromagnet to oppose the magnetic flux of one or more > permanent magnets. > > Another object of the present invention is to provide > permanent magnet control components and motor constructions in > which flux path control is provided by energizing an > electromagnet to aid the magnetic flux of one or more > permanent magnets. > > Yet another object of the present invention is to provide > permanent magnet motor 15 constructions with improved > operating characteristics. > > **SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION** > > These and other objects of the invention are attained by an > apparatus which, in one aspect, is a permanent magnet device, > comprising a permanent magnet having north and south pole > faces, a first pole piece, a second pole piece, a first > control coil, a second control coil, and circuit means, the > first pole piece positioned adjacent the north pole face of > the permanent magnet and including a first path portion, a > second path portion and a third portion, the first path > portion extending beyond a perimeter of the north pole face > and the second path portion extending beyond the perimeter of > the north pole face to define first and second flux paths for > magnetic flux emanating from the north pole face of the > permanent magnet, the first path portion of the first pole > piece connected to the second path portion of the first pole > piece by the third portion which extends across the north pole > face of the permanent magnet, the second pole piece positioned > adjacent the south pole face and including a first path > portion and a second path portion, the first path portion > extending beyond a perimeter of the south pole face and > substantially aligned with the first path portion of the first > pole piece, the second path portion extending beyond the > perimeter of the south pole face and substantially aligned > with the second path portion of the first pole piece, the > first control coil positioned around the first path portion of > the first pole piece, the second control coil positioned > around the second path portion of the first pole piece, the > circuit means connected to each of the first control coil and > the second control coil to alternatingly energize the first > coil and the second coil in a timed sequential manner. > > Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for > controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet > which involves placing a first pole piece adjacent a first > pole face of the permanent magnet so as to have at least first > and second path portions extending beyond a perimeter of the > first pole face. A second pole piece is placed adjacent a > second pole face of the permanent magnet so as to include at > least one portion which substantially aligns with the first > and second path portions of the first pole piece. A first > control coil is placed along and around the first path portion > of the first pole piece and a second control coil is placed > along and around the second path portion of the first pole > piece. The first control coil is repeatedly energized in a > permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner so as to > prevent magnetic flux of the permanent magnet from traversing > the first path portion of the first pole piece, and the second > control coil is repeatedly energized in a permanent magnet > magnetic flux opposing manner so as to prevent magnetic flux > of the permanent magnet from traversing the second path > portion of the first pole piece. > > Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a method > for controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent > magnet by placing a first pole piece adjacent a first pole > face of the permanent magnet so as to have at least first and > second path portions extending beyond a perimeter of the first > pole face. A second pole piece is placed adjacent a second > pole face of the permanent magnet so as to include at least > one portion which substantially aligns with the first and > second path portions of the first pole piece. A first control > coil is placed along and around the first path portion of the > first pole piece, and a second control coil is placed along > and around the second path portion of the first pole piece. > The following steps are alternatingly performed in a repeated > manner: > > (i) energizing the first control coil in a permanent magnet > magnetic flux aiding manner so as to couple with substantially > all magnetic flux of the permanent magnet such that > substantially no magnetic flux of the permanent magnet > traverses the second path portion of the first pole piece when > the first control coil is so energized; and > > (ii) energizing the second control coil in a permanent magnet > magnetic flux opposing manner so as to couple with > substantially all magnetic flux of the permanent magnet such > that substantially no magnetic flux of the permanent magnet > traverses the first path portion of the first pole piece when > the second control coil is so energized. > > A further aspect of the present invention provides method for > controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet > by placing a first pole piece adjacent a first pole face of > the permanent magnet so as to have at least first and second > path portions extending beyond a perimeter of the first pole > face, and placing a second pole piece adjacent a second pole > face of the permanent magnet so as to include at least one > portion which substantially aligns with the first and second > path portions of the first pole piece. A first control coil is > placed along and around the first path portion of the first > pole piece, and a second control coil is placed along and > around the second path portion of the first pole piece. The > following steps are alternatingly performed in a repeated > manner: > > (i) energizing the first control coil in a permanent magnet > magnetic flux aiding manner so as to couple with substantially > all magnetic flux of the permanent magnet such that > substantially no magnetic flux of the permanent magnet > traverses the second path portion of the first pole piece when > the first control coil is so energized; and > > (ii) energizing the second control coil in a permanent magnet > magnetic flux opposing manner so as to couple with > substantially all magnetic flux of the permanent magnet such > that substantially no magnetic flux of the permanent magnet > traverses the first path portion of the first pole piece when > the second control coil is so energized. > > **BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION** > > For a better understanding of the present invention reference > may be made to the accompanying drawings in which: > > **[ PATENT FIGURES ]** > > **FIG. 1** is a perspective view of a magnetic device in > which the magnetic flux from a magnetic member traverse a > single path to produce a coupling force; > > **FIG. 2** is a perspective view of a magnetic device in > which the magnetic flux from a magnetic member splits between > two paths; > > **FIG. 3** is a side view of two magnetic members arrange > in parallel between pole pieces; > > **FIG. 4** is a side view of two magnetic members arranged > in series between pole pieces; > > **FIGS. 5-6** are side views of a permanent magnet device > including a permanent magnet having pole pieces positioned > against the pole faces thereof and including a movable > armature; > > **FIGS. 7-9** are side views of a permanent magnet device > including a permanent magnet having pole pieces positioned > against the pole faces thereof to provide two magnetic flux > paths and including a movable armature positionable along each > magnetic flux path; > > **FIGS. 10, 10A-10H** are perspective views of various > embodiments of permanent magnet 5 control components which > include two or more magnetic flux paths; > > **FIGS. 11, 11A-11F** are side views of a permanent magnet > device including a permanent magnet having pole pieces > positioned against the pole faces thereof and including a > movable armature and a permanent bypass extending between the > pole pieces; > > **FIGS. 12, 12A-12E** are side views of a two path > permanent magnet device including two bypasses; > > **FIGS. 13A-13C** are side views of a permanent magnet > linear reciprocating device; > > **FIG. 14** is a side view of an electromagnetic linear > reciprocating device; > > **FIG. 15** is a side view of a two path permanent magnet > device showing control coils energized in an exceeding manner; > > **FIGS. 16A-E** are a side view of a linear reciprocating > device with control coils energized in an exceeding manner; > > **FIGS. 17A-17D** depict another embodiment of a linear > reciprocating device; > > **FIGS. 18A-18E** show a linear motion device; > > **FIG. 19** is an exploded perspective view of a rotary > motion device; > > **FIG. 20** is a partial assembled and cut away view of > the rotary motion device of FIG. 19; > > **FIGS. 21A-21E** are top views of the partial assembly of > FIG. 20, which views depict rotational motion thereof, > > **FIG. 22** is an assembled, cut-away view of the rotary > motion device of FIG. 19 including a housing; > > **FIG. 23** is an exploded perspective view of another > embodiment of a rotary motion device; > > **FIG. 24** is a perspective view of the rotary motion > device of FIG. 23 as assembled; > > **FIGS. 25A-25B** are end views of the rotary motion > device of FIG. 24 with the end cap removed to expose the rotor > member; > > **FIGS. 26-28** show end views of various configurations > for skewing the direction of rotation in the rotary motion > device of FIG. 24; > > **FIGS. 29A-29D** are end views of the rotary motion > device of FIG. 24 illustrating a sequence of rotational > movement thereof; > > **FIG. 30** is an exploded partial perspective view of > another embodiment of a rotary motion device; > > **FIG. 31** is a perspective view of the rotary motion > device of FIG. 30 as assembled > > **FIGS. 32A-32D** are top views of the rotary motion > device of FIG. 31 illustrating rotational movement thereof; > > **FIG. 33** is a side view of the rotary motion device of > FIG. 31 as assembled and including a housing; > > **FIG. 34** is a perspective view of another embodiment of > a rotary motion device; > > **FIG. 35** is a top view of the rotary motion device of > FIG. 34; > > **FIG. 36** is a perspective view of the permanent magnet > rotor member of the rotary motion device of FIG. 34; > > **FIGS. 37 and 38** show alternative configurations for > the control component incorporated into the rotary motion > device of FIG. 34; > > **FIGS. 39A-39D** are top views of the rotary motion > device of FIG. 34 and depict rotational movement thereof; > > **FIGS. 40-44** are alternative variations of circuit > means for controlling the timed energization of control coils > in the various devices of the present invention; > > **FIGS. 45A-45C and 45X-45Z** are side views of two path > power conversion devices; > > **FIG. 46** is a schematic view of the permanent magnet > portion of a rotor for use in some embodiments of the present > device; > > **FIGS. 47 and 48** show other embodiments of a linear > motion device; > > **FIG. 49** is a top view of another embodiment of a > rotating motor like construction; and > > **FIG. 50** is a schematic view of one of the three stator > portions of the device shown in FIG. 49. > > ![](fig1.jpg) ![](fig2.jpg) ![](fig3-8.jpg) ![](fig9-12.jpg) ![](fig10.jpg) ![](fig10ef.jpg) ![](fig10gh.jpg) ![](fig11.jpg) ![](fig12.jpg) ![](fig13.jpg) ![](fig14.jpg) ![](fig15.jpg) ![](fig16a.jpg) ![](fig16bc.jpg) ![](fig16de.jpg) ![](fig17.jpg) ![](fig18.jpg) ![](fig18ce.jpg) ![](fig19.jpg) ![](fig20-21.jpg) ![](fig21cde.jpg) ![](fig22.jpg) ![](fig23.jpg) ![](fig24.jpg) ![](fig25-28.jpg) ![](fig29.jpg) ![](fig30-31.jpg) ![](fig32.jpg) ![](fig33.jpg) ![](fig34.jpg) ![](fig35-36.jpg) ![](fig37-38.jpg) ![](fig39.jpg) ![](fig40-44.jpg) ![](fig45xyz.jpg) ![](fig46-48.jpg) ![](fig49-50.jpg) > > **DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS** > > Referring now to the drawings, FIGS. 1-4 are provided to > facilitate an understanding of various aspects or features of > the technology utilized in the present invention. FIG. 1 > depicts a device 10 having a magnetic flux producing member 12 > which may be a permanent magnet or electromagnet with magnetic > poles 14 and 16 as shown. Pole pieces 18 and 20 are positioned > adjacent respective poles 14 and 16 to provide a path for the > magnetic flux of member 12. Each pole piece 18 and 20 includes > a respective pole piece end face 22 and 24. As used throughout > this specification it is understood that a pole piece, > regardless of its shape or size, is preferably formed of soft > iron, steel or some other magnetic material, with the > preferred material being one which provides low reluctance, > exhibits low hysterisis, and has a high magnetic flux density > capability. Accordingly, the various pole pieces disclosed and > described herein could likewise be of laminate type > construction. Referring again to FIG. 1 an armature 26, also > formed of magnetic material, is shown with end faces 28 and 30 > which are positioned and sized for being placed adjacent pole > piece end faces 22 and 24, such that when so positioned a > substantially continuous low reluctance path 32 is provided > for magnetic flux from north pole 14, through pole piece 18, > through armature 26, through pole piece 16, and to south pole > 16. The magnetic flux traveling along such path 32 results in > a force which tends to hold armature 26 in position adjacent > pole piece end faces 22 and 24. The resulting magnetic > coupling or holding force F provided between adjacent pole > piece end face 22 and armature end face 28, and between > adjacent pole piece end face 24 and armature end face 30, can > be approximated by the following equation: > > where B is the magnetic flux density passing through the > adjacent end faces and where A is the surface area of the > adjacent end faces. Assuming B uniform throughout flux path 32 > and the area A of all end faces 22, 24, 28, and 30 to be the > same, the total holding force F.sub.T26 of armature 26 against > pole pieces 18 and 20 will be: > > In FIG. 2 a device 40 having the same magnetic flux producing > member 12 with magnetic poles 14 and 16 is shown. Pole pieces > 42 and 44 are positioned adjacent respective pole faces 14 and > 16 to provide two paths, as opposed to one above, for the > magnetic flux of member 12. In particular, pole piece 42 > includes a first path portion 46 extending beyond a perimeter > of north pole face 14 in one direction and a second path > portion 48 extending beyond the perimeter of north pole face > 14 in another direction. Similarly, pole piece 44 includes a > first path portion 50 extending beyond the perimeter of south > pole face 16 in one direction and a second path portion 52 > extending beyond the perimeter of south pole face 16 in > another direction. Each pole piece path portion 46, 48, 50, 52 > includes a respective end face. A first armature 54 is > positionable adjacent the end faces of pole piece path > portions 48 and 52 to provide a first magnetic flux path 56 > and a second armature 58 is positionable adjacent the end > faces of pole piece path portions 46 and 50 to provide a > second magnetic flux path 60. If the flux carrying area along > flux paths 56 and 60 is the same as the flux carrying area > along flux path 32 of FIG. 1, the magnetic flux density along > each flux path 56 and 60 will be one-half the magnetic flux > density along flux path 32 of FIG. 1 because the same amount > of flux is split between two like paths. The effect of > dividing a given amount of magnetic flux along two like flux > paths instead of along one flux path can be seen by examining > the holding force on armature 54 as compared to the holding > force on armature 26 of FIG. 1. As already noted the magnetic > flux density along path 56 will be one-half that along flux > path 32 and thus the total holding force F.sub.T54 can be > determined as: > > F.sub.T54 =(B/2)2A/,.mu..sub.0 =B.sup.2 A/4.mu..sub.0 > =F.sub.T26 /4. > > It is therefore seen that dividing the same amount of > magnetic flux along two flux paths rather than along one flux > path reduces the magnetic holding or coupling force on an > armature by one-fourth rather than one-half as might have been > expected. This unexpected magnetic holding or coupling force > differential, resulting from multiple flux paths, can provide > advantageous properties in linear, reciprocating, and rotary > motion devices. > > Referring now to FIGS. 3-4, the behavior of multiple magnetic > flux sources arranged in parallel and series is described as > compared to a single flux source. When identical flux sources > or magnetic flux producing members 70 and 72 are positioned in > parallel as shown in FIG. 3 with pole pieces 74 and 76 > positioned adjacent the poles thereof to provide a flux path > through armature 78, the flux density B through armature 78 is > double what the flux density would be if only one magnetic > flux producing member were present. However, the field > intensity H resulting from the two members 70 and 72 remains > unchanged. This result holds true regardless of whether > members 70 and 72 are both permanent magnets, are both > electromagnets, or are a combination of one permanent magnet > and one electromagnet. On the other hand, the properties > resulting from magnetic flux producing members 80 and 82 > arranged pole-to-pole in series between pole pieces 84 and 86, > with armature 88, as shown in FIG. 4, will vary depending on > the nature of the members 80 and 82. > > In a first case, if both members 80 and 82 are permanent > magnets, the magnetic field intensity H resulting from the two > permanent magnets will be double that of one permanent magnet > and the flux density B through armature 88 will be the same as > what the flux density would be if only one permanent magnet > type member were present. > > In a second case, if both members 80 and 82 are > electromagnets, the field intensity H again doubles and the > flux density B increases according to the B/H curve or > relationship of the pole piece 84, 86 and armature 88 > materials. > > In a third case, if member 80 is a permanent magnet and > member 82 is an electromagnet, the field intensity H again > doubles, but, since the permanent magnet is near flux density > saturation B.sub.r the flux density can only be increased from > B.sub.r to B.sub.max of the permanent magnet. At the point > where electromagnet-type member 82 contacts permanent > magnet-type member 80 the flux from the electromagnet-type > member 82 couples with the flux of the permanent magnet-type > member 82 until the flux density through permanent magnet-type > member 80 reaches B.sub.max. At that point additional flux > from electromagnet-type member 82 does not contribute to the > flux density along the flux path unless a bypass path around > the permanent magnet-type member is provided. Use of such > bypass paths will be described hereinbelow. > > Controlling the flow of flux along both one and multiple flux > paths is best described with reference to FIGS. 5-9. In FIGS. > 5 and 6 a permanent magnet device 90 including a permanent > magnet 92 having pole pieces 94 and 96 positioned adjacent the > pole faces thereof and an armature 98 completing a low > reluctance path 104 from pole to pole is shown. Control coils > 100, 102 are positioned along path 104. When control coils > 100, 102 are not energized, the magnetic flux of permanent > magnet 92 follows path 104 as shown and armature 98 is held in > place against pole pieces 94, 96 due to the resulting magnetic > coupling forces. However, if coils 100, 102 are energized to > provide an equal but opposing magnetic flux to that of > permanent magnet 92, the result is that the magnetic flux of > permanent magnet 92 is blocked and no magnetic flux traverses > the path which includes armature 98 and therefore no magnetic > coupling forces act on armature 98 allowing it to fall away as > shown in FIG. 6. The permanent magnet device 90 is useful, > although as will become apparent below, it is more > advantageous to provide multiple flux paths rather than one. > > In this regard, in FIG. 7 a permanent magnet device 110 > includes a permanent magnet 112 having pole pieces 114, 116 > positioned adjacent the pole faces thereof with armatures 118, > 120 completing two low reluctance paths 130, 132 from pole to > pole thereof. Control coils 122, 124 are positioned along path > 130 and control coils 126, 128 are positioned along path 132. > The two paths provided are assumed to be of equal reluctance. > With no coils energized, the magnetic flux of permanent magnet > 112 divides equally along flux path 130 and along flux path > 132 such that both armatures 118, 120 are subjected to a > magnetic coupling force which holds them in place against pole > pieces 114, 116. > > If coils 122, 124 are energized to provide a magnetic flux > equal to but opposing the magnetic flux which travels along > flux path 130 from permanent magnet 112 when no coils are > energized, the result is that the magnetic flux of permanent > magnet 112 is blocked and no magnetic flux traverses the path > which includes armature 118 and therefore no magnetic coupling > forces act on armature 118 allowing it to fall away as shown > in FIG. 8. Further, the magnetic flux traversing path 132 will > be double that of when no coils are energized and therefore > the magnetic coupling force on armature 120 will be about four > (4) times that of when no coils are energized. By energizing > coils 126, 128 in an opposing manner a similar result would be > achieved such that armature 120 would fall away and such that > the magnetic coupling force on armature 118 would be > increased. > > If coils 122, 124 are energized to provide a magnetic flux > equal to and aiding the magnetic flux which travels along flux > path 130 when no coils are energized, the result is that the > control coils couple completely with the magnetic flux of > permanent magnet 112 and no magnetic flux traverses the path > which includes armature 120 and therefore no magnetic coupling > forces act on armature 120 allowing it to fall away as shown > in FIG. 9. Further, the magnetic flux traversing path 130 will > be double that of when no coils are energized and therefore > the magnetic coupling force on armature 118 will be about four > (4) times that when no coils are energized. By energizing > coils 126, 128 in an aiding manner a similar result would be > achieved such that armature 118 would fall away and the > magnetic coupling force on armature 120 would be increased. > > Based on the foregoing it is seen that the full magnetic > coupling force available from the permanent magnet 112 can be > switched from one path to another path by the application of > one half the power it would require for a coil alone to > produce the same magnetic flux along one path. The ability to > easily switch the full magnetic coupling force from one path > to another allows for efficient reciprocating, linear, and > rotary motion and power conversion to be achieved. > > The basic device utilized to achieve permanent magnet flux > division and to control such permanent magnet flux division is > defined herein as a "permanent magnet control component," > various configurations of which are shown by way of example > only, and not by way of limitation, in FIGS. 10A-10F. FIG. 10A > depicts a permanent magnet control component 150 in which pole > pieces 152 and 154 are positioned adjacent the pole faces of > permanent magnet 156 to provide two magnetic flux paths > extending from opposite sides of permanent magnet. Control > coils 158 are positioned along each path. FIG. 10B depicts a > permanent magnet control component 160 in which pole pieces > 162 and 164 are positioned against the pole faces of permanent > magnet 166 to provide two spaced, adjacent magnetic flux paths > extending from the same side of permanent magnet 166. Control > coils 168 are positioned along each path. FIG. 10C depicts a > permanent magnet control component 170 in which pole pieces > 172 and 174 are configured so as to be positioned adjacent the > pole faces of permanent magnet 176 so as to provide four flux > paths, each flux path extending in a respective direction from > permanent magnet 176. Control coils 178 are also positioned > along each path. FIG. 10D depicts another four path > configuration of a permanent magnet control component 180 in > which pole pieces 182, 184 are configured and positioned to > provide four flux paths for permanent magnet 186, with a pair > of spaced, adjacent flux paths extending from each side of > permanent magnet 186. Control coils 188 are positioned along > each path. FIG. 10E depicts another four path configuration of > a permanent magnet control component 190 in which all four > flux paths formed by pole pieces 192, 194 extend from one side > of permanent magnet 196. Again, control coils 198 are > positioned along each flux path. FIG. 10F still further > depicts a four path configuration of a permanent magnet > control component 200 in which pole pieces 202, 204 extend to > one side of permanent magnet 206, with pole piece 202 defining > four flux paths and with pole piece 204 including a continuous > return path. Control coils 208 are positioned along each path > of pole piece 202. Many other variations are possible. > > Accordingly, it is seen that a variety of different > configurations of permanent magnet control components in > accordance with the present invention are possible. The > important considerations for division of permanent magnet flux > in such permanent magnet control components include extending > each pole piece to or beyond the outer perimeter of the pole > face of the permanent magnet in each region where a flux path > is intended and assuring that the pole face of the permanent > magnet intersects each of the flux paths. It is not necessary > for each pole piece to include the same number of path > portions extending beyond the perimeter of the respective > permanent magnet pole face as noted with reference to > permanent magnet control component 200. Although two control > coils are shown along each of the flux paths in FIGS. 10A-10E > it is apparent from component 200 in FIG. 10F that one control > coil positioned along a flux path is generally sufficient for > purposes of the present invention. Further, although in the > illustrated configurations each pole piece is positioned to > contact a respective pole face of the permanent magnet, a > small spacing between a pole piece and its adjacent permanent > magnet pole face could be provided, particularly in > applications where relative movement between the subject pole > piece and the permanent magnet will occur. > > In its simplest form a two path permanent magnet control > component only requires one control coil positioned along one > of the control paths to permit the magnetic flux of a > permanent magnet to be switched between the two paths. In > particular, a side view of such a two path component 210 is > shown in FIG. 10G and includes a permanent magnet 211 pole > pieces 212 and 213, and control coil 214 which may be > connected to a suitable control circuit. By alternating > energizing control coil 214 in an opposing manner and an > aiding manner the magnetic flux of permanent magnet can be > switched between the path including armature 215 and the path > including armature 216. When control coil 214 is energized in > an opposing manner the magnetic flux will traverse the path > including armature 215 and when control coil 214 is energized > in an aiding manner the magnetic flux will traverse the path > including armature 216. Control coil 214 could also be placed > at anyone of positions 217, 218, or 219 to achieve the flux > path switching. Further, in the two coils embodiment shown in > FIG. 10H control coil 217 is added. In such a device flux > switching can be achieved by simultaneously energizing control > coil 214 in a flux aiding manner and control coil 217 in a > flux opposing manner, and by then simultaneously reversing the > energization of the respective control coils 214 and 217. > > Reference is made to FIGS. 11A-11F which depict devices > similar to that of FIGS. 5-6 except that a bypass, formed of > magnetic material, is provided in each case. In device 220 of > FIGS. 11A-11C a bypass 222 is provided from pole piece 224 to > pole piece 226 and is located between permanent magnet 228 and > control coils 230, 232, with armature 234 located adjacent the > ends of pole pieces 224, 226. In FIG. 11A with no coil > energization, magnet flux components 236 and 237 travel as > shown. When coils 230 and 232 are energized in an aiding or > adding manner as in FIG. 11B, the result is permanent magnet > magnetic flux components 236 and 237 traveling as shown, and > with the added magnetic flux component 238 from coils 230 and > 232 also traveling as shown. Thus, in device 220 energizing > the coils in an aiding manner results in an increased magnetic > coupling force on armature 234. In FIG. 11C coils 230, 232 are > energized in an opposing exceeding manner which results in > permanent magnetic flux components 236 and 237 traveling as > shown and excess magnetic flux component 238 traveling as > shown. Thus, in device 220 energizing the coils in an opposing > exceeding manner results in magnetic coupling force on > armature 234, albeit smaller than that in the aiding exceeding > case. > > In device 240 of FIGS. 11D-11F a bypass 242 is provided > between pole piece 244 and pole piece 246 but is located on an > opposite side of permanent magnet 248 as compared to control > coils 250, 252 and armature 254. Permanent magnet flux > components 256 and 257 are shown for no coil energization in > FIG. 11D. In FIG. 11E the paths of permanent magnet flux > components 256 and 257, as well as excess coil magnetic flux > 258, are shown when coils 250, 252 are energized in an aiding > exceeding manner. In FIG. 11F the path of each magnetic flux > component 256, 257, and 258 is shown when coils 230, 232 are > energized in an opposed exceeding manner. > > FIGS. 12A-12E depict a device 270 similar to that shown in > FIGS. 7-9 except that bypasses 272 and 274 are provided from > pole piece 276 to pole piece 278. Bypass 272 is located > between permanent magnet 280 and control coils 282, 284 and > bypass 274 is located between permanent magnet 280 and control > coils 286, 288. Armatures 290 and 292 are also provided. When > no coils are energized permanent magnet magnetic flux > components 294, 296, 298, and 300 travel as shown in FIG. 12A. > > If coils 282, 284 are energized in an opposing manner > permanent magnet flux components 295, 297, and 299 travel as > shown, with no flux component traversing the path which > includes armature 290 and therefore no magnetic coupling force > acting thereon. This would be the case for when coils 282, 284 > are energized to the level where the coils magnetic flux just > blocks, but does not exceed, the magnetic flux component 294 > (FIG. 12A) from permanent magnet 280. If, however, coils 282, > 284 are energized in an opposed exceeding manner an excess > coil magnetic flux component 301 is produced which travels a > path including armature 290 and bypass 272 results as shown in > FIG. 12C. > > Coils 286, 288 may be energized in an aiding manner such that > all permanent magnet magnetic flux travels along the path > which includes armature 292 as shown in FIG. 12D. If coils > 286, 288 are energized in excess of the level of FIG. 12D then > the excess magnetic flux component 304 traverses the path > which includes armature 292 and bypass 274 as shown in FIG. > 12E, thereby increasing the magnetic coupling force on > armature 292 as compared to FIG. 12D. The advantage of > incorporating such bypasses into permanent magnet control > components in certain applications will become apparent below. > > **Reciprocating Motion** > > As mentioned above, controlling the path of magnetic flux > from a permanent magnet can be useful in a variety of > applications such as achieving reciprocating motion. In this > regard, if the device 110 of FIGS. 7-9 is modified such that > armatures 118 and 120 are fixed to a sliding shaft 320 as > shown in FIGS. 13A-13C, and if the distance between the > armatures is greater than the end to end length of pole pieces > 114, 116, limited linear motion in two directions (left and > right in FIGS. 13A-13C), and therefore linear reciprocating > motion, can be achieved by the timed, alternate delivery of > electrical signals to control coils 122, 124 and control coils > 126, 128. By way of example, FIG. 13A represents the position > of shaft connected armatures 118, 120 when coils 122, 124 are > energized in an opposing manner to block the flux of permanent > magnet 112 such that all magnetic flux traverses path 132 as > shown and such that the resulting magnetic coupling force acts > to the left as indicated by arrow 322. As shown in FIG. 13B > when coils 122, 124 are de-energized the magnetic flux from > permanent magnet 112 can again travel along path 130 through > armature 118. However, due to the air gap 324 between armature > 118 and pole pieces 114, 116 the reluctance along path 130 > will be significantly greater than the reluctance along path > 132. Accordingly, the amount of magnetic flux which flows > along path 130 will be less than the amount of magnetic flux > which flows along path 132 such that the magnetic coupling > force on armature 118 acting to the right will be > significantly less than the magnetic coupling force on > armature 120 acting to the left as shown by arrows 326 and > 328, which arrows are sized to represent the strength of the > respective directional force. FIG. 13C represents the position > of shaft connected armatures 118, 120 after coils 126, 128 are > energized in a manner to oppose the flux of permanent magnet > 112 such that all flux traverses path 130 and the resulting > magnetic coupling force on armature 118, depicted by arrow > 330, moves the shaft 10 connected armatures 118, 120 to the > right. > > Control coils 122, 124 and 126, 128 could also be energized > in a flux aiding manner to achieve the same result. In such a > device, FIG. 13A would represent coils 126, 128 energized to > aid magnetic flux along path 132, FIG. 13B would again > represent no coils energized, and FIG. 13C would represent > coils 122, 124 energized to aid magnetic flux along path 130. > > Thus, by alternatingly energizing and de-energizing control > coils 122, 124 and 126, 128 a linear reciprocating motion of > shaft connected armatures 118, 120 may be achieved. Further, > such reciprocating motion may be achieved by energizing the > coils in either an opposing or aiding manner. The magnetic > coupling force exerted on a given armature when 20 the control > coils are energized to establish all magnetic flux along a > single path which includes that armature is significantly > greater than the magnetic coupling force which would be > exerted on such armature by an identical energization of the > control coils in the absence of the permanent magnet. This is > demonstrated with reference to FIG. 14 which depicts a > reciprocating device 340 in which only coils or electromagnets > are utilized. As shown armatures 342 and 344 are connected by > shaft 346, and each armature 342, 344 includes a respective > U-shaped pole path piece 348, 350 which pole path pieces are > mechanically connected by a non-magnetic material 352. Each > pole path piece 348 and 350 has respective control coils 354, > 356 and 358, 360 positioned therealong. By comparison with the > device of FIGS. 13A-13C, if coils 358, 360 of device 340 are > energized to cause magnetic flux flow in either direction, > clockwise or counterclockwise, along path 362, the amount of > electrical energy which would be required in order to achieve > the same magnetic coupling force on armature 344 as achieved > on armature 120 above in FIG. 13A would be twice that > delivered to coils 122, 124 or 126, 128 in FIG. 13A. It is > therefore demonstrated that by controlling or switching the > flow of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet between at least > two different paths results in greater coupling forces per > unit of input electrical energy, and therefore that such > control or switching will enable more work to be achieved per > unit of input electrical energy. > > As described above, if a coil is energized beyond the point > where the magnetic flux produced by the coil aiding the amount > of the permanent magnet's flux that is either opposed or > aided, the extra magnetic flux needs a low reluctance path > between the poles of the coil that produces the excess > magnetic flux. If a complete low reluctance path is not > provided for the excess magnetic flux there is little > potential for taking advantage of the excess magnetic flux in > terms of producing additional magnetic coupling forces. The > path for such excess flux cannot be through a permanent magnet > member. In assemblies which include an armature on each path, > the armature will provide the necessary low reluctance path. > Referring to FIG. 15, various components of the magnetic flux > in device 110 (FIGS. 7-9) are depicted by numerals 380, 382, > and 384 for the case when coils 122, 124 are energized to > oppose the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 112 in an amount > which exceeds the level of magnetic flux which permanent > magnet 112 would cause to flow through armature 118 when no > coils are energized. FIG. 15 is likewise representative of the > case when coils 126, 128 are energized to aid the magnetic > flux of permanent magnet 112 in an amount which exceeds the > level of magnetic flux which permanent magnet 112 would cause > to flow through armature 118 when no coils are energized. In > particular, magnetic flux component 380 represents the > magnetic flux of permanent magnet 112 which normally flows > through the path including armature 120; magnetic flux > component 382 represents the magnetic flux of permanent magnet > 112 which is diverted by the opposing field of coils 122, 124 > so as to traverse the path which includes armature 120; and > magnetic flux component 384 represents the magnetic flux > produced by coils 122, 124 which is in excess of the diverted > magnetic flux 382. As shown, the excess magnetic flux 384 > produced by coils 122, 124 traverses the path which includes > armature 120 and bypasses permanent magnet 112 so as to also > traverse the path which includes armature 118. Thus, the > excess magnetic flux produced by coils 122, 124 adds to the > permanent magnet flux traversing the path which includes > armature 120, thus increasing the magnetic coupling force on > armature 120, while at the same time providing a magnetic > coupling force on armature 118. > > In a reciprocating device where armatures 118 and 120 are > connected by shaft 320 as shown in FIGS. 13A-13C and again in > FIG. 16, excess magnetic flux 384 will increase magnetic > coupling force 390 on armature 120 acting to the left. > However, because such excess flux 384 also traverses the path > which includes armature 118, such excess magnetic flux 384 > also results in a magnetic coupling force 392 on armature 118 > which acts to the right. Even though excess magnetic flux 384 > traversing the path which includes an armature 118 has an > opposite polarity to that which would traverse the path due to > permanent magnet 112, the magnetic coupling force on armature > 118 still acts to the right because armature 118 is not > polarity sensitive, that is, armature 118 will be attracted > regardless of the direction of the magnetic flux traversing > the path. The overall effect is that a resultant force which > is the difference between force 390 and force 392 will act on > the shaft-connected armatures 118, 120. However, if armatures > 118 and 120 were formed by permanent magnets having polarities > as shown at the top and bottom of such armatures, the force > acting on each armature would be in the same direction and > therefore additive. > > In this regard reference is made to FIG. 16B in which a two > path device 371 having four control coils 373, 375, 377 and > 379 is shown with the illustrated armatures being formed by > permanent magnets 381 and 383 having polarities as shown. With > no coils energized both permanent magnet armatures 381 and 383 > are attracted to the ends of pole pieces 385 and 387. With > coils 373375 energized in an opposing manner and coils 377, > 379 energized in an aiding manner, the attractive force on > permanent magnet armature 383 will generally increase and the > attractive force on permanent magnet armature 381 will > generally decrease. This is demonstrated with reference to the > graph of FIG. 16C which depicts a graph of the current flowing > in the control coils on the x-axis verses the magnetic flux in > gauss on the y-axis with line 389 representing the flux along > the aiding side of device 371 and line 391 representing the > flux along the opposing side of device 371. As shown the > magnetic flux on the coil opposing side decreases as the coil > current increases and passed through zero at point 393. After > point 393 reverse magnetic flux begins to be produced and > would result in a repelling force on permanent magnet armature > 381. In some applications particularly those where permanent > magnet armatures and rotors are not utilized, it will be > critical to recognize point 393 so that reverse magnetic flux > is not produced. In this regard reference is made to FIGS. 16D > and 16E in which use of Hall Effect switches 401 and 403 is > incorporated to enable controlling the coil energizing current > in situations where it is desirable to prevent reverse > magnetic flux. As shown small bypasses 405 and 407 are > provided with Hall Effect switches 401 and 403 disposed in > gaps therealong, the switches being connected to control > circuit 409. As the flux traveling along the bypass path falls > to zero the Hall Effect switch can be utilized to prevent > further energization of the control coils so that no reverse > flux is created. > > Another embodiment of a device 400 which would provide > reciprocating motion is shown in FIGS. 17A-17D in which a > permanent magnet control component 402 having two flux paths > may is provided. A first pole piece 404 has two spaced, > adjacent path portions 406 and 408 extending beyond the > perimeter of the pole face of permanent magnet 410, and a > second pole piece 412 includes only one continuous portion 414 > extending beyond the perimeter of the pole face of permanent > magnet 410, each path portion 406 and 408 of pole piece 404 > being substantially aligned with at least a part of portion > 414 of pole piece 412. Control coil 416 is positioned along > pole piece path portion 406 and control coil 418 is positioned > along pole piece portion 408. An armature 420 is positioned in > the region between pole piece path portions 404, 406 and pole > piece portion 414 and is free to slide from side to side as > shown by arrows 422 and 424. A front view of component device > 400 with no coils energized and armature 420 at a mid-point > depicts flux flowing from the north pole face of permanent > magnet 410, through each of pole piece path portions 406 and > 408, through armature 420, and returning to the south pole > face through pole piece portion 414. Thus, the magnetic flux > divides equally along two paths. If coil 416 is energized in > an aiding manner, or if coil 418 is energized in an opposing > manner, all or a majority of the permanent magnets'magnetic > flux can be made to flow through pole piece portion 406 such > that a resulting magnetic coupling force on armature 420 > causes it to move to the left as shown in FIG. 17C. > > Likewise, if control coil 416 is energized in an opposing > manner, or if control coil 418 is energized in an aiding > manner, all or a majority of the permanent magnet flux can be > made to flow through pole piece path portion 408 such that a > resulting magnetic coupling force on armature 420 causes it to > move to the right as shown in FIG. 17D. Accordingly, by > alternately energizing and de-energizing coils 416 and 418 a > reciprocating motion of armature 420 may be achieved. > > **Linear Motion** > > Referring now to FIGS. 18A-18E, linear motion in accordance > with the present invention is described. In particular, a > permanent magnet control component 440 including a permanent > magnet 442 with a pole piece 444 positioned against the north > pole face thereof and a pole piece 446 positioned against the > south pole face thereof is shown in an exploded view in FIG. > 18A and assembled in FIG. 18B. Pole piece 444 includes five > path portions 448A-448E which extend beyond the perimeter of > the north pole face of permanent magnet 442 to one side > thereof and at respective positions along the length thereof, > each path portion 448A-448E including a respective control > coil 450A-450E positioned therearound. Pole piece 446 includes > one portion 452 extending beyond the perimeter of the south > pole face of permanent magnet 442 to the one side thereof, > which portion 452 extends along the entire length of permanent > magnet 442. A plurality of armatures 454 define a path of > relative movement between permanent magnet control component > 440 and such armatures 454, and by providing timed > energization of given control coils 450A-450E such relative > movement can be achieved. The sequence of side views depicted > in FIGS. 18C-18E illustrate such relative movement, with coils > 450A, 450C and 450E being energized in an opposing manner > simultaneously in FIG. 18C, with coils 450A and 450D being > energized simultaneously in an opposing manner in FIG. 18D, > and with coils 450B and 450D being energized simultaneously in > an opposing manner in FIG. 18E. In FIG. 18C, magnetic flux > will only flow along path portions 448B and 448C of pole piece > 444 causing resultant magnetic coupling forces depicted by > arrows 456, 458 which act to move permanent magnet control > component 440 to the left, assuming armatures 454 are fixed. > Similarly, due to the timing of subsequent coil energization > resultant magnetic forces depicted by arrows 460, 462 in FIG. > 18D and arrows 464, 466 in FIG. 18E act to continue movement > of permanent magnet control component 440 to the left. Thus, > if permanent magnet control component 440 were fixed to a > device or structure, controlled movement of the device or > structure along the path defined by armatures 454 could be > achieved. Conversely, if permanent magnet control component > 440 were fixed and armatures 454 were located on a device or > structure, controlled movement of the device or structure > could also be achieved. It is also easily recognized that by > varying the coil energization sequence and timing relative > movement in the opposite direction can be achieved. Further, > if the permanent magnet was doughnut shaped and the armatures > were arranged in a circumferential pattern, rotary motion > would likewise be achievable. > > **Rotary Motion** > > One embodiment of a rotary motion device or motor 500 which > incorporates various permanent magnet flux control aspects of > the present invention is shown in the exploded view of FIG. 19 > and in the partial assembled view of FIG. 20. Motor 500 > includes a rotor assembly which includes a shaft 502 and > associated upper bearing 504, a non-magnetic disk member 506 > mounted for rotation with shaft 502, and a rotor pole piece > 508 which is mounted for rotation with disk member 506 such as > by the use of screws 510. Rotor pole piece 508 includes a > ring-shaped portion having two inwardly extending magnetic > flux path portions 512A and 512B. A stator assembly of motor > 500 includes a doughnut or ring-shaped permanent magnet 514 > having an upwardly directed north pole face positioned > adjacent and in close proximity to rotor pole piece 508, and a > downwardly directed south pole face positioned adjacent and in > contact with a stator pole piece 516. Stator pole piece > includes a ring-shaped portion having five inwardly projecting > path portions 518A-518E. Each path portion includes a > respective winding post 520A-520E extending therefrom and > having a respective control coil 522A-522E wound thereon. > Stator pole piece faces 524A-524E are positionable on > respective winding posts 518A-518B and, as shown in the > partial assembly of FIG. 20, are substantially aligned with > the top surface of permanent magnet 514 so as to be > positionable adjacent rotor path portions 512A and 512B when > aligned therewith. Each of winding posts 518A-518E and stator > pole piece faces are formed of magnetic material, and although > shown as separate pieces, an integral, one piece stator could > be formed with similar winding posts and pole piece faces > machined thereon. Lower bearing 526 is also shown. > > FIGS. 21A-21E illustrate top views of the partial assembly of > FIG. 20 with magnetic flux shown. In FIG. 21A magnetic flux > travel when none of coils 522A-522E are energized is depicted. > Disregarding leakage flux, due to the low reluctance path > provided by rotor pole piece path portions 512A and 512B, the > majority of magnetic flux from the north pole face of > permanent magnet 514 will travel radially inward along one of > such path portions before passing downward through the stator > assembly and returning to the south pole face of permanent > magnet 514. It is noted that rotor pole piece 508 includes two > path portions and stator pole piece 516 includes five path > portions such that rotor pole piece path portions 512A and > 512B will always be skewed relative to the stator pole piece > faces 524A-524E. Only one rotor pole piece path portion can > directly align with a stator pole piece face at a given time. > By alternatingly energizing the control coils of each of the > stator pole piece paths, rotary motion of the rotor may be > achieved. > > In particular, referring to FIGS. 21B-21D, an energizing > sequence which results in such rotary motion is described. In > FIG. 21B, control coils 522A and 522C are energized in a > permanent magnet flux opposing manner. Permanent magnet > magnetic flux traveling along rotor pole piece path portion > 512A tends to traverse to stator pole piece face 524B causing > a magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 526. Likewise, > permanent magnet flux traveling along rotor pole piece path > portion 512B tends to traverse to stator pole piece face 524D > causing a magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 528. The > result is rotation of rotor pole piece 508 in a clockwise > direction as indicated by arrow 530. > > Referring to FIG. 21C, just after rotor pole piece path > portion 512B is no longer aligned with stator pole piece face > 524D, control coil 522C is de-energized and control coil 522D > is energized in an opposing manner such that the permanent > magnet flux traveling along rotor pole piece path 512B tends > to traverse to stator pole piece face 524E resulting in > magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 532. Control coil > 522A remains energized such that a magnetic coupling force > indicated by arrow 534 results. Accordingly, clockwise > rotation of rotor pole piece 508 is continued. > > In FIG. 21D, just after rotor pole piece path portion 512A is > no longer aligned with stator pole piece face 524B, control > coil 522A is de-energized and control coil 522B is energized > in a permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner such that > the permanent magnet magnetic flux traveling along rotor pole > piece path 512A tends to traverse to stator pole piece face > 524C such that a magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow > 536 results. Control coil 522D remains energized such that a > magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 538 results, and > clockwise rotation of rotor pole piece 508 is continued. > > As shown in FIG. 21E, just after rotor pole piece path > portion 512B is no longer aligned with stator pole piece face > 524E, control coil 522D is de-energized and control coil 522E > is energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing > manner such that the permanent magnet magnetic flux traveling > along rotor pole piece path 512B tends to traverse to stator > pole piece face 524A such that a magnetic coupling force > indicated by arrow 540 results. Control coil 522B remains > energized such that a magnetic coupling force indicated by > arrow 542 results, and clockwise rotation of rotor pole piece > 508 is continued. > > Thus, by alternating energizing and de-energizing control > coils 522A-522E, in a predetermined timed sequence based upon > rotation of the rotor assembly, continued rotation movement of > rotor pole piece 508 may be achieved. Such an > energization/de-energization scheme can be achieved utilizing > circuitry common in the art, such as the control circuitry > described in Applicant's U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,463,263 and > 5,455,474, as well as various of the circuit configurations > described herein below. Referring now to FIG. 22, an assembled > view of rotary motor 500 is shown including a housing or cover > formed by an upper housing member 544 and a lower housing > member 546, with portions of each housing member cut away to > expose motor structure described above. It is recognized that > such housing members 544 and 546 should be formed of a > non-magnetic material, and likewise that motor shaft 502 and > bearings 504, 526 should be formed of a non-magnetic material. > > In another embodiment, a rotary motion device or motor 580 in > accordance with the present invention is shown in an exploded > perspective view in FIG. 23 and in an assembled perspective > view in FIG. 24. Two spaced permanent magnets 582 and 584 are > positionable between stator pole pieces 586 and 588. Stator > pole piece 586 includes two path portions 590A and 590B > extending away from permanent magnets 582, 584 in opposite > directions. Likewise, stator pole piece 588 includes two path > portions 592A and 592B extending away from permanent magnets > 582, 584 in opposite directions and alignable respectively > with stator pole piece path portions 590A and 590B. Control > coils 594, 596, 598, and 600 are each positioned along a > respective stator pole piece path portion as shown. A > non-magnetic shaft 602 includes a pair of like elongated rotor > members 604 and 606, formed of magnetic material, mounted at > spaced locations thereon and being angularly oriented with > respect to each other, shaft 602 passing between spaced > permanent magnets 582 and 584. Non-magnetic end cap members > 608 and 610 are attachable to the ends of stator pole pieces > 586 and 588 and are configured for receiving shaft 602 and > respective bearings 612 and 614. > > The ends of respective stator pole pieces 506 and 508 are > configured for a given desired coupling relationship with > rotor members 604 and 606. For example, as shown in the > exemplary end views of FIGS. 25A and 25B, with end cap 608 > removed, the end of stator pole piece 586 may include an > arcuate portion 616 which is configured to create a variable > reluctance air gap 618 with elongate rotor member 604. The end > of stator pole piece 588 includes an arcuate portion 620 which > is likewise configured to create a variable reluctance air gap > 622 with rotor member 604. In particular, portion 618 includes > a circumferential curvature which has a center point offset > below the axis of rotation of shaft 602 and rotor member 604 > as indicated by circle 624 shown in shadow. Similarly, portion > 620 includes a circumferential radius of curvature which has a > center point offset above the axis of rotation of shaft 602 > and rotor member 604. When magnetic flux is passing along the > path which includes a given end of the assembly, maximum > coupling between the rotor member and stator pole pieces > occurs when the rotor is positioned as shown in FIG. 25B. > Accordingly, the illustrated rotor member and stator pole > piece configurations in and of themselves do not provide any > skewing to the direction of rotation of the rotor assembly. > > In this regard, various configurations for the rotor and ends > of the stator pole pieces are shown in the end views of FIGS. > 26-28, which configurations provide skewing the direction of > rotation. In particular, in device 620 of FIG. 26 a rotor > member 622 having notches 624 and 626, which notches provide > for greater magnetic coupling with the stator pole pieces 628 > and 630 at corners 632 and 634 such that rotation is skewed in > the clockwise direction. If notches were instead located at > corners 632 and 634, skewed rotation in the counterclockwise > direction would be the result. In device 620 such > counterclockwise rotation could also be achieved by removing > rotor 622 from shaft 636, flipping it end to end, and > replacing it on shaft 636. > > In the device 640 of FIG. 27, a portion 642 of the arcuate > end portion of stator pole piece 644 is removed and a portion > 646 of the arcuate end portion of stator pole piece 648 is > removed. This configuration results in greater magnetic > coupling between rotor member 650 and stator pole piece 644 at > corner 652, and greater magnetic coupling between rotor member > 650 and stator pole piece 648 at corner 654, such that > rotation is skewed in the counterclockwise direction. > Clockwise rotation could be achieved by instead modifying the > opposite side of stator pole pieces 644 and 648. > > FIG. 28 depicts an end view of a device 660 in which the axis > 662 of the arcuate end portion of upper stator pole piece 664 > and lower stator pole piece 666 is placed at an angle A as > shown. This configuration creates an unequal variable > reluctance air gap where opposite corners of rotor member 668 > are closer to stator pole pieces 664 and 666. Further, the > angle at which maximum magnetic coupling between rotor member > 668 and stator pole pieces 664 and 666 occurs is retarded by > angle A. Rotation would be in the counterclockwise direction > for the illustrated configuration. > > Referring again to motor 580 of FIGS. 23-25, rotary motion of > such device is depicted in the end views of FIG. 29A-29D. In > each end view the end cap has been removed to show rotation of > the rotor members and in each of FIGS. 29A-29D an end view > depicting rotor member 604 and an end view depicting rotor > member 606 are shown side-by-side. In FIG. 29A, rotor member > 604 is defined as being at zero degrees and rotor member 606 > is defined as being at ninety degrees. Control coils 594, 598 > are energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding > manner such that no magnetic flux passes through stator pole > piece path portions 590B and 592B. This allows rotor member > 606 to move out of its ninety degree position and the magnetic > coupling between rotor member 604 and stator pole piece path > portions 590A and 592A will cause rotation to the position > shown in FIG. 29B and then FIG. 29C. When rotor member 604 > reaches the ninety degree position shown in FIG. 29D control > coils 594, 598 are de-energized and control coils 596, 600 are > energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner > causing rotation to continue due to the magnetic coupling > between rotor member 606 and stator pole piece path portions > 590B and 592B. Thus, by alternatingly energizing the control > coils of each path with every ninety degree rotation of rotor > members 604 and 606, continuous rotary motion is achieved. > > The initial direction of rotation can be controlled by the > circuit means used to energize control coils 594, 598 and 596, > 600, which circuit means includes circuitry for detecting the > angular position of the rotor members. In particular, if rotor > members 604 and 606 are at rest in the position shown in FIG. > 29A, and coils 594, 598 are energized in an aiding manner, > rotation may be clockwise or counterclockwise. If the desired > direction is clockwise but upon energization of coils 594, 598 > the rotor members begin to move counterclockwise, the > detection circuitry will immediately de-energize coils 594, > 598 and energize coils 596, 600 so that the counterclockwise > direction is achieved. > > Further, bypasses around permanent magnets 582 and 584 could > be provided in rotary motion device 580, such as those shown > in FIG. 12, and rotor members 604 and 606 could be formed by > permanent magnets so as to take advantage of energizing the > control coils in an exceeding manner. > > A third embodiment of a rotary motion device or motor 650 is > shown in the exploded partial perspective view of FIG. 30 and > in the assembled partial perspective view of FIG. 31. In motor > 650 the stator assembly includes a control component 651 > including a permanent magnet 652 having a stator pole piece > 654 positioned adjacent one pole face thereof and a stator > pole piece 656 positioned adjacent the opposite pole face > thereof. Stator pole piece 654 includes a path portion 658A > extending to one side of permanent magnet 652 and a path > portion 658B extending to the one side thereof and spaced from > first path portion 658A. Control coils 660 and 662 are > positioned along respective stator pole piece path portions > 658A and 658B. Likewise, stator pole piece 656 includes path > portions 664A and 664B which extend in a similar manner > therefrom so as to be aligned with stator path portions 658A > and 658B respectively. Control coils 666 and 668 are > positioned along respective stator pole piece path portions > 664A and 664B. Positioned opposite and facing control > component 651 is a like control component 670 including > permanent magnet 672, stator pole piece 674 with path portions > 676A and 676B having respective control coils 678 and 680, and > stator pole piece 682 with path portions 684A and 684B having > respective control coils 686 and 688. The end of each of the > pole piece path portions 658A, 658B, 664A, 664B, 676A, 676B, > 684A, and 684B is of a generally arcuate configuration. > > A rotor assembly of motor 650 includes a non-magnetic shaft > 700 having a permanent magnet rotor member 702 mounted thereon > for rotation therewith. Permanent magnet rotor member 702 is > generally ring-shaped and segmented to include distinct north > and south pole faces which reverse about every ninety degrees > therearound. When assembled the top and bottom surfaces of > permanent magnet rotor member 702 align with pole pieces 654, > 656, 674, and 682 of the stator assembly and are preferably > configured such that a minimal gap between the outer surface > of permanent magnet rotor member 702 and the arcuate surfaces > of the pole piece path portions is provided. > > Rotation of device 650 can be achieved by controlled, timed > energizing and de-energizing of control coils 660, 662, 666, > 668, 678, 680, 686, and 688. Exemplary rotation is > demonstrated with reference to the top views of FIGS. 32A-32B > which depict counterclockwise rotation of permanent magnet > rotor member 702 through one-hundred eighty degrees. In FIG. > 32A stator pole piece path portion 658A of component 651 is > active and stator pole piece path portion 658B is not active, > which may be achieved by energizing control coil 660 in a > permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner or by energizing > control coil 662 in a permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing > manner. Stator pole piece path portion 676B of component 670 > is active and stator pole piece path portion 676A is not > active, which may be achieved by energizing control coil 680 > in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner or by > energizing control coil 678 in a permanent magnet magnetic > flux opposing manner. Thus, portions 690 and 692 of permanent > magnet rotor member 702, which both have a north magnetic > polarity, will be repelled by the north polarity of stator > pole piece path portions 658A and 676B aligned therewith. > Portions 694 and 696 of permanent magnet rotor member 702, > both of which have a south magnetic polarity, will be > attracted to the active path portions 658A and 676B. At the > instant that rotor member portion 694 becomes aligned with > stator pole piece path portion 658A, as shown in FIG. 32B, all > coils are de-energized such that all pole piece path portions > will be active as shown. Pole piece path portions 658B and > 676A are then kept active while pole piece path portions 658A > and 676B are made inactive. This is achieved by energizing > control coils 662 and 678 in a permanent magnet magnetic flux > aiding manner or by energizing control coils 660 and 680 in a > permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner. Rotor member > portions 690 and 692 will again be repelled by the north > polarity of path portions 658B and 676A aligned therewith such > that rotation of permanent magnet rotor 702 is continued. In > FIG. 32D all coils are shown de-energized when rotor portion > 692 aligns with pole piece path portion 658A. By continuing > this timed sequence of energization and de-energization of the > control coils, continued rotary movement is achieved. As > explained above, the initial direction of rotation can be > controlled by circuit means which detects the initial > direction of permanent magnet rotor 702 and immediately alters > the coil energization scheme if the initial direction is > incorrect. > > A side view of assembled motor 650 is shown in FIG. 33 and > includes an upper housing or enclosure portion 710, a bottom > housing portion 712, upper bearing 714, and a lower bearing > 716. > > A fourth embodiment of a rotary motion device or motor 740 is > illustrated in FIGS. 34-39. Motor 740 includes five stator > control components 742A-742E positioned around a ring shaped > permanent magnet rotor member 744 (FIG. 36). As shown with > reference to component 742A in FIG. 37 each stator component > 742A includes a permanent magnet 746A with an upper pole piece > 748A positioned adjacent one pole face thereof and a lower > pole piece 750A positioned adjacent the opposite pole face > thereof. Control coils 752A, 754A are positioned along > respective pole pieces 748A, 750A. A bypass 756A extends from > pole piece 748A to pole piece 750A and is positioned between > permanent magnet 746A and control coils 752A, 754A. > Alternatively, bypass 756A could be provided on the opposite > side of permanent magnet 746A as shown in FIG. 38. Although > not shown, it is anticipated that permanent magnet rotor > member 744 would be mounted on an axis for rotation therewith > and that a motor housing or enclosure could be provided, such > as shown in relation to motor 650 of FIG. 33. > > Referring to the top views of FIGS. 39A-39D, rotary motion of > rotor member 744 is depicted by the sequence of views. Regions > 770 and 772 in FIGS. 39A-39D represent the magnetic north > regions of the top of permanent magnet rotor 744. In FIG. 39A > control coils 752E and 752C are energized in a permanent > magnet aiding and exceeding manner such that regions 770 and > 772 of permanent magnet rotor 744 are repulsed by components > 742E and 742C while permanent magnet motor regions 774 and 776 > are attracted by components 742E and 742C. The resultant > coupling forces act to move permanent magnet rotor in a > counterclockwise direction to the location shown in FIG. 39B. > Just after permanent magnet rotor region 772 passes the point > shown in FIG. 39C, control coil 752B is energized in a > permanent magnet aiding and exceeding manner, while control > coils 752E and 752C also remain energized, and > counterclockwise rotation of permanent magnet rotor 744 is > continued. Just after permanent magnet rotor region 772 passes > by control component 742C control coil 752C is de-energized, > while control coils 752E and 752B remain energized, so as to > continue counterclockwise rotation. Then, just after permanent > magnet rotor region 770 reaches the location shown in FIG. 39D > control coil 752D is energized in a permanent magnet flux > aiding and exceeding manner, while coils 752E and 752B remain > energized, so as to continue counterclockwise rotation. Thus, > as in the other embodiments, repeated and timed energization > and de-energization of the control coils produces the desired > rotational movement. > > In terms of controlling the energization of coils in the > devices described above, various electronic control > circuit/switching means and electromechanical control > circuit/switching machines are depicted in FIGS. 40-44. In > circuit 800 of FIG. 40 a given coil 802 is placed in series > between an electrical energy source 804 and a power mosfet > 806. An LED 808 is connected to electrical energy source 804 > through resistor 810 and is positioned to impinge upon a > phototransistor 812 which is connected in series with resistor > 814. A control input of mosfet 806 is connected between > phototransistor 812 and resistor. Accordingly, when LED 808 > activates phototransistor 812 the voltage drop across resistor > 814 activates, or turns ON, mosfet 806 and coil 802 is > energized. Timed energization of coil 802 is provided by > mounting an interrupter 816, such as shown in FIG. 42, to the > shaft 816 of the motor device to be controlled, such that as > interrupter 814 rotates with shaft 816 coil 802 is alternately > energized and de-energized. In a device with a plurality of > coils a corresponding plurality of LED/photoresistor pairs may > be provided. > > In circuit 820 of FIG. 41 a coil 822 is positioned between > electrical energy source 824 and power mosfet 826. A hall > switch 828 is connected in series with resistor 830. Hall > switch 828 is also connected to the control input of mosfet > 826 through resistor 832. In a given device hall switch 828 > would be positioned to react to a change in magnetic flux so > as to control the ON/OFF switching of mosfet 826, and thus the > alternate energization and de-energization of coil 822. > > In FIG. 43 a circuit 840 for controlling two coils in an > opposite manner is provided such that when coil 842 is > energized coil 844 is de-energized, and such that when coil > 842 is de-energized coil 844 is energized. Both coils 842 and > 844 are connected in series between electrical energy source > 846 and respective power mosfets 848 and 850. An LED 852 and > phototransistor 854 arrangement is provided, LED connected in > series with resistor 856 and phototransistor connected in > series with resistor 858. When LED 852 turns phototransistor > 854 ON the voltage drop across resistor 858 turns mosfet 848 > ON and coil 842 is energized. At that time the voltage applied > at the control input of mosfet 850 will be low and therefore > mosfet 850 will be OFF and coil 844 will be de-energized. When > interrupter 814 blocks LED 852, phototransistor 854 is turned > OFF and mosfet 848 is likewise turned OFF. The control input > of mosfet 850 is therefore pulled high through resistor 860 > and mosfet 850 is turned ON such that coil 844 is energized. > > In a FIG. 44 a system 870 including member 872 mounted on > rotating shaft 874 is provided, with the left side of member > 872 being alternately conductive at 876 and non-conductive at > 878. Coils 880 and 882 are connected to respective brushes 884 > and 886 which are positioned to contact member 872 during > rotation thereof. Member 872 is connected through brush 890 to > power supply 888. Thus, coils 880 and 882 will alternatingly > be energized and de-energized as the respective brushes > thereof contact the conductive and non-conductive portions of > member 872. > > Any of such circuit means, variations thereof, or other > circuit means may be used to provide the timed energization of > the control coils in the various embodiments of the present > invention. > > From the preceding description of the illustrated > embodiments, it is evident that the objects of the invention > are attained. Although the invention has been described and > illustrated in detail, it is to be clearly understood that the > same is intended by way of illustration and example only and > is not to be taken by way of limitation. > > For example, although the magnetic flux control techniques of > the present invention have been discussed as applicable mainly > to various motive applications, such magnetic flux control > techniques are also useful in static applications. > > **Power Conversion** > > Referring to FIGS. 45A-45C there is shown the permanent > magnet device 900 of FIGS. 45A-45C that has two magnetic flux > paths provided by rectangular pole piece 902 which includes > upper portion 904 and lower portion 906 each positioned > against a respective pole face of permanent magnet 910. Unlike > the device of FIGS. 7-9, fall away armatures are not provided. > Rather, fixed armatures in the form of integral pole piece > portions 912 and 914 extend from upper portion 904 to lower > portion 906 completing the two flux paths in a permanent > manner. Control coils 916, 918 are provided along one flux > path and control coils 920, 922 are provided along the other > flux path, such control coils acting as primary windings in > device 900. One coil 924 is positioned around pole piece > portion 912 and another coil 926 is positioned around pole > piece portion 914, such coils 924, 926 acting as secondary > windings in device 900. > > In FIG. 45A coils 916, 918 are energized in a permanent > magnet magnetic flux aiding manner so as to couple with all > the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 910. All magnetic flux > flows along path 930 as shown and thus couples with coil 924. > In FIG. 45B no coils are energized and the permanent magnet > magnetic flux splits evenly between paths 930 and 932, > coupling with both coil 924 and coil 926. In FIG. 45C coils > 920, 922 are energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux > aiding manner such that all magnetic flux traverses path 932 > and couples with coil 926. In FIG. 45D no coils are energized > as in FIG. 45B. By continuously alternatingly energizing and > de-energizing coils 916, 918 and 920, 922 in such a manner > energy conversion is achieved due to the coupling with coils > 924 and 926. The magnetic flux in the integral pole piece > portions 912 and 914, and thus the flux coupling with > respective coils 924 and 926, varies by a factor of twice the > amount of magnetic flux generated by energizing coils 916, 918 > and 920, 922. > > The construction shown in FIGS. 45A and 45X are similar to > the construction shown in FIGS. 7 and 47. The difference in > both cases relates to replacing the two flux paths and > armatures with one continues flux path. The arrangement in > FIG. 7 has one permanent magnet and four coils and the > arrangement in FIG. 47 has two permanent magnets and two > coils. Although the physical aspects of the two arrangements > and the details of the flux control vary, the control method > for varying the permanent magnets flux are similar and will be > described simultaneously and only differences will be pointed > out. > > With continuous flux paths the static flux from the permanent > magnet or magnets is useless. However, if the static flux of > the permanent magnet confined to the flux paths were modified > to be time varying it would have utility for electromagnetic > induction devices for power conversion like transformers and > power inverters. However, the same basic method for > controlling the flux of a permanent magnet to provide linear > and rotary motion can also be applied to time varying the > static flux from the permanent magnetic. The construction > shown in FIG. 45X utilizes four control coils and a single > permanent magnet and the construction shown in FIG. 45A uses > two control coils and two permanent magnets. The flux that > would normally be supplied by a primary winding is supplied by > the static flux of the permanent magnet or magnets and the > control coils convert this static flux into a time varying > flux in a novel way. Both arrangements use two secondary > coils, the secondary coils are placed in the region of the > continuous flux path that would be occupied by an armature or > rotor in the linear or rotary arrangements. The regions of the > flux paths that perform work are the same in all cases. > > In all cases the control coils can either be wired in series > or parallel and the secondary coils can be either wound in > series or parallel. More than one secondary coil or secondary > coils with multiple taps can be placed in the working regions > and further multiple flux paths can be utilized with one or > more secondary coils placed in each of the working regions. > This is made obvious by the disclosures of the linear and > rotary devices herein and based on the fact that the working > regions of the flux paths are identical. > > FIGS. 45X and 45A also show the paths of the static flux of > the permanent magnet or magnets when no current is flowing in > the control coils. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 45X the > flux from the single permanent magnet divides between the two > working areas of the flux path. In the arrangement of FIG. 45A > all of the flux of one of the permanent magnets passes through > one of the working regions and all of the flux of the second > permanent magnet passes through the other working region. Each > of the working regions in both cases are occupied by secondary > coils. > > FIGS. 45Y and 45B show the control coils energized with the > polarity shown with respect to the polarity of the permanent > magnet or magnets included. In FIG. 45Y the opposing coil > blocks the passage of flux from the permanent magnet and the > aiding coil couples with the flux of the permanent magnet and > therefore all of the flux of the permanent magnet passes > through one working region as shown. In FIG. 45A the opposing > side of the coil blocks the passage of flux from the permanent > magnet on the opposing side of the coil and the aiding side of > the coil couples with the flux of the other permanent magnet > and therefore all of the flux of both the permanent magnets > passes through the working region as shown. > > FIGS. 45Z and 45C show the control coils energized with a > polarity opposite of that shown in FIGS. 45Y and 45B. The same > action occurs and results in all of the permanent magnet or > magnets path flux passing through the opposite working > regions. > > By alternating the polarity of the control coils during one > cycle, one working region experiences an increasing flux and > the opposite region experiences a decreasing flux and during > the next cycle the opposite occurs. This results in the > induction of a voltage in the secondary coils that is decided > by the magnitude of the change in flux in the working region > and the time in which this change occurs. The novelty of this > discovery is that the primary flux inducing the voltage in the > secondary coils is supplied by the permanent magnet or magnets > and is far greater than the flux supplied by the control > coils. > > Further, in the rotary motion devices of FIGS. 31 and 34, it > is not necessary that respective rotor members 702 and 744 be > formed of permanent magnets. Each could take the form shown in > FIG. 46 where sections 950 and 952 are formed of magnetic > material such as soft iron and sections 954 and 956 are formed > by a non-magnetic filler material. > > FIGS. 47 and 48 show another embodiment 1000 of the subject > device. The embodiment 1000 includes two spaced permanent > magnets 1002 and 1004 each of which has its north pole > adjacent the upper surface and its south pole adjacent the > lower surface. A magnetizable bridging member 1006 extends > across and makes contact with the north magnetic poles of the > magnets 1002 and 1004 and another magnetizable bridging member > 1008 makes contact with the south magnetic poles of the two > permanent magnets 1002 and 1004. The members 1006 and 1008 > extend slightly beyond the opposite sides of the respective > permanent magnets 1002 and 1004 and a pair of spaced armature > members 1010 and 1012 are positioned to move into and out of > engagement with the ends of the members 1006 and 1008. Coils > 1014 and 1016 are mounted respectively on the members 1006 and > 1008 in the space between the permanent magnets 1002 and 1004, > and the armatures 1010 and 1012 are shown connected together > by a rod 1018 which enables them to move backwards and > forwards into engagement with the respective members 1006 and > 1008 when different voltages are applied to the respective > coils 1014 and 1016. In FIGS. 47, the coils 1014 and 1016 are > energized as shown with the coil 1014 having its north > magnetic end to the left and its south magnetic end to the > right and the opposite is true of the coil 1016. In FIG. 48, > the voltage applied to the respective coils 1014 and 1016 is > reversed so that the polarity of the left end of coil 1014 is > south and the polarity of the opposite end of the same coil > 1014 is a north magnetic pole. The reverse is true of the coil > 1016. It is to be noted in FIGS. 47 and 48 that the > relationship of aiding and opposing is indicated on the > figures to indicate the relationship when the coils are > energized. For example, in FIG. 47 when the coils are > energized as shown the relationship is opposing for the > permanent magnet 1002 and is aiding with respect to the > permanent magnet 1004. The reverse is true when the voltage on > the coils is reversed as shown in FIG. 48. By properly timing > the voltage on the respective coils the movement of the > armature is controlled. The same principles can be applied to > produce rotating movement as shown in FIG. 42. > > FIG. 49 shows another embodiment 1030 of the subject > invention using principles similar to those described in > connection with FIGS. 47 and 48. The embodiment 1030 includes > a plurality, three being shown, of stationary members 1032, > 1034 and 1036. The details of these members are better shown > in FIG. 50 which shows the details of the member 1036. This > member includes a pair of permanent magnets 1038 and 1040, > each of which has magnetizable members mounted adjacent > opposite sides thereof as in the previous construction. The > members 1042 and 1044 also have coils 1046 and 1048, > respectively, and the coils are energized as described in > connection with FIGS. 47 and 48 to produce aiding and opposing > magnetism. The construction shown in FIG. 49 may have three > stator portions as shown or it may have more stator portions > as desired. The rotor 1050 is positioned in the space between > the members 1032, 1034 and 1036 and includes a permanent > magnet portion part of which has its north magnetic pole on > the surface as shown and the other parts has its south > magnetic pole in the same surface as shown. The permanent > magnets 1038 and 1040 on the stators interact with the > permanent magnets on the rotor to produce the rotating motion > and is controlled by the energizing of the coils. > > Other applications and advantages of the devices and methods > of the present invention exist and various modifications are > possible, and therefore the present invention is not intended > to be limited to the specific examples disclosed herein. > Accordingly, the spirit and scope of the invention are to be > limited only by the terms of the appended claims. > > --- > > **US5254925** > > **Permanent > Magnet > Control Means** > > Also published as: **US5463263 //** EP0553866 // EP0553866 // WO9315513 // JP6046585 > > 1993-10-19 > > ![](5254925.jpg) > > **Abstract** -- A motion producing device using > permanent magnets as the source of energy including one or > more permanent magnets at least one having a coil mounted on > it, and an electric circuit for connecting the coil to a > source of electric energy whereby application of the energy to > the coil changes or modifies the magnetic characteristics of > the permanent magnet on which it is mounted in such a manner > that when another permanent magnet is in the field of the > controlled permanent magnet, the interaction between the > permanent magnets will be modified so as to change the > coupling force therebetween. The present device can be used to > produce rotational motion, linear motion, oscillating motion, > and combinations of these. > > --- > > ### US 5304881 > > ### Means for Producing Rotary Motion > > Also published as: **US5753990** > > ![](5304881.jpg) > > **Abstract** -- A device for converting magnetic > force to mechanical force including a member having an axis > about which it is rotatable, the member having a peripheral > edge portion formed of a material that is effected by the > presence of a magnetic force adjacent thereto, at least one > magnetic member positioned adjacent the peripheral portion of > the rotatable member to produce a magnetic coupling force > therebetween, the peripheral portion of the rotatable member > having a shape such that the magnetic coupling between the > magnetic member and the peripheral portion of the rotatable > member varies continuously as the rotatable member rotates. > > --- > > **## US5455474 > > ## Magnetic Motor Construction > > Also > published as: EP0576252 // EP0576252 // EP0576252 > // ZA9304343 // WO9400903 > > ![](5455474.jpg)** > > **Abstract** -- The present invention > relates to an apparatus having spaced permanent magnets > positioned so that there is magnetic interaction between them, > and controlling the interaction by having a coil in the space > between the permanent magnets connected to a source of > electric potential and a controllable switch in series such > that closing the switch places a voltage across the coil and > predeterminately affects the magnetic interaction between the > spaced permanent magnets. The invention also teaches mounting > one of the permanent magnets on a rotatable structure so that > the spaced permanent magnets can move relative to each other, > the controllable switch operating to control the application > of electric potential across the coil in such a manner as to > produce relative rotational movement between the spaced > permanent magnets. > > --- > **US 5710493** > > ## Circuit and Method for Alternating Current Motor Constructions > > **Abstract** -- The present invention > relates to a control circuit for a motor, the motor including > a rotor having a non-magnetic body portion and a peripheral > portion, the peripheral portion being formed on permanently > magnetized material, one arcuate portion thereof having north > magnetic pole and another arcuate portion having south > magnetic pole, a pair of motor coils, a diode bridge circuit > having opposed input connections and opposed output > connections, a circuit for connecting the respective opposed > input connections of the bridge circuit in series with the > pair of coils across an alternating current source, a first > circuit portion connected across the opposed output > connections of the diode bridge circuit including a > controllable switch device having a control gate,; circuitry > to control the voltage applied to the control gate to control > the conducting condition thereof and hence current flow > through the pair of coils, circuit means including first and > second parallel circuits each having a resistor in series with > a diode, the first parallel circuit being connected between > one of the opposed input connections of the diode bridge > rectifier circuit and the second parallel circuit being > connected to the other of the opposed input connections of the > diode bridge circuit, the outputs of the first and second > parallel circuits being connected to the control gate of the > controllable switch device, and a Hall Effect device having a > connection to the first circuit portion and a connection > between the second circuit portion which is controlled by the > condition of the Hall Effect device. > ---