Nikolai A.KOZYREV : Time

  
**![](0logo.gif)  
[rexresearch.com](../index.htm)**


---

**Nikolai A.KOZYREV**  
**Time**

---

[**https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai\_Aleksandrovich\_Kozyrev**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Aleksandrovich_Kozyrev)

**Nikolai Aleksandrovich
Kozyrev**

**Biography**  
He was born in St. Petersburg, and by 1928 he had graduated from
the Leningrad State University. In 1931 he began working at the
Pulkovo Observatory, located to the south of Leningrad. He was
considered to be one of the most promising astrophysicists in
Russia. Kozyrev was a victim of the Stalinist purges of the
Pulkovo Observatory. Started by the accusations of a disgruntled
graduate student, most of the observatory staff died as a result.
Kozyrev was arrested in November 1936 and sentenced to 10 years
for counterrevolutionary activity. In January 1941, he was given
another 10-year sentence for "hostile propaganda". While
incarcerated, he was allowed to work in engineering-type jobs. Due
to the lobbying by his colleagues, he won an early release from
detention in December 1946.[1] As a result of his imprisonment he
was mentioned in The Gulag Archipelago by Alexandr
Solzhenitsyn.[2]  
  
During his imprisonment, Kozyrev attempted to continue working on
purely theoretical physics. He considered the problem of the
energy source of stars and formulated a theory. But in his
isolation, he was unaware of the discovery of atomic energy. After
his release, Kozyrev refused to believe the theory that stars are
powered by atomic fusion.  
  
Kozyrev was a bold thinker and was respected by prominent
scientists of his time (Arkady Kuzmin, Vasily Moroz, and Iosef
Shklovsky all speak highly of him), even though his work was often
of a very doubtful nature. Among these theories was the claim that
the polar caps of Mars were purely atmospheric cloud formations,
rather than ice-covered ground.  
  
**Publications**  
He is most noted for his observation of the transient lunar
phenomenon in the crater Alphonsus on the Moon. In 1958 he
observed a patch of white within the crater, and a spectrum of the
area appeared to reveal an emission cloud of carbon particles.
Transient lunar phenomenon had long recorded what appeared to be
temporary emissions on the lunar surface, and Kozyrev's
observation was the first observation of the kind, and appeared to
provide confirmation that the Moon was volcanically active.[3]  
  
In 1953, Kozyrev attempted to analyze the phenomenon of ashen
light, a nocturnal air glow on Venus whose existence remains
controversial to this day. He also made the earliest photometric
measurements of the visible and ultraviolet spectrum of
Venus.[citation needed] His calculation of the thermal balance of
Venus disputed the popular theory that the clouds of Venus
consisted of dust.[citation needed] Kozyrev argued that energy
absorbed in the upper atmosphere created high altitude storms, but
the surface of Venus would be still and dimly lit. This work
influenced the theory of Venus and Nobel Laureate Harold Urey
devoted a paper to the analysis and implications of it.  
  
Kozyrev wrongly believed that the white poles of Mars were caused
by cloud formations in the atmosphere, not ice on the
surface.[citation needed]  
  
Due to his experiments and publications (Causal Mechanics/Theory
of Time) he became a controversial figure in Russian scientific
community. In the 1930s, Kozyrev was considered the most promising
new astrophysicist in Russia, but his arrest and long imprisonment
destroyed his career during what is usually the most creative
period of a scientist's life. Isolated from all news and
publications, he pondered the source of internal heat in stars and
planets, but was unaware of the discoveries being made in quantum
mechanics and atomic energy. After his release, he struggled to
recover his place in science, but his own theories were out of
step with the current physics by that time.  
  
The dispute over Kozyrev's causal-mechanics theory spilled into
Pravda in 1959, with criticism by some of the Soviet Union's
leading physicists, including Igor Tamm. In January 1960, the
Soviet Academy of Sciences and Bureau of Physico-Mathematical
Sciences appointed a commission to resolve the dispute. The nine
men were assigned to investigate the theory, experimental
evidence, and the special issue of planetary asymmetry which
Kozyrev claimed was evidence of a gyro-gravitational "latitude
effect". Their findings were:  
  
The theory is not based on accepted clearly formulated axiomatics,
its conclusions are not developed by sufficiently strict logical
or mathematical methods.  
The quality and accuracy of conducted laboratory experiments do
not allow drawing of specific conclusions about the nature of the
effect.  
Checking the asymmetric form of major planets by measuring their
photographs, it was not found in Saturn. For Jupiter they arrived
at the conclusion that the   
apparent asymmetry was the result of the asymmetric arrangement of
bands on its disks but was not a geometrical asymmetry of the
planet. [see: Selected Works]  
  
**Honors**  
  
In September 1969, the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA,
Paris, France) awarded N. Kozyrev a nominal gold medal "For
remarkable telescopic and spectral observations of luminescent
phenomena on the Moon, showing that the Moon remains a still
active body, and stimulating development of the methods of
luminescent researches world wide."  
  
In December 1969, the State Committee for Affairs of Discovery and
Inventions at the Ministerial Council of the USSR, awarded N.
Kozyrev a diploma "For the discovery of tectonic activity of the
Moon."  
  
The following astronomical features are named for him:  
  
Asteroid 2536 Kozyrev.  
Kozyrev (crater) on the Moon.  
  
N.A.Kozyrev, On the Nightglow of Venus, Izvestiya Krymskoi
Astrofizicheskoi Observatorii, Vol 12  
N.A.Kozyrev, Molecular Absorption in the Violet Part of the
Spectrum of Venus Krymskoi Astrofizicheskoi Observatorii, Vol 12  
N.A.Kozyrev, Selected Works, published by Leningrad State Univ.,
1991. 488 p.  
N.A.Kozyrev, V.V.Nasonov, On some properties of time, discovered
by astronomical observations, in Problemy issledovaniya vselennoi,
1980, (Russian lang.)  
N.A.Kozyrev, Possibility of experimental study of properties of
time, Pulkovo, September 1967 (txt available)  
N.A.Kozyrev, Sources of Stellar Energy and the Theory of the
Internal Constitution of Stars, In: Progress in Physics, 2005,
v.3, 61-99.  
  

![](kozyrev1.gif)  
**N.A.Kozyrev**

  


---

  
[**http://www.univer.omsk.su/omsk/Sci/Kozyrev/paper1a.txt**](http://www.univer.omsk.su/omsk/Sci/Kozyrev/paper1a.txt)**Pulkovo, September 1967**  

***Possibility of
Experimental Study of the Properties of Time***

**by**

**N. A. Kozyrev**

(September 1967)

**Joint Publications Research Service #45238**

**Arlington VA**

(2 May 1968)

**Part 1**

**Theoretical Concepts**

Time is the most important and most enigmatic property of
nature. The concept of time surpasses our imagination. The
recondite attempts to understand the nature of time by the
philosophers of antiquity, the scholars in the Middle Ages, and
the modern scientists, possessing a knowledge of sciences and
the experience of their history, have proven fruitless. Probably
this occurs because time involves the most profound and
completely unknown properties of the world which can scarcely be
envisaged by the bravest flight of human fancy. Past these
properties of the world there passes the triumphal procession of
modern science and technical progress. In reality, the exact
sciences negate the existence in time of any other qualities
other than the simplest quality of "duration" or time intervals,
the measurement of which is realized in hours. This quality of
time is similar to the spatial interval. The theory of
relativity by Einstein made this analogy more profound,
considering time intervals and space as components of a
4-dimensional interval of a Minkowski universe. Only the
pseudo-Euclidian nature of the geometry of the Minkowski
universe differentiates the time interval from the space
interval. Under such a conception, time is scalar and quite
passive. It only supplements the spatial arena, against which
the events of the universe are played out. Owing to the
scalarity of time, in the equations of theoretical mechanics the
future is not separated from the past; hence, the causes are not
separated from the results. In the result, classical mechanics
brings to the universe a strictly deterministic, but deprived,
causality. At the same time, causality comprises the most
important quality of the real world.

The concept of causality is the basis of natural science. The
natural scientist is convinced that the question "why" is a
legitimate one, that a question can be found for it. However,
the content of the exact sciences is much more impoverished. In
the precise sciences, the legitimate question is only "how?":
i.e., in what manner a given chain of occurrences takes place.
Therefore, the precise sciences are descriptive. The description
is made in a 4-dimensional world, which signifies the
possibility of predicting events. This possibility of prediction
is the key to the power of the precise sciences. The fascination
of this power is so great that it often compels one to forget
the basic, incomplete nature of their basis. It is therefore
probable that the philosophical concept of Mach, derived
strictly logically from the bases of the exact sciences,
attracted great attention, in spite of its nonconformity to our
knowledge concerning the universe and daily experience.

The natural desire arises to introduce into the exact science
the principles of natural sciences. In other words, the tendency
is to attempt to introduce into theoretical mechanics the
principle of causality and directivity of time. Such a mechanics
can be called "causal" or "asymmetrical" mechanics. In such
mechanics, there should be realizable experience, indicating
where the cause is and where the result is. It can be
demonstrated that in statistical mechanics there is a
directivity of time and that it satisfies our desires. In
reality, statistical mechanics constructs a certain bridge
between natural and theoretical mechanics. In the statistical
grouping, an asymmetrical state in time can develop, owing to
unlikely initial conditions caused by the direct intervention of
a proponent of the system, the effect of which is causal. If,
subsequently, the system will be isolated, in conformity with
the second law of thermodynamics, its entropy will increase, and
the directivity of time will be associated with this trend in
the variation of entropy. As a result, the system will lead to
the most likely condition; it will prove to be in equilibrium,
but then the fluctuations in the entropy of various signs will
be encountered with equal frequency. Therefore, even in the
statistical mechanics of an isolated system, under the most
probable condition, the directivity of time will not exist. It
is quite natural that in statistical mechanics, based on the
conventional mechanics of a point, the directivity of time does
not appear as a quality of time itself but originates only as a
property of the state of the system. If the directivity of time
and other possible qualities are objective, they should enter
the system of elementary mechanics of isolated processes.
However, the statistical generalization of such mechanics can
lead to a conclusion concerning the unattainability of
equilibrium conditions. In reality, the directivity of time
signifies a pattern continuously existing in time, which, acting
upon the material system, can cause it to transfer to an
equilibrium state. Under such a consideration, the events should
occur not only in time, as in a certain arena, but also with the
aid of time. Time becomes an active participant in the universe,
eliminating the possibility of thermal death. Then, we can
understand harmony of life and death, which we perceive as the
essence of our world. Already, owing to these possibilities
alone, one should carefully examine the question as to the
manner in which the concept of the directivity of time or its
pattern can be introduced into the mechanics of elementary
processes.

We shall represent mechanics in the simplest form, as the
classical mechanics of a point or a system of material points.
Desiring to introduce thus into mechanics the principle of
causality of natural science, we immediately encounter the
difficulty that the idea of causality has not been completely
formulated in natural science. In the constant quests for
causes, the naturalist is guided rather by his own intuition
than by fixed procedures. We can state only that causality is
linked in the closest way with the properties of time,
specifically with the difference in the future and the past.
Therefore, we will be guided by the following hypothesis:

I. Time possesses a quality, creating a difference in causes
from effects, which can be evoked by directivity or pattern.
This property determines the difference in the past from the
future.

The requirement for this hypothesis is indicated by the
difficulties associated with the development of the Liebnitz
idea concerning the definition of the directivity of time
through the causal relationships. The profound studies by H.
Reichenbach [1] and G. Withrow [2] indicate that one can never
advance this idea strictly, without tautology. Causality
provides us with a concept of the existence of the directivity
of time and concerning certain properties of this directivity;
at the same time, it does not constitute the essence of this
phenomenon, but only its result.

Let us now attempt, utilizing the simplest properties of
causality, to provide a quantitative expression of hypothesis I.
Proceeding from those circumstances in which: 1) cause is always
outside of the body in which the result is realized and 2) the
result set in after the cause, we can formulate the next two
axioms:

II. Causes and results are always separated by space.
Therefore, between them there exists an arbitrarily small, but
not equaling zero, spatial difference dx.

III. Causes and results are separated in time. Therefore,
between their appearance there exists an arbitrarily small, but
not equaling zero, time difference dt of a fixed
sign.

Axiom II forms the basis of classical Newtonian mechanics. It
is contained in a third law, according to which a variation in a
quantity of motion cannot occur under the effect of external
forces. In other words, in a body there cannot develop an
external force without the participation of another body. Hence,
based on the impenetrability of matter, dsA1 =/
0. However, on the basis of the complete reversibility of time,
axiom III is lacking in the Newtonian mechanics: dt=
0.

In atomic mechanics, just the opposite takes place. In it, the
principle of impenetrability loses its value and, based on the
possibility of the superposition of fields, it is obviously
assumed that dx = 0. However, in atomic mechanics there is a
temporal irreversibility, which did not exist in the Newtonian
mechanics. The influence upon the system of a macroscopic body.
I.e., they devise, introduces a difference between the future
and the past, because the future proves predictable, while the
past is not. Therefore, in the temporal environs of the
experiment, dtA1 = 0, although is can be arbitrarily small. In
this manner, classical mechanics and atomic mechanics enter into
our axiomatics as two extreme systems. This circumstance becomes
especially clear if we introduce the relationship:

(1)    dx / dt = C2

In a real world, C2 most likely constitutes a
finite value. However, in classical mechanics, dxA1 =/ 
0 , dt = 0 , and hence C2 = infinity. In atomic
mechanics, dx = 0, dt A1 =/ 0, and therefore C2= 0.

Let us now discuss the concept of the symbols dx and dt
introduced by us. In a long chain of causal-resultant
transformations, we are considering only that elementary chain
wherein the cause produces the result. According to the usual
physical viewpoints, this chain comprises a spatial time point,
not subject to further analysis. However, on the bases of our
axioms of causality, this elementary causal-resultant chain
should have a structure caused by the impossibility of
spatial-time superimposition of causes and effects. The
condition of non-superimposition in the case of the critical
approach is stipulated by the symbols dx and dt. Hence, these
symbols signify the limit of the infinitely-small values under
the condition that they never revert to 0. These symbols
determine the point distances or dimensions of an "empty" point,
situated between the material points, with which the causes and
effects are linked. However, in the calculation of the intervals
of the entire causal-resultant chain, they should be considered
equal to 0 with any degree of accuracy. However, if they have
infinitely low values of one order, their ratio C2 can
be a finite value and can express a qualitatively physical
property of the causal-resultant relationship. This physical
property is included in the pattern of time, formulated
qualitatively by hypothesis I.

In reality, according to definition (I), the value C2
has the dimensionality of velocity and yields a value to the
rate of the transition of the cause to the effect. This
transition is accomplished through the "empty" point, where
there are no material bodies and there is only space and time.
Hence, the value C2 can be associated only with the
properties of time and space, not with the properties of bodies.
Therefore, C2 should be a universal constant,
typifying the pattern of time in our world. The conversion of
the cause to an effect requires the overcoming of the overcoming
of the "empty" point in space. This point is an abyss, the
transition through which can be realized only with the aid of
the time pattern. From this, there follows directly the active
participation of time in the processes of the material systems.

In Equation (1), the symbol dt has a definite meaning. It can
be established by the standard condition: the future minus the
past comprises a positive value. However, the sign of the value
for dx is quite arbitrary, since space is isotropic and in it
there is no principal direction. At the same time, the sign of C2
should be definite, because logically we should have a
possibility of conceiving the world with an opposite time
pattern: i.e., of another sign. The difficulty arises which at
first glance seems insurmountable, and disrupting the entire
structure formulated until now. However, owing to just this
difficulty, it becomes possible to make an unequivocal
conclusion: C2 is not a scalar value but a
pseudo-scalar value: i.e., a scalar changing sign in the case of
the mirror image or inversion of the coordinate system. In order
to be convinced of this, let us rewrite Equation (1) in a vector
form, having signified by *i* the unit vector of the
direction of the causal-resultant relationship:

(1a)    C2 ( *i* dt ) = dx

If C2 is pseudo-scalar, *i* dt should be a
critical of a pseudo-vector colinear with the critical vector
dx. The pseudo-vector nature of *i* dt signifies that in
the plane (YZ) of a perpendicular to the X-axis there occurs a
certain turning, the sign of which can be determined by the sign
of dt. This means that with the aid of dt, we can orient the
plane perpendicular to the X-axis: i.e., we can allocate the
arrangement of the Y and Z axes. Let us now alter in Equation
(1) the sign of dx, retaining the sign of dt and signifying the
retention of the orientation of the plane (YZ). Then the
constant C2 changes its sign, as it should, since our
operation is tantamount to a mirror image. However, if we change
the sign not only of dx but also of dt, the constant C2
based on Equation (1) does not change sign. This should be the
case, because in the given instance we effected only a turning
of the coordinate system. Finally, changing the sign of dt only,
we once again obtain a mirror (specular) image of the coordinate
system under which the sign of the pseudo-scalar should change.
This proof of the pseudo-scalar property of the time pattern can
be explained by the following simple discussion. The time
pattern should be determined in relation to a certain invariant.
Such an invariant, independent of the properties of matter, can
be only space. The absolute value of the time pattern is
obtained when the absolute difference in the future and the past
will be linked with the absolute difference between right and
left, although these concepts per se are quite tentative.
Therefore, the time pattern also should be established by a
value having the sense of a linear velocity o turning
(rotation). From this it follows that C2 cannot equal
the speed of light CI comprising the conventional
scalar.

From the pseudo-scalar properties of the time pattern, there
immediately follows the basic theorem of causal mechanics:

A world with an opposite time pattern is equivalent to our
world, reflected in a mirror.

In a world reflected in a mirror, causality is completely
retained. Therefore, in a world with an opposite time pattern
the events should develop just as regularly as in our world. It
is erroneous to think that, having run a movie film of our world
in a reverse direction, we would obtain a pattern of the world
of an opposite time direction. We can in no way formally change
the sign in the time intervals. This leads to a disruption of
causality: i.e., to an absurdity, to a world which cannot exist.
In a variation of the directivity of time, there should also
become modified the influences which the time pattern exerts
upon the material system. Therefore, the world reflected in a
mirror should differ in its physical properties from our world.
Up until modern times, this identity was assumed in atomic
mechanics and was said to be the law of the preservation of
parity. However, these studies by Lie and Young of the nuclear
processes during weak interactions led to the experiments,
having demonstrated the erroneous position of this law. This
result is quite natural under the actual existence of time
directivity, which is confirmed by direct experiments described
later. At the same time, one can never make the opposite
conclusion. Numerous investigations of the observed phenomena of
the nonpreservation of parity have demonstrated the possibility
of other interpretations. It is necessary to conclude that
further experiments in the field of nuclear physics narrow the
scope of possible interpretations to such an extent that the
existence of time directivity in the elementary processes will
become quite obvious.

The difference in the world from the mirror image is especially
graphically indicated by biology. The morphology of animals and
plants provides many examples of asymmetry, distinguishing right
from left and independently of what hemisphere of the earth the
organism is living in. Asymmetry of organisms is manifested not
only in their morphology. The chemical asymmetry of protoplasm
discovered by Louis Pasteur demonstrates that the asymmetry
constitutes a basic property of life. The persistent asymmetry
of organisms being transmitted to their descendants cannot be
random. This asymmetry cannot only be a passive result of the
laws of nature, reflecting the time directivity. Most likely,
under a definite asymmetry, corresponding to the given time
pattern, an organism acquires an additional viability: i.e., it
can use it for the reinforcement of life processes. Then, on the
bases of our fundamental theorem, we can conclude that in a
world with an opposite time pattern, the heart in the
vertebrates would be located on the right, the shells of
mollusks would be mainly turned leftward, and in protoplasm
there would be observed an opposite qualitative inequality of
the right and left molecules. It is possible that the specially
formulated biological experiments will be able to prove directly
that life actually uses the time pattern as an additional source
of energy.

Let us now comment on yet another important circumstance,
connected with the determination of the time pattern by Equation
(1). Each causal-resultant relationship has a certain spatial
direction, the base vector of which is signified by *i*.
Therefore, in an actual causal relationship the pseudo-scalar *i
.* C2 will be oriented by the time
pattern. Let us prove that at one point -- the cause -- and at
another point -- the result -- these values should be in
opposite directions. In reality, the result in the future will
be situated in relation to the cause, while the cause in the
past will be situated in relation to the result. This means that
at the points cause and effect dt should have opposite signs,
meaning that there should also be an opposite orientation of the
plane perpendicular to *i*. Then, at a definite *i*-value
we
have
a change in the type of the coordinate system, and the
expression *i*C2 will have different signs.
However, if during the transition from the cause to the effect
we have a change in the sign of *i*, the sign of C2 will
remain unchanged and, hence, *i*C2 will change
sign in this case also. This means that the time pattern is
characterized by the values A+/- *i*C2 and
constitutes a physical process, the model of which can be the
relative rotation of a certain ideal top (gyroscope). By an
ideal gyroscope, we connote a body the entire mass of which is
located at a certain single distance from the axis. This top can
have an effect on another body through a material axis of
rotation and material relationships with this axis, the masses
of which can be disregarded. Therefore, the mechanical property
of an ideal gyroscope will be equivalent to the properties of a
material point having the mass of the gyroscope and its
rotation. Let us assume that the point with which the top
interacts is situated along the direction of its axis. Let us
signify by *j* the base vector of this direction and
consider it to be a standard vector. We can tentatively,
independent of the type of the coordinate system, place it in
another point: for example, in the direction from which the
rotation of the top appears to be originating -- in this case,
in a clockwise direction. The rotation of the top which is
occurring can be described by the approximate pseudo-scalar *ju*,
where *u* equals the linear velocity of rotation. With
such a description and the direction selected by us, *u*
should be a pseudo-scalar, positive in the left-hand system of
coordinates. Let us now consider the motion of a point upon
which the gyroscope axis is acting from the position of the
point of its rim. Since the distance of this point from the
plane of the rim is arbitrarily small, its velocity, computed
from the position of the rim in respect to the radius and the
period, will be the same value for *u*. We can draw on a
sheet of paper the motion of the points of the rim relative to
the center and to the motion of the center from the position of
the rim points. The motion is obtained in one direction if we
examine the paper from the same side: e.g., from above. However,
the infinitely small emergence of a stationary point from the
plane of the rim compels us to examine the rotation from another
position: i.e., to examine the paper from beneath. We obtain a
rotation in the opposite direction, as a result of which we
should compare with the gyroscope the approximate pseudo-scalar:
i.e., *ju*. This signifies that the time pattern being
determined by the values A+/- *i*C2 actually has
an affinity with the relative rotation, which is determined by
the values A+/- *ju* of the same type. It is understandable
that this formal analogy does not fully explain the essence of a
time pattern. However, it opens up the remarkable possibility of
an experimental study of the properties of time. In reality, if
into the causal relationship there will enter a rotating body,
we can expect that in a system with rotation the time pattern
changes instead of  A+/- *i*C2 : it becomes
equal to A+/- ( *i*C2 + *ju* ). Let us now
attempt to explain which variations from this can occur in a
mechanical system. For this, it is necessary to refine the
concept of cause and effect in mechanics.

The forces are the causes altering the mutual arrangement of
bodies and their quantity of motion. The change in the
arrangement of bodies can lead to the appearance of new forces,
and according to the daAlembert principle, the variation of a
quantity of motion for unit time, taken with an opposite sign,
can be regarded as the force of inertia. Therefore, in mechanics
the forces are comprised of the causes and all possible effects.
However, in the movement of a body (1) under the effect of force
F, the force of inertia dp/dt does not constitute a result. Both
of these forces originate at one point. According to axiom II,
owing to this there cannot be a causal-resultant relationship
between them, and they are identical concepts. Therefore, as
Kirchhoff operated in his mechanics, the force of inertia can
serve as a determination of the force F. The force F, applied to
point (1), can evoke an effect only in another point (2). Let us
call this force of the result the effect Fo of the
first point upon the second:

(2) Fo = F a dp1/df = dp2 /dt

For the first point, however, it comprises the lost daAlembert
force:

dp1/dt = F - dp2/dt

In conformity with these expressions, we can consider that for
one time, dt, point (1) loses the pulse dp2 which is
transmitted to point (2). In the case for which there is a
causal relationship between point (1) and (2), dt A1 =/
0, and between them there exists the approximate difference dp2A1
=/ 0. When the cause is situated at point (1),
the transition of dp2 from point (1) to point (2)
corresponds to an increase in the time. Therefore:

(3)    dp2 /dt = dp2 /dt
= Fo

Let us signify by *I* the unit vector of effect Fo
. Then, according to Eq. (3):

Fo = *i* | Fo | = *i* |
dp2 | / dt = *i* | dp2 | / dx | **.**
| d x 1 / dt

According to Eq. (1), the value | dx | / dt can be replaced by
C2 if we tentatively utilize that system of
coordinates in which C2 is positive.

Under this condition:

(4)    Fo = *i*C2 **.**|
dp2 / dx |

The factor *i*C2 comprises a value independent
of a time pattern: i.e., a force invariant. In reality, during
any pattern of time not only the spatial intervals but also the
time intervals should be measured by the unchanging scales
[weights]. Therefore, the velocity and, consequently, also the
pulses should not depend on the pattern (course) of time. As was
demonstrated above, in case of the existence of a time pattern *i*C2in point (2), there must be in point (1) the time pattern -*i*C2. This means that during the effect upon point (2), there
must be a counter effect or a reaction force Ro in
point (1):

(5)    Ro = - *i*C2 A
| dp2 / dx  |

Thus, the third Newtonian law proves to be the direct result of
the properties of causality and pattern of time. The effect and
the counter effect comprise two facets of the identical
phenomenon, and between them a time discontinuity cannot exist.
In this manner, the law of the conservation of a pulse is one of
the most fundamental laws of nature.

Let us now assume that the time pattern has varied and, instead
of A+/- *i*C2 it has become equal to A+/- ( *i*C2
+ *ju*). Then, based on Eqs. (4) and (5), the following
transformation of forces should occur:

F  =  A+/- ( *i*C2 + *ju*) A | dp2/ dx |  ; R = - ( *i*C2 + *ju*)
) A| dp2 / dx |

The additional forces are obtained:

(6)    ^ F  =  F  -  Fo
= + *j* u / C2| Fo |     } ^R =
R a Ro = - *j* u / C2 | Fo |

Thus, in the causal relationship with a spinning top
(gyroscope), we can expect the appearance of additional forces
(6) acting along the axis of rotation of the top. The proper
experiments described in detail in the following section
indicate that, in reality, during the rotation, forces develop
acting upon the axis and depending on the time direction. The
measured value of the additional forces permits us to determine,
based on Eq. (6), the value of C2 of the time pattern
not only in magnitude but also in sign: i.e., to indicate the
type of the coordinate system in which C2 is
positive. **It turns out that the time pattern of our world is
positive in a laevorotary system of coordinates**. From
this, we are afforded the possibility of an objective
determination of left and right; the left-hand system of
coordinates is said to be that system in which the time progress
is positive, while the right-hand system is one in which it is
negative. In this manner, the time progress linking all of the
bodies in the world, even during their complete isolation, plays
the role of that material bridge concerning the need, of which
gauss (3) has already spoken, for the coordination of the
concepts of left and right.

The appearance of additional forces can perhaps be graphically
represented in the following manner: Time enters a system
through the cause to the effect. The rotation alters the
possibility of this inflow, and, as a result, the time pattern
can create additional stresses in the system. These variations
produce the time pattern. From this it follows that **time has
energy**. Since the additional forces are directed
oppositely, the pulse of the system does not vary. This
signifies that time does not have a pulse, although it possesses
energy.   
In Newtonian mechanics, C2 = infinity. The additional
forces according to Eq. (6) disappear, as should occur in this
mechanics. This is natural because the infinite pattern of time
can in no way be altered. Therefore, time proves to be an
imparted fate and invincible force. However, the **actual time
has a finite pattern and can be effective**, and this
signifies that **the principle of time can be reversible**.
How, in reality, these effects can be accomplished should be
demonstrated by experiments studying the properties of time.

In atomic mechanics, C2 = 0. Equations (60,
obtained by a certain refinement of the principles of Newtonian
mechanics, are approximate and do not give the critical
transition at C2 = 0. They only indicate that the
additional effects not envisaged by Newtonian mechanics will
play the predominant part. The causality becomes completely
intertwined (confused) and the occurrences of nature will remain
to be explained statistically.

The Newtonian mechanics correspond to a world with infinitely
stable causal relationships, while atomic mechanics represent
another critical state of a world with infinitely weak causal
relationships. Equations (6) indicate that the mechanics
corresponding to the principles of causality of natural science
should be developed from the aspect of Newtonian mechanics, and
not from the viewpoint of atomic mechanics. In this connection,
there can appear features typical for atomic mechanics. For
instance, we can expect the appearance of quantum effects in
macroscopic mechanics.

The theoretical concepts expounded here are basically
necessary only in order to know how to undertake the experiments
on the study of the properties of time. Time represents an
entire world of enigmatic phenomena, and they can in no way be
pursued by logical deliberations. The properties of time must be
gradually explained by physical experiment.   
For the formulation of experiments, it is important to have a
fore-knowledge of the value of the expected effects, which
depend upon the value C2 . We can attempt to estimate
the numerical value of C2 , proceeding from the
dimensionality concepts. The single universal constant which can
have the meaning of a pseudo-scalar is the Planck constant, *h*.
In reality, this constant has the dimensionality of a moment of
a quantity of motion and determines the spin of elementary
particles. Now, utilizing the Planck constant in any scalar
universal constant, it is necessary to obtain a value having the
dimensionality of velocity. It is easy to establish that the
expression   
  
(7)    C2 = a *e*2 */ h*
=  a **.** 350 km/sec

comprises a unique combination of this type. Here *e*
equals the charge of an elementary particle and a equals a
certain dimensionless factor. Then, based on Eq. (6), at *u*
= 100 m/sec, the additional forces will be of the order of 10-4
or 10-5 (at a considerable a-value) from the applied
forces. At such a value for C2 , the forces of the
time pattern can easily be revealed in the simplest experiments
not requiring high accuracy of measurements.

**Part II**   

**Experiments on Studying the Properties
of Time, and Basic Findings**

  
The experimental verification of the above-developed theoretical
concepts was started as early as the winter of 1951-1952. From
that time, these studies have been carried on continuously over
the course of a number of years with the active participation by
graduate student V.G. Labeysh. At the present time, they are
underway at the laboratory of the Pulkovo Observatory with
engineer V.V. Nasonov. The work performed by Nasonov imparted a
high degree of reliability to the experiments. During the time of
these investigations, we accumulated numerous and diversified
data, permitting us to form a number of conclusions concerning the
properties of time. We did not succeed in interpreting all of the
material, and not all of the material has a uniform degree of
reliability. Here we will discuss only those data which were
subjected to a recurrent checking and which, from our viewpoint,
are completely reliable. We will also strive to form conclusions
from these data.   
  
The theoretical concepts indicate that the tests on the study of
causal relationships and the pattern of time need to be conducted
with rotating bodies: namely, gyroscopes. The first tests were
made in order to verify that the law of the conservation of a
pulse is always fulfilled, and independently of the condition of
rotation of bodies. These tests were conducted on lever-type
weights [scales]. At a deceleration of the gyroscope, rotating by
inertia, its moment of rotation should be imparted to the weights
[scales], causing an inevitable torsion of the suspensions. In
order to avert the suspension difficulties associate with this,
the rotation of the gyroscope should be held constant. Therefore,
we utilized gyroscopes from aviation automation, the velocity of
which was controlled by a variable 3-phase current with a
frequency of the order of 500 cps. The gyroscopeas rotor turned
with this same frequency. It appeared possible, without decreasing
significantly the suspension precision, to supply current to the
gyroscope suspended on weights [scales] with the aid of three very
thin uninsulated conductors. During the suspension the gyroscope
was installed in a hermetically sealed box, which excluded
completely the effect of air currents. The accuracy of this
suspension was of the order of 0.1-0.2 mg. With a vertical
arrangement of the axis and various rotation velocities, the
readings of the weights [scales] remained unchanged. For example,
proceeding from the data for one of the gyroscopes (average
diameter D of rotor equals 4.2 cm: rotor weight Q equals 250 gr),
we can conclude that with a linear rotational velocity u = 70
m/sec the effective force upon the weights [scales] will remain
unchanged, with a precision higher than up to the sixth place. In
these experiments, we also introduced the following interesting
theoretical complication: The box with the gyroscope was suspended
from an iron plate, which attracted the electromagnets fastened
together with a certain mass. This entire system was suspended on
weights [scales] by means of an elastic band. The current was
supplied to the electromagnets with the aid of two very thin
conductors. The system for breaking the current was accomplished
separately from the weights [scales]. At the breaking of the
circuit, the box with the gyroscope fell to a clipper fastened to
the electromagnets. The amplitude of these drops and the
subsequent rise could reach 2 mm. The test was conducted for
various directions of suspension and rotation masses of the
gyroscope, at different amplitudes, and at an oscillation
frequency ranging from units to hundreds of cps. For a rotating
gyroscope, just as for a stationary one, the readings of the
weights [scales] remained unchanged. We can consider that the
experiments described substantiate fairly well the theoretical
conclusion concerning the conservation of a pulse in causal
mechanics.   
  
In spite of their theoretical interest, the previous experiments
did not yield any new effects capable of confirming the role of
causality in mechanics. However, in their fulfillment it was noted
that in the transmission of the vibrations from the gyroscope to
the support of the weights [scales} variations in the readings of
the weights [scales] can appear, depending on the velocity and
direction of rotation of the gyroscopes. When the vibrations of
the weights [scales] themselves begin, the box with the gyroscope
discontinues being strictly a closed system. However, the weights
[scales} can go out o equilibrium if the additional effect of the
gyroscope developing from rotation proves to be transferred from
the shaft of the gyroscopes to the weightsa [scalesa] support.
From these observations, a series of tests with these gyroscopes
developed.   
  
In the first type the vibrations were due to the energy of the
rotor and its pounding in the bearings, depending on the clearance
in them. It is understandable that the vibrations interfere with
accurate suspension. Therefore, it was necessary to abandon the
precision weights [scales] of the analytical type and convert to
engineering weights [scales], in which the ribs of the prisms
contact small areas having the form of caps. Nevertheless, in this
connection we managed to maintain an accuracy of the order of 1 mg
in the differential measurements. The support areas in the form of
caps are also convenient by virtue of the fact that with them we
can conduct the suspension of gyroscopes rotating by inertia. A
gyroscope suspended on a rigid support can transmit through a yoke
its vibrations to the support of the weights [scales]. With a
certain type of vibration, which was chosen completely by feel,
there occurred a considerable decrease in the effect of the
gyroscope upon the weights [scales] during its rotation in a
counterclockwise direction, if we examined it from above. During
the rotation in a clockwise direction, under the same conditions,
the readings of the weights [scales] remained practically
unchanged. Measurements conducted with gyroscopes of varying
weight and rotor radius, at various angular velocities, indicated
that a **reduction of the weight, in conformity with Eq. (6), is
actually proportional to the weight and to the linear rate of
rotation**. For example, at a rotation of the gyroscope (D =
4.6 cm, Q = 90 gr, u = 25 m/sec), we obtained the weight
difference of -8 mg. With rotation in a clockwise direction, it
always turned out that [the weight difference] = 0. However, with
a horizontal arrangement of the axis, in azimuth, we found the
average value = -4 mg. From this, we can conclude that any
vibrating body under the conditions of this experiment should
indicate a reduction in weight. Further studies demonstrated that
**this effect is caused by the rotation of the earth**, which
will be discussed in detail later. Presently, the only fact of
importance to us is that during the vibration there is developed a
new zero reading relative to which **with a rotation in a
counterclockwise direction, we obtain a weight reduction, while
during a rotation in a clockwise direction we obtain a
completely uniform increase in weight** ( + 4 mg). In
this manner, Eq. (6) is given a complete, experimental
confirmation. It follows from the adduced data that C2
= 550 km/sec. According to this condition, the vector *j* is
oriented in that direction in which the rotation appears to be
originating in a clockwise direction. This means that during the
rotation of the gyroscope in a clockwise direction it is directed
downward. With such a rotation, the gyroscope becomes lighter,
meaning that its additional effect upon the support of the weights
is directed downward: i.e., in respect to the base vector *j*.
This will obtain in the case in which *u* and C2
have the same signs. Under our condition relative to the direction
of the base vector *j* the pseudo-scalar *u* is
positive in a left-hand system of coordinates. Consequently, a
time pattern of our world is also positive in a left-hand system.
Therefore, subsequently we will always utilize a left-hand system
of coordinates. The aggregation of the tests conducted then
permitted us to refine the value of C2 :   
  
(8**)    C2 = + 700 + 50 km/sec
in a left-hand system**.   
  
This value always makes probable the relationship of the time
pattern with other universal constants based on Eq. (7) at a = 2.
Then, the dimensionless constant of the thin Sommerfield structure
becomes simply a ratio of the two velocities C2 / C1
, each of which occur in nature.   
  
The tests conducted on weight [scales] with vibrations of a
gyroscope also yield a new basic result. It appears that the
additional force of effect and counter effect can be situated at
different points in the system: i.e., on the support of the
weights [scales] and on the gyroscope. We derive a pair of forces
rotating the balance arm of the weights [scales]. Hence, **time
possesses not only energy but also a rotation moment which it
can transmit to a system**.   
  
A basic checking of the results obtained with the weights [scales]
yields a pendulum in which the body constitutes a vibrating
gyroscope with a horizontal axis suspended on a long fine thread.
As in the tests conducted with the weights [scales], during the
rotation of a gyroscope under quiescent conditions nothing took
place and this filament (thread) did not deflect from the
perpendicular. However, at a certain stage of the vibrations in
the gyroscope the filament deflected from the perpendicular,
always at the same amount (with a given *u*-value) and in
the direction from which the gyroscopeas rotation occurred in a
counterclockwise direction. With a filament length *l* = 2 m
and *u* = 25 m/sec, the deflection amounted to 0.07 mm,
which yields, for the ratio of the horizontal force of the weight,
the value 3.5 **.** 10-5 , sufficiently
close to the results of this suspension.   
  
A significant disadvantage of the tests described is the
impossibility of a simple control of the vibration conditions.
Therefore, it is desirable to proceed to tests in which the
vibrations are developed not by the rotor but by the stationary
parts of the system.   
  
In the weights, the support of the balance arm was gripped by a
special clamp, which was connected by a flexible cable with a long
metal plate. One end of this plate rested in a ball-bearing,
fitted eccentrically to the shaft of an electric motor, and was
connected by a rubber clamp with the bearing. The other end of the
plate was fastened by a horizontal shaft. Changing the speed of
the electric motor and the position of the cable on the plate, we
were able to obtain harmonic oscillations of the balance arm
support of the weights [scales] of any frequency and amplitude.
The guiding devices for raising the balance arm support during a
stopping of the weights eliminated the possibility of horizontal
swaying. For the suspension of the gyroscope, it was necessary to
find the optimal conditions under which the vibration was
transmitted to the rotor and, at the same time, this end of the
balance arm remained quasi-free relative to the other end, to
which the balancing load was rigidly suspended. Under such
conditions, the balance arm can vibrate freely, rotating around
its end, fastened by a weight to a rigid suspension. Oscillations
of this type could be obtained by suspending the gyroscope on a
steel wire 0.15 mm in diameter and with a length of the order of
1-1.5 m. With this arrangement, we observe the variation in the
weight of the gyroscope during its rotation around the vertical
axis. It was remarkable that, ion comparison with the previous
tests, the effect proved to be of the opposite sign. During the
turning of the gyroscope counterclockwise, we found, not a
lightening, but a considerable weight increase. This means that in
this case there operates on the gyroscope an additional force,
oriented in a direction from which the rotation appears to be
originating in a clockwise direction. This result signifies that
the causality in the system and the time pattern introduced a
vibration and that the source of the vibration establishes the
position of the cause. In these tests, a source of vibration is
the non-rotating part of the system, while in the initial model of
the tests, a rotor constituted a source. Transposing in places the
cause and the effect, we alter in respect to them the direction of
rotation: i.e., the sense of base vector *j*. From this,
based on Eq. (6), there originates the change in the sign of the
additional forces. In conventional mechanics all of the forces do
not depend entirely on what comprises the source of the vibration,
but also on what is the effect. However, in causal mechanics,
observing the direction of the additional forces, we can
immediately state where the cause of the vibrations is located.
This means that in reality it is possible to have a mechanical
experiment distinguishing the cause from the effects.   
  
The tests with the pendulum provided the same result. A gyroscope
suspended on a fine wire, during the vibration of a point of this
suspension, deflected in a direction from which its rotation
transpired in a clockwise direction. The vibration of the
suspension was accomplished with the aid of an electromagnetic
device. To the iron plate of a relay installed horizontally, we
soldered a flexible metal rod, on which the pendulum wire was
fastened. Owing to the rod, the oscillations became more harmonic.
The position of the relay was regulated in such a way that there
would not be any horizontal displacements of the suspension point.
For monitoring the control, we connected a direct current, with
which the electromagnet attracted the plate and raised the
suspension point. The position of the filament (thread) was
observed with a laboratory tube having a scale with divisions of
0.14 mm for the object under observation. Estimating by eye the
fractions of this wide division, we could, during repeated
measurements, obtain a result with an accuracy up to 0.01 mm. At a
pendulum length *l* = 3.30 m and a rotation velocity *u*
= 40 m/sec, the deflection of the gyroscope ^*l* was obtained
as equaling 0.12 mm. in order to obtain a value of the additional
force ^Q in relation to the weight of the rotor (Q = 250 gr), it
is necessary to introduce a correction for the weight of the
gyroscope mounting *a* = 1.50 gr: i.e., to multiply ^*l* /e
by (Q + *a*)/Q. From this, we derive just that value of C2
which is represented above (8). In these tests it turned out that
to obtain the effect of deflection of the filament, the end of the
gyroscope shaft, from which the rotation appears to be originating
in a clockwise direction, must be raised somewhat. Hence, in this
direction there should exist a certain projection of force,
raising the gyroscope during the vibrations. In reality, the
effect of the deflection turns out to be even less when we have
accomplished a parametric resonance of the thread with
oscillations, the plane of which passed through the gyroscope
axis. Evidently, the existence of forces acting in the direction *ju*
intensifies the similarity of *ju* with the time pattern and
facilitates the transformation + C2 by +
(*i*C2 + *ju* ). It is also necessary to
comment that the gyroscope axis needs to be located in the plane
of the first vertical. With a perpendicular arrangementofthe axis
-- i.e., in the plane of the meridian -- a certain additional
displacement develops. Obviously, this displacement is created by
force evoked by the earthas rotation, which we mentioned in
describing the first experiments of the vibrations on weights. Let
us now return to an explanation of these forces.   
  
Let us signify by *u* the linear velocity of the rotation of
a point situated on the earthas surface. This point is situated in
gravitational interaction with all other points of the earthas
volume. Their effect is equivalent to the effect of the entire
mass of the earth at a certain average velocity *u* ,
the value of which is located between zero and *u* at the
equator. Therefore, in the presence of a causal relationship there
can originate additional forces, directed along the axis of the
earth, andsimilar forces acting upon the gyroscope during it
rotation with the velocity (*u* a *u* ) relative
to the mounting. If the causal occurrences of the cosmic life of
the earth are associated with the outer layers, these forces
should act upon te surface in the direction from which the
rotation appears to be originating counterclockwise: i.e., toward
the north. Thus, in this case on the earthas surface there should
operate the forces of the time pattern:   
  
(9)    ^Q = - *j* u a *u* / C2**.**
| Q |   
  
[Translatoras Note: One line of text missing at this point ]   
  
in the interior of the earth, forces act in the opposite
direction, and according to the law of conservation of momentum,
the earthas center does not become displaced. In the polar regions
*u<* *u* , and therefore there in both
hemispheres ^Q will be directed southward. Hence, in each
hemisphere there is found a typical parallel where ^Q = 0. Under
the effect of such forces, the earth will acquire the shape of a
cardioid, extending to the south. One of the parameters
characterizing a cardioid is the coefficient of asymmetry *n*:
  
  
(10)    *n* = *b*S a *b*N
/2  *a*   
  
where *a* equals the major semi-axis and *b*S
and *b*N are the distances of the poles to the
equatorial plane.   
  
On Jupiter and Saturn the equatorial velocity *u* is around
10 km/sec. Therefore, on planets with a rapid rotation the factor
can bevery high and reach inconformity with expressions (8), (9)
several units of the third place. Careful measurements of
photographs of Jupiter made by the author and D.O. Mokhnach [4]
showed that on Jupiter the southern hemisphere is more extended
and *n* = + 3.10-3+ 0.6 **.**
10-3 . A similar result, only with less accuracy, was
also obtained for Saturn:   
*n* = 7.10-3+ 3.10-3 .   
  
The measurements of the force of gravity of the surface of the
earth and the motion of artificial earth satellites indicate that
there exists a certain difference of accelerations of gravity in
the northern and southern hemispheres:   
  
^*g = g*N a *g*S > 0, ^*g*/*g*
~ 3.10-5 .   
  
For a homogenous planet this should also be the case for an
extended southern hemisphere, because the point of this hemisphere
are located farther from the center of gravity. The factor *n*
should be of the order of ^g/g. It is necessary to stress that the
conclusion is in direct contradiction with the adopted
interpretation of the above-presented data concerning the
acceleration of gravity. The gist of this difference consists in
the fact that without allowance for the forces of the time
pattern, the increase in gravity in the northern hemisphere can be
explained only by the presence there of denser rocks. In this
case, the leveled surface of the same value should regress
farther. Identifying the level surface with the surface of the
earth, it will remain to be inferred that the northern hemisphere
is more extended. However, the sign 10q [?] obtained directly for
Jupiter and Saturn provide evidence against this interpretation,
containing in itself a further contradictory assumption concerning
the disequilibrium distribution of the rocks within the earth.   
  
The sign obtained for the asymmetry of the shapes of planets leads
to the paradoxical conclusion to the effect that the cause of the
physical occurrences within the celestial bodies is situated in
the peripheral layers. However, such a result is possible if,
e.g., the energetics of a planet are determined by its
compression. In his studies on the internal structure of a star
(Ref. 5), the author concluded that the power of stars is very
similar to the power of cooling and compressing bodies. The
inadequacy of the knowledge of the essence of the causal
relationships prevents us from delving into this question. At the
same time, we are compelled to insist on the conclusions which
were obtained from a comparison of the asymmetry of the planets
with the forces acting upon the gyroscope.   
  
The direction of the perpendicular on the earthas surface is
determined by the combined effect of the forces of gravity, of
centrifugal forces, and the forces of the time pattern ^Q
operating toward the north in our latitudes. In the case of a free
fall, the effect on the mounting is absent (Q = 0) and therefore
^Q = 0. As a result, the freely falling body should deflect from
the perpendicular to the south by the value ^*l*s:
  
  
(11)    ^*l*s = ^Qn / Q **.***l* ,   
  
where *l* equals the height of the bodyas fall and ^QN
equals the horizontal component of the forces of the time pattern
in the moderate latitudes. A century or two ago this problem of
the deflection of falling bodies toward the south attracted
considerable attention. Already the first experiments conducted by
Hook in January of 1680 at the behest of Newton for the
verification of the deflection of falling bodies eastward led Hook
to the conviction that a falling body deflects not only eastward
but also southward. These experiments were repeated many time and
often led to the same result. The best determinations were made by
engineer Reich in the mine shafts of Freiburg (Ref. 6). At *l*
= 158 m, he obtained ^*l*s = 4.4 mm, and toward
the east ^*l*o = 28.4 mm equals the deflection,
which agrees well with the theory. Based on Eq. (11) from these
determinations, it follows that   
  
(12)    ^QN /Q = 2.8 **.**
10-5 at *l* = 48o   
  
which agrees well with our approximate concepts concerning the
asymmetry of the earthas shape. The experiments on the deflection
of falling bodies from a perpendicular are very complex and
laborious. The interest in these tests disappeared completely
after Hagen in the Vatican (Ref. 7) with the aid of an Atwood
machine obtained a deflection eastward in excellent agreement with
the theory, and he did not derive any deflection southward. On the
Atwood machine, owing to the tension of the filament, the eastward
deflection decreases by only one half. However, the southward
deflection during the acceleration equals 1/25 (as was the case
for Hagen), according to Eqs. (9) and (11), should decrease by 25
times. Therefore, the Hagen experiments do not refute to any
extent the effect of the southward deflection.   
  
Let us now return to the occurrences developing during the
vibration of a heavy body on the surface of the earth. The
causal-resultant relationship within the earth creates on the4
surface, in addition to the standard time pattern + iC2, the time pattern + iC2 - j (u - u)/.
Therefore, on the surface of the earth, on a body with which a
cause is connected, there should act the additional force ^Q,
directed northward along the axis of the earth and being
determined by Eq. (9). In the actual place where the effect is
located, there should operate a force of opposite sign: i.e.,
southward. This means that during vibrations a heavy body should
become lighter. In the opposite case, where the source of
vibration is connected with the mounting, the body should become
heavier. In a pendulum, during a vibration of the suspension
point, there should occur a deflection toward the south. These
phenomena have opened up the remarkable possibility not only of
measuring the distribution of the forces of the time pattern of
the surface of the earth but also of studying the causal
relationships and the properties of time by the simplest mode, for
the conventional bodies, without difficult experiments with
gyroscopes.   
  
The tests on the study of additional forces caused by the earthas
rotation have the further advantage that the vibration of the
point of the mounting cannot reach the body itself. The damping of
the vibrations is necessary in order to express better the
difference in the positions of cause and effect. Therefore, it is
sufficient to suspend a body on weights on a short rubber band,
assuring an undisturbed mode of operation of the weights during
the vibrations. In a pendulum, one should use a fine capron
thread. In the remaining objects the tests were conducted in the
same way as with the gyroscopes.   
  
In the weights, during vibrations of the mounting of the balance
arm, an increase actually occurs in the weights of a load
suspended on an elastic (Fig. 1). By many experiments it was
proved that the increase in the weight -- i.e., the vertical
component of the additional force ^Qz -- is
proportional to the weight of the body Q. For Pulkovo, ^Qz/Q
=
2.8 **.** 10-5. The horizontal
components ^Qs were determined from the deflection of
pendulums of various length (from 2 to 11 meters) during the
vibration of a suspension point. During such vibrations the
pendulums, in conformity with the increased load of the weights,
deflected southward. For example, at *l* = 3.2 m, we
obtained ^*l* = 0.052 mm. From this, ^Qs/Q = ^*l*/ *l* = 1.6 **.** 10-5, which corresponds
fully to the Reich value (Ref. 11) found for the lower latitude.
If the force Q is directed along the earthas axis, there should be
fulfilled the condition: ^Qz/Qs = tan *L*,
where *L* equals the latitude of the site of the
observations. From the data presented, it follows that tan *L*
= 1.75, in complete conformity with the latitude at Pulkovo.   
Similar tests were made for a higher latitude in the city of
Kirovsk, and here also a good agreement with the latitude was
obtained. For the weights and the pendulums, the amplitudes of the
vibrations of the mounting point were of the order of tenths of a
millimeter, while the frequency changed within the limits of tens
of cycles per second.   
The measurements conducted at various latitudes of the Northern
Hemisphere demonstrated that, in reality, **there exists a
parallel where the forces of time are lacking**: ^Q = 0 **at
*L* = 73o05a**. Extrapolating the data from
these measurements, we can obtain for the pole the estimation ^Q/Q
= 6.5 **.** 10-5. Having taken the value
C2 found from the tests conducted with a gyroscope (8), let us
find from this for the pole: u ~ 45 m/sec. At the
equator the velocity of the earthas rotation is 10 times higher.
Therefore, the indicated u-value can prove to be less than
that expected. However, it is necessary to have it in mind that
presently we do not have the knowledge of the rules of combining
the time pattern which are necessary for the strict calculation
for the u. taking into account the vast distance in the
kinematics of the rotations of a laboratory gyroscope and of the
earth, we can consider the results obtained for both cases as
being in very good agreement.   
  
On the weights [scales], we conducted a verification of the
predicted variation in the sign, when the load itself becomes a
source of vibration. For this, under the mounting area of the
balance arm we introduce a rubber lining, and in place of the load
on the elastic, we rigidly suspend an electric motor with a
flywheel which raises and lowers a certain load. In the case of
such vibrations, the entire linkage of the balance arm of the
weights remained as before. At the same time, we did not obtain an
increase in the weight, but a lightening of the system suspended
to the fluctuating end of the balance arm. This result excludes
completely the possibility of the classic explanation of the
observed effects and markedly indicates the role of causality.   
  
In the experiments with vibrations on weights [scales] the
variation in the weight of a body ^Qz occurs in jumps,
starting from a certain vibration energy. With a further increase
in the frequency of the vibrations, the variation in the weight
remains initially unchanged, then increases by a jump in the same
value. In this manner, it turned out that in addition to the basic
separating stage ^Qz , that good harmonic state of the
oscillations, we can observe a series of quantized values: A1/2 ^Q,^Q, 2^Q, 3 ^Q..., corresponding to the continuous variation
in the frequency of vibrations. From the observations, it follows
that the energy of the vibrations of the beginning of each stage
evidently forms such a series. In other words, to obtain multiple
values, the frequencies of the vibrations must be square root of
2, sq. rt. of 3, etc. The impression is gained that weights in the
excited stage behaved like weights without vibrations: the
addition of the same energy of vibrations leads to the appearance
of the stage ^Qz . However, we have not yet managed to
find a true explanation of this phenomenon. The appearance of the
half quantum number remains quite incomprehensible. These quantum
effects also occurred in the tests conducted with pendulums.
Subsequently, it turned out that the quantum state of the effects
is obtained in almost all of the tests. It should be noted that
with the weights, we observed yet another interesting effect, for
which there is no clear explanation. The energy of the vibrations,
necessary for the excitation of a stage, depends upon the estimate
of the balance arm of the weights [scales]. The energy is minimal
when the load on the elastic is situated to the south of the
weightsa [scalesa] supports, and maximal when it is located to the
north. The tests conducted with vibrations have the disadvantage
that the vibrations always affect, to some extent, the accuracy of
the measuring system. At the same time, in our tests vibrations
were necessary in order to establish the position of the causes
and effects. Therefore, it is extremely desirable to find another
method of doing this. For example, we can pass a direct electric
current through a long metal wire, to which the body of the
pendulum is hung. The current can be introduced through a point of
the suspension and passed through a very fine wire at the body of
the pendulum without interfering with its oscillations. The
Lorentz forces, the interaction of current, and the magnetic field
of the earth operated in the first vertical and cannot cause a
meridianal displacement of interest to us. These experiments were
crowned with success. Thus, in a starting from 15 v and a current
force of 0.03 amps, there appeared a jump-like deflection toward
the south by an amount of 0.024 mm, which was maintained during a
further increase of the voltage up to 30 v. To this deviation
there corresponds the relative displacement ^*l*/*l* =
0.85 **.** 10-5, which is almost exactly
half of the stage observed during the vibrations. In the case of a
plus voltage at the point of the suspension, we obtained a similar
deflection northward. In this manner, knowing nothing of the
nature of the electrical current, we could already conclude, from
only a few of these tests, that the cause of the current is the
displacement of the negative charges.   
  
It turned out that in the pendulum, the position of the cause and
effect can be established even more simply, by heating or cooling
the point of the suspension. For this, the pendulum must be
suspended on a metal wire which conducts heat well. The point of
the suspension was heated by an electrical coil. During a heating
of this coil until it glowed, the pendulum deflected southward by
half of the stage, as during the tests conducted with the
electrical current. With a cooling of the suspension point with
dry ice, we obtained a northward deflection. A southward
deflection can also be obtained by cooling the body of the
pendulum, to this end placing it, e.g., in a vessel containing dry
ice at the bottom. In these experiments, only under quite
favorable circumstances did we succeed in obtaining the full
effect of the deflection. It is obvious that the vibrations have a
certain basic advantage. It is likely that not only dissipation of
the mechanical energy is significant during the vibrations. It is
probable that the forces of the vibrations directed along *ju*
cause the appearance of additional forces.   
  
In the study of the horizontal forces the success in the heat
experiments permitted us to proceed from long pendulums to a much
more simple and precise device: namely, the torsion balance. We
applied torsion balances of optimal sensitivity, for which the
expected deflection was 5-20 degrees. We utilized a balance arm of
apothecary weights [scales], to the upper handle of which we
soldered a special clamp, to which was attached a fine tungsten
wire with a diameter of 35 microns and a length of around 10 cm.
The higher end of the wire was fastened by the same clamp to a
stationary support. To avoid the accumulation of electrical
charges and their electrostatic effect, the weights [scales] were
reliably grounded through the support. From one end of the balance
arm we suspended a metal rod along with a small glass vessel, into
which it entered. At the other end was installed a balancing load
of the order of 20 grams. The scale, divided into degrees,
permitted us to determine the turning angle of the balance arm.
The vessel into which the metal rod entered was filled with snow
or water with ice. Thereby, there developed a flow of heat along
the balance arm to the rod, and the weights [scales], mounted
beforehand in the first vertical, were turned by this end toward
the south. The horizontal force ^Qs was computed from
the deflection angle *a* with the aid of the formula:   
  
(13)    a = T2 - To2 /
4 pi2 **.** g / 2*l* (^Qs
/ Q ) a   
  
where T equals the period of the oscillation of the torsion
balances; To equals the period of oscillations of one
balance arm, without loads; t equals the acceleration of gravity;
and 2*l* equals the length of the balance arm: i.e., between
the suspended weights. In this equation the angle a is expressed
in radians. For example, in the weights with *l* = 9.0 cm, T
= 132 seconds, and To = 75 seconds, we observed a
southward deflection by an angle of 17.5o. Thence,
based on Eq. (13), it follows that ^Qs / Q = Q = 1.8 **.**
10-5 is in good agreement with the previously derived
value of the horizontal forces. Half and multiple displacements
were also observed in these experiments conducted with the torsion
balances. Another variation of the experiment was the heating, by
a small alcohol lamp, of a rod suspended together with a vessel
containing ice. The same kind of alcohol lamp was placed at the
other end of the balance arm with a compensating weight, but in
such a way that it could not heat the balance arm. During the
burning of both alcohol lamps the weights did not of out of
equilibrium. In these experiments we invariably obtained the
opposite effect: i.e., a turning to the north of the end of the
balance arm with the rod.   
  
It is necessary to mention one important conclusion which follows
from the combination of the occurrences which have been observed.
In the case of the effect on the mounting, this might not
influence a heavy body; and at the same time, forces, applied to
each point of it, developed in the body: i.e., mass forces and,
hence, identical to the variation in the weight. This signifies,
by influencing the mounting, where the forces of the attraction
are located, comprising a result of the weight, we can obtain a
variation in the weight, i.e., a change in the cause. Therefore,
the tests conducted indicate a distinct possibility of reversing
the causal relationships.   
  
The second cycle of tests on studying the qualities of time was
started as a result of the observations of quite strange
circumstances, interrupting a repetition of the experiments. As
early as the initial experiments with the gyroscopes it was
necessary to face the fact that sometimes the tests could be
managed quite easily, and sometimes they proved to be fruitless,
even with a strict observance of the same conditions. These
difficulties were also noted in the old experiments on the
southward deflection of falling bodies. Only in those tests in
which, within wide limits, it is possible to intensify the causal
effect -- as, e.g., during the vibrations of the mounting of the
weights [scales] or of the pendulum -- can we almost always attain
a result. Evidently, in addition to the constant pattern C2,
in the case of time, **there also exists a variable property
which can be called the density or intensity of time**. In a
case of low density it is difficult for time to influence the
material systems, and there is required an intensive emphasis of
the causal-resultant relationship in order that force caused by
the time pattern would appear. It is possible that our
psychological sensation of empty or substantive time has not only
a subjective nature but also, similarly to the sensation of the
flow of time, an objective physical basis.   
  
Evidently many circumstances exist affecting the density of time
in the space surrounding us. **In late autumn and in the first
half of winter all of the tests can be easily managed. However,
in summer these experiments become difficult to such an extent
that many of them could not be completed.** Probably, in
conformity with these conditions, the tests in the high altitudes
can be performed much more easily than in the south; in addition
to these regular variations, there often occur some changes in the
conditions required for the success of the experiments: these
transpired in the course of one day or even several hours.
Obviously, the density of time changes within broad limits, owing
to the processes occurring in nature, and our tests utilize a
unique instrument to record these changes. If this be so**, it
proves possible to have one material influence another through
time**. Such a relationship could be foreseen, since the
causal-resultant phenomena occurred not only in time but also with
the aid of time. Therefore, in each process of nature time can be
extended or formed. These conclusions could be confirmed by a
direct experiment.   
  
Since we are studying the phenomenon of such a generality as time,
it is evident that it is sufficient to take the simplest
mechanical process in order to attempt to change the density of
time. For example, using any motor, we can raise and lower a
weight or change the tension of a tight elastic band. We obtain a
system with two poles, a source of energy and its outflow: i.e.,
the causal-resultant dipole. With the aid of a rigid transmission,
the pole of this dipole can be separated for a fairly extensive
distance. We will bring one of these poles close to a long
pendulum during the vibrations of its point of suspension. It is
necessary to tune the vibrations in such a way that the full
effect of southward deflection would not develop, but only the
tendency for the appearance of this effect. It turned out that
this tendency increases appreciably and converts even to the
complete effect if we bring near to the body of the pendulum or to
the suspension point that pole of the dipole where the absorption
of the energy is taking place. However, with the approach of the
other pole (of the motor), the appearance of the effect of
southern deflection in the pendulum invariably became difficult.
In the case of a close juxtaposition of the poles of the dipole,
their influence on the pendulum practically disappeared. It is
evident that in this case a considerable compensation of their
effects occurs. It turned out that **the effect of the causal
pole** does not depend on the direction along which it is
installed relative to the pendulum. Its effect **depends only on
the distance (spacing)**. Repeated and careful measurements
demonstrated that **this effect diminishes**, not inversely
proportional to the square of the distance, as in the case of
force fields, but **inversely proportional to the first power of
the distance**. In raising and lowering of a 10-kg weight
suspended through a unit distance, its influence was sensed at a
distance of 2-3 meters from the pendulum. **Even the thick wall
of the laboratory did not shield this effect**. It is
necessary to comment that all of these tests, similarly to the
previous ones, also were not always successful.   
  
The results obtained indicate that nearer the system with the
causal-resultant relationship the density of time actually
changes. **Near the motor there occurs a thinning (rarefaction
of time), while near the energy receiver its compaction takes
place. The impression is gained that time is extended by a cause
and, contrariwise, it becomes more advanced in that place where
the effect is located**. Therefore, in the pendulum assistance
is obtained from the receiver, and interference from the part on
the motor. By these conditions we might also explain the easy
accomplishment of these experiments in winter and in northern
latitudes, while in summer and in the south it is difficult to
perform the tests. The fact of the matter is that in our latitude
in winter are located the effects of the dynamics of the
atmosphere of the southern latitudes. This circumstance can assist
the appearance of the effects of the time pattern. However,
generally and particularly **in summer the heating by solar rays
creates an atmosphere loader, interfering with the effects**.
  
  
The effect of time differs basically from the effect of force
fields. The effect of the causal pole on the device (pendulum)
immediately creates two equal and opposite forces, applied to the
body of the pendulum and the suspension point. There occurs a
transmission of energy, without momentum, and, hence, also without
delivery to the pole. This circumstance explains the reduction of
the influences inversely proportional to the first power of the
distances, since according to this law an energy decrease takes
place. Moreover, this law could be foreseen, simply by proceeding
from circumstance of time to expressed by the turning, and hence
with it it is necessary to link the plane, passing through the
pole with any orientation in space. In the case of the force lines
emerging from the pole, their density decreases in inverse
proportion to the square of the distance; however, the density of
the planes will diminish according to the law of the first power
of the distance. The transmission of energy without momentum
(pulse) should still have the following very important property:
Such a transmission should be instantaneous: i.e., it cannot be
propagating because the transmission of the pulse is associated
with propagation. This circumstance follows from the most general
concepts concerning time. Time in the universe is not propagated
but appears immediately everywhere. On a time axis the entire
universe is projected by one point. Therefore, the altered
properties of a given second will appear everywhere at once,
diminishing according to the law of inverse proportionality of the
first power of the distance. It seems to us that such a
possibility of the instantaneous transfer of information through
time should not contradict the special theory of relativity -- in
particular, the relativity of the concept of simultaneity. The
fact is that the simultaneity of effects through time is realized
in that advantageous system of coordinates with which the source
of these effects is associated.   
  
The possibility of communications through time will probably help
to explain not only the features of biological relationship but
also a number of puzzling phenomena of the psychics of man.
Perhaps instinctive knowledge is obtained specifically in this
manner. It is quite likely that in this same way are realized also
the phenomena of telepathy: i.e., the transmission of thought over
a distance. All these relationships are not shielded and hence
have the property for the transmission of influences through time.
  
  
Further observations indicate that in the causal-resultant dipoles
a complete compensation of the effect of its poles does not take
place. Obviously, in the process there occurs the absorption or
output of certain qualities of time. Therefore, the effect of the
process could be observed without a preliminary excitation of the
system.   
  
The previously applied torsion weights (balances) were modified in
such a manner that, when possible, we would increase the distance
between the weights suspended on the balance arm. This requirement
was realized with a considerable lengthening (up to 1.5 m) of the
suspension filament of one of the weights. As a result, the
torsion balances came to resemble a gravitational variometer, only
with the difference that in them the balance arm could be freely
moved around a horizontal axis. The entire system was well
grounded and shielded by a metal housing in order to avert the
electrostatic effects. The masses of the weights were of the order
of 5-20 grams. In the realization of any reversible process near
one of the weights, we obtained a turning of the balance arm
toward the meridian by a small angle a of the order of 0o.3,
with a sensitivity of the weights [scales] corresponding to a
slewing by 9o for the case of the effects of the forces
of a time pattern of full magnitude. In this manner, the forces
which were occurring proved to be quite similar to those
previously investigated. They act along the axis o the earth and
yield the same series of quantized values of the slewing angle: A1/2
a, a,2a ...  It turned out that the vertical components of
these forces can be observed in the analytical scales, if we
separate the weights in them far enough, by means of the same
considerable lengthening of the suspension filament of one of the
weights.   
  
These tests indicated the basic possibility of the effect through
time of an irreversible process upon a material system. At the
same time, the very low value of the forces obtained testifies to
a certain constructive incorrectness of the experiment, owing to
which there takes place an almost complete compensation of the
forces originating in the system. As a result, only a small
residue of these forces acts on the system. Obviously, in our
design, during the effect upon one weight, there also develops an
effect upon the second weight, stopping the turning of the torsion
balances. Most likely, this transmission of the effect to the
second weight occurs through the suspension point. In reality, the
appearance of forces of the time pattern in one of the weights
signifies the transformation of the forces of the weight of this
load and its reaction in the mounting point to a new time pattern,
associated with the earthas rotation. The transformation of the
time pattern in the suspension point of the torsion balances can
also cause the transformation of all of the forces acting here,
signifying also the reaction of the second weight. However, the
appearance of an additional reaction requires the appearance of
the additional force of the weight of the second load. Therefore,
in this design, during the effect upon one load there also
originates an effect upon the second load, stopping the turning of
the torsion balances. The concept discussed indicates that to
obtain substantial effect in the torsion balances, it is necessary
to introduce an abrupt asymmetry in the suspension of the loads.   
  
As a result of a number of tests, the following design of the
asymmetrical torsion balances proved successful: one cylindrical
load of considerable weight was chosen, around 300 grams. This
main weight was suspended from the permanent filament made of
capron, with a length of around 1.5 meters and a diameter of 0.15
mm. to this weight there was rigidly fastened, arranged
horizontally, a light-weight metal plate around 10 cm in length.
The free end of this plate was supported by a very thin capron
filament fastened at the same point as the main filament. From
this free end of the plate, we suspended on a long thin wire a
weight of the order of 10 grams. For damping the system the main
weight was partly lowered into a vessel containing machine oil. By
a turn at the suspension point, the horizontal plate was set
perpendicular to the plane of the meridian.   
  
Let us now assume that in the system a force has developed
affecting only the main weight in the plane of the meridian: i.e.,
perpendicularly to the plate. This force deflects the main weight
by a certain angle x. The free end of the plate with a small load
will also be deflected by this same angle. Therefore, upon the
small load there will act a horizontal force, tending to turn the
plate toward the plane of the meridian and equalizing the weight
of the small load multiplied by the angle x. Since the deflection
angle x equals the relative change in the weight, a force equaling
the additional force of the time pattern for the weight of a small
load will act on the small load. Therefore, the turning angle of
the torsion balances can be computed according to the previous Eq.
(13), assuming that in it To = 0. The same turning, but
in an opposite direction, should be obtained during the effect
upon only one small load. This condition was confirmed by
experiments with strong influences from close distances. However,
it turned out that a heavy weight absorbed the effect better than
a small weight. Therefore, weak remote forces are received
(absorbed) by only one large load, which permitted us to observe
the effects upon the device at very considerable distances from
it, of the order of 10-20 meters. However, the optimal distance in
these tests was around 5 meters.   
  
The asymmetrical torsion balances described proved to be as
successful design. The calculated angle of their turning under the
effect o additional forces of the time pattern should be of the
order of 14o. In the case of a contactless effect over
a distance, we obtained large deflections, which reached the
indicated values. In these tests, as in the previous ones, we once
again observe the discrete state of the stable deflections with a
power of one fourth o the full effect: i.e., 3o5a.   
  
The processes causing deflection of the weights were most varied:
heating of the body; burning of an electric tube; cooling of a
previously heated body; the operation of an electrical battery,
closed through resistance; the dissolving of various salts in
water; and even the movement of a manas head. A particularly
strong effect is exerted by nonstationary process: e.g., the
blinking of an electric bulb. Owing to the processes occurring
near the weights and in nature, the weights behave themselves very
erratically. Their zero point often becomes displaced, shifting by
the above-indicated amounts and interfering considerably with the
observations. It turned out that **the balances can be shielded,
to a considerable extent, from these influences by placing near
them an organic substance consisting only of right-handed
molecules: for example, sugar. The left-handed molecules --
e.g., turpentine -- evidently cause the opposite effect.**   
  
In essence, the tests conducted demonstrate that it is possible to
have the influence through time of one process upon another. In
reality, the appearance of forces turning the torsion balances
alters the potential energy of the balances. Therefore, in
principle, there should take place a change in the physical
process which is associated with them.   
At a session of the International Astronomical Union in Brussels
in the fall of 1966 the author presented a report concerning the
physical features of the components of double stars. In binary
systems a satellite constitutes an unusual star. As a result of
long existence, a satellite becomes similar to a principal star in
a number of physical aspects (brightness, spectral type, radius).
At such great distances the possibility is exclude that the
principal star will exert an influence upon a satellite in the
usual manner: i.e., through force fields. Rather, the binary stars
constitute an astronomical example of the effect of the processes
in one body upon the processes in another, through time.   
  
Among the many tests conducted, we should mention the observations
which demonstrated the existence of yet another interesting
feature in the qualities of time. It turned out that in the
experiments with the vibrations of the mounting point of the
balances or of the pendulum additional forces of the time pattern
which developed do not disappear immediately with the stoppage of
the vibrations, but will remain in the system for a considerable
period. Considering that they decrease according to the
exponential law e-t/to, estimations were
made of the time to of their relaxation. It turned out that to
does not depend on the mass of the body but upon its density *p*.
We obtained the following approximate data: for lead, *S* =
11, to = 14 second; for aluminum, *S* = 2.7, to
= 28 seconds; for wood *S* = 0.5, to = 70
seconds. In this manner it is possible that to is
inversely proportional to the square root of the bodyas density.
It is curious that the preservation of the additional forces in
the system, after the cessation of the vibrations, can be observed
in the balances in the most simple manner. Let us imagine balance
scales in which one of the weights is suspended on rubber. Let us
take this weight with one hand and, with the pressure of the other
hand upon the balance arm, replace the effect of the weight taken
from it. We will shake the removed weight with one hand and, with
the pressure of the other hand upon the balance arm, replace the
effect of the weight taken from it. We will shake the removed
weight for a certain time (around a minute) on the rubber, and
then we will place it back upon the scales. The scales will
indicate te gradual lightening of this load, in conformity with
the above-listed values for to . It is understandable
that in this test it is necessary to take measures in order that
oneas hand does not heat the balance arm of the scales. In place
of a hand, the end of the balance arm from which the weight is
taken can be held by a mechanical clamp. Sometimes this amazingly
simple test can be accomplished quite easily, but there are days
when, similarly to certain other tests, it is achieved with
difficulty or cannot be accomplished at all.   
Based on the above-presented theoretical concepts and all of the
experimental data, the following general inferences can be made:   
  
1) The causal states, derived from three basic axioms, of the
effect concerning the properties of a time pattern are confirmed
by the tests. Therefore, we can consider that these axioms are
substantiated by experiment. Specifically, we confirm axiom II
concerning the spatial non-overlapping of causes and effects.
Therefore, the force fields transmitting the influences should be
regarded as a system of discrete, non-overlapping points. This
finding is linked with the general philosophical principle of the
possibility of cognition of the world. For the possibility of at
least a marginal cognition, the combination of all material
objects should be a calculated set: i.e, it should represent a
discrete state, being superimposed on the continuum of space.   
  
As concerns the actual results obtained during the experimental
justification of the axiom of causality, among them the most
important are the conclusions concerning the finiteness of the
time pattern, the possibility of partial reversal of the causal
relationships, and the possibility of obtaining work owing to the
time pattern.   
  
2) The tests proved the existence of the effects through time of
one material system upon another. This effect does not transmit a
pulse (momentum), meaning it does not propagate but appears
simultaneously in any material system. In this manner, in
principle it proves possible to have a momentary relationship and
a momentary transmission of information. Time accomplishes a
relationship between all phenomena of nature and participates
actively in them.   
  
3) Time has diverse qualities, which can be studied by
experiments. Time contains the entire universe of still unexplored
occurrences. The physical experiments studying these phenomena
should gradually lead to an understanding of what time represents.
However, knowledge should show us how to penetrate into the world
of time and teach us how to affect it.   
  
N. Kozyrev   
Pulkovo, September 1967   
  
**Bibliography**   
  
\1) Reichenbach, H.: *The Direction of Time*; 1956,
Berkeley.   
2) Whitrow, G.J.: *The Natural Philosophy of Ttime*: 1961,
London.   
3) Gauss, C.F.: *Gottingen Learned Review* (1831), p. 635.   
4) Kozyrev, N.A.: "Possible Asymmetry in Shapes of Planets"; *Doklady
Ak. Nauk SSSR* 70: 389 (1950).   
5) Kozyrev, N.A.: *Izv. Krym. Astrofiz. Observatorii* (*Bull.
of Crimean Astrophysical Observatory*) vol 2, No. 1 (1948); *ibid*.,
vol 6, No. 54 (1950)   
6) Reich: "Drop Tests Concerning Earthas Rotation" (1832).   
7) Hagen, I.G.: "The Earthas Rotation: Its Ancient & Modern
Mechanical Proofs"; *Sp. Astr. Vaticana Second App.*, Rome,
1912.    
  


---

  
[**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273513728\_The\_Mathematical\_Justification\_of\_a\_Possible\_Wave\_Nature\_of\_the\_Time\_Flow\_of\_Kozyrev**](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273513728_The_Mathematical_Justification_of_a_Possible_Wave_Nature_of_the_Time_Flow_of_Kozyrev)**http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/ijpa/v2n3-4a2** **International Journal of Physics and Astronomy,
July-December 2014, Vol. 2, No. 3 & 4, pp. 9-20** 

**The Mathematical
Justification of a Possible Wave Nature of the Time Flow of
Kozyrev**   
  
**A. Chubykalo and   A. Espinoza  
  
[ [PDF](MathJustificatioPossibleWave.pdf) ]**

**Abstract**  
   
In this brief note we do not prove or disprove the existence of
the so-called time flow in the conception of time offered by N.A.
Kozyrev, here we merely give the mathematical justification of the
presumable wave nature Kosyrevas time flow in the case of the
physical existence of the mentioned flow...  
   


---

[**http://www.chronos.msu.ru/old/EREPORTS/shikhobalov\_fundamentals/shikhobalov\_fundamentals.htm**](http://www.chronos.msu.ru/old/EREPORTS/shikhobalov_fundamentals/shikhobalov_fundamentals.htm)

**THE FUNDAMENTALS OF N.A. KOZYREVaS CAUSAL
MECHANICS**  
  
**L. S. Shikhobalov**  
  
**[ [PDF](FUNDAMENTALSKOZYREVCAUSALMECHANICS.htm) ]**

  


---

  
[**http://www.halfpasthuman.com**](http://www.halfpasthuman.com)

**timetalks** **... the
'active' properties of time**

**by** **Clif High**

  
"...It is the life essence that is lacking in our scientific
knowledge. Physics, chemistry and other exact sciences are able to
accurately follow and predict the way of a dry leaf fallen from a
tree and carried away by the wind, they can even write its
equation of motion, but they are helpless in explaining how it had
grown, how it took its shape and properties. One cannot refer to
specific properties of plants, absent in unanimate nature. Living
organisms cannot create things absent in nature. They can only
collect and use something from the general properties of the
World. Consequently, those properties must be present in the
unanimate nature as well. " N.A. Kozyrev  
  
Kozyrev spent decades investigating the the expression of the time
phenomenon in nature. He was able to prove many of his thoughts
about time, its essence, and what he called 'time density'.  
  
Most of Kozyrev's work was abandoned due to the political problems
affecting the USSR, and then later, the renewed modern Russia.
Some of Kozyrev's work was dismissed as being irrelevant in
today's world of highly discrete, digital technology, and at that
level, the criticism is valid. Kozyrev's work, however exacting,
was done without much of the digital assistance that we take for
granted in this century. Further, many in the business of 'deep
thinking' are of the opinion that 'time', in spite of being
studied by Kozyrev, simply passed the man by. His time in the
Soviet gulags cost him the connection to the present and the giant
leaps made by science over the 1940s and beyond.  
  
Kozyrev's investigations of time were all that he had left to him
after the prison rehabilitation into the crushing intellectual
poverty of soviet intellectual freedom. Kozyrev studied time in
ways few men have ever thought to investigate. His experiments
provided many of the postulates being used by current thinkers
about time, its effects on humans, and everything.  
  
Kozyrev did not live long enough to see the development of the
machine augmented temporal collectors and distributors. Nor did he
see the math that describes the closed, time-like loops he
postulated must be able to be created, given some of his results
in the late 1950's.  
  
In all of his work with temporal fields, in all of his
experiments, in his isolation work, in his math, in his
conclusions, Kozyrev consistently runs into what he labeled as the
'active' properties of time. He went to great trouble over many
years of painstaking measurement to codify and quantify these
'active' properties of time. He was able to isolate and experiment
on individual 'active' properties such that he was compiling a
list of these properties as part of his work towards understanding
the 'mechanisms of temporal flow'.  
  
But what one really must wonder, after reading Kozyrev's
experiment journals and lab notes, did he recognize how much of
what he was studying was actually consciousness science? If we
read Kozyrev's equations from the perspective of consciousness his
conclusions reflect current thinking that the consciousness field
affects everything, in fact, IS everthing....and Kozyrev spent
years codifying lots of its aspects thinking that these were the
'active' properties of time.   
  


---

**Articles from the defunct Russian journal, *New
Energy Technologies* ( PDF ) --**

**["Kozyrev-Dirac Emanation --- Interaction
with Matter and Methods of Detecting"](file:///Z:/0-CivilizationKit/1CIVILIZATIONKIT/kozyrev2/kozyrev2/2-1.pdf)** ( by Dr Ivan
Shakhparanov --- The magnetic monopole beam, a new kind of
emanation )

**["Time is a Mystery of the Universe"](file:///Z:/0-CivilizationKit/1CIVILIZATIONKIT/kozyrev2/kozyrev2/3-1.pdf)**
( by Dr Lavrenty Shikhobalov: Kozyrev's work compared to other
researchers )

**["N.A. Kozyrev's Ideas Today"](file:///Z:/0-CivilizationKit/1CIVILIZATIONKIT/kozyrev2/kozyrev2/5-6.pdf)** ( by Dr
Lavrenty Shikhobalov: Time as a source of interstellar energy
with active physical properties of cause-effect. )

**["Kozyrev on Possibility of Decrease of Mass
and Weight of the Body under the Action of Time Active
Properties"](file:///Z:/0-CivilizationKit/1CIVILIZATIONKIT/kozyrev2/kozyrev2/5-7.pdf)** ( Review of Kozyrev's article, by A.
Frolov )

**["Experimental Demonstration of Cosmic
Influence on the Earth Life in N.A. Kozyrev's Researches"](file:///Z:/0-CivilizationKit/1CIVILIZATIONKIT/kozyrev2/kozyrev2/6-11.pdf)**
( by Alexandra Belynaeva )

[B.N. Chigarev :
N.A. Kozyrev's Causal Mechanics seen by an Orthodox Physicist](file:///Z:/0-CivilizationKit/1CIVILIZATIONKIT/kozyrev2/chigarev2.pdf)
( PDF )  
  


---

  
[**http://www.alexfrolov.narod.ru/kozyrev.htm**](http://www.alexfrolov.narod.ru/kozyrev.htm)

**Kozyrev : Cause Mechanics**  
  
**by**   
  
**Alexander Frolov**

  
  
I prepared here short review of well-known in Russia N. Kozyrev's
work. Most papers are not published in English and there is an
idea:  to find the Publisher. There are some practical ways
for new technologies based on Kozyrev's theory.  
  

**The Nature of Star Energy on the base of
analysis of observational data**

  
The conclusion from astronomical observation was made about star
energetics: any star is some machine that transform incoming
energy in heat radiation. There is not inner source of energy
inside of the star. The possibility to use incoming energy flow
exist in all space-time. It was proposed that  in strength of
some active properties the time can influence to matter energetics
to be the source of life in The Universe. It was calculated the
density and other parameters of star matter in the mode of
transformation "time flow energy-to-heat energy". Concluded that
the output energy depend of the volume of matter. It was proposed
the time is not spreading but it is creating in all Universe at
the moment and by this reason telecommunication by means of the
time properties can be instant one.  
  
14 pages. Published 1991  
  
  

**Cause or asymmetrical mechanics in linear
approximation**

  
N.A.Kozyrev calculated the conditions for matter of star if it is
working as transformer of time form energy into heat energy. It
was concluded that the transformation is several electrodynamical
processes but in general any closed mechanical system can produce
energy also if it asymmetrical system. The asymmetry for mechanics
by Kozyrev is cause-effect principal asymmetry and if the
mechanical system include the non-reversible cause-effect
connection it can take the energy from the time flow. It is the
theoretical base for any kind perpetual motion system.  
  
In the papers is defined the Cause and the Effect notions.
Postulated 5 properties of the Cause-Effect connections. There is
definition and formula for velocity of the time flow. It was
proposed and experimentally demonstrated: the time introduce
paired equal and opposite forces into the system.  
  
N.Kozyrev demonstrated in gyroscope experiments facts: the time
energy can be transferred to the experimental system. It was
proposed also the other possibility: the energy of the system can
be transferred to the time energy. In other words, the time flow
can be accelerated or decelerated by means of energy exchange with
special asymmetrical mechanical or electrodynamical system.  
  
In this paper N.A.Kozyrev described two extreme cases for
mechanics: for velocity of time that is equal to zero there is
quantum mechanics of atom world where there are no cause-effect
connections. For velocity of time equal to infinity there are only
stable cause-effect connections for any processes and it is the
Newton mechanics. Real world exist for some real velocity of time
between zero and infinity.  
  
Some vibrational gyroscope in weight machine experiments were
described in the paper.  
  
Important conclusion was made about possibility to increase vital
anti-entropy processes in biological systems.  
  
56 pages. Published 1958.  
  
  

**Cause mechanics and possibility for
experimental investigation of the time properties**

  
In this paper N. Kozyrev wrote about matter and time connection,
described three cause-effect axioms, determined physical sense of
the velocity of time flow, published important experimental data.
In his experiments the weight of gyroscope is changing when the
weight machine is connected with the gyroscope with vibrational
system. Weight changes were detected about 100 mg. This weight
changes depend of frequency by some discrete law.  
  
25 pages. Published 1962  
  
  

**Unknown World**

  
In this work it was demonstrated organic matter possibility to get
free energy for vital processes by means of transformation of time
form energy. There is definition for "density of time". It was
published experimental data for measurement of the density of time
in different places of the planet.  
  
It was claimed the density of time can be changed: near any Cause
it is more rare and near any Effect it is more dense.  
  
N.Kozyrev wrote about possibility to use the physical properties
of time for biological kind of telecommunication. i.e. for
telepathy. This telecommunication can not screened and it is
instant.  
  
In this paper it was proposed to screen the time by means of
certain process, in other words: it is possible to create in some
local area the compensation of the natural time flow by
corresponding physical process.  
  
Volume 17 pages. Published 1964.  
  
  

**The way to space**

  
N.Kozyrev wrote about irrational rocket method of space
exploration and he proposed to use his theory to find connection
between gravitation and time to build antigravitation spacecraft.
The force that will move the spaceship in this case should be
produced by means of changes of physical properties of time. In
other words it is the warp drive.  
  
Volume 5 pages. Published 1969.  
  
  

**On possibility for experimental
investigation of the time properties**

  
N.Kozyrev wrote about biological system possibility to use the
time flow as the source of the vital process energy, the life
energy. He described experiments with gyroscope and several
methods to introduce cause-effect asymmetry in mechanical system .
The value of the velocity of time flow was calculated. It was
detected seasonal changes of the density of time produced by vital
processes in the Nature.  
  
In this paper it was determined some function between density of
matter that is used in experiments and density of time.  
  
28 pages. Published 1971.  
  
  

**Astronomical observations by means of
physical properties of the time**

  
In the paper N.Kozyrev determined from experiments the value and
the sign of the time flow: it is positive in clock-wise
co-ordinate system.  
  
It was experimentally proved the changes in density of the time:  
  
In area of entropy processes (dissipation, heating of matter,
melting of ice, evaporation of liquids, fading of plants) it was
detected the "radiation of additional time", by N.Kozyrev.  
  
In area of opposite processes (cooling of matter, freezing of
water) it was detected the "absorption of time", by N.Kozyrev.  
  
There is description for mechanical and electromagnetic detectors
of the density of time changes N. Kozyrev used in his experiments.  
  
21 pages. Published 1977.  
  
  

**On time to matter influence**

  
The paper is about N.Kozyrev's experiments to detect the
production of additional time flow by means of special detectors
in area of dissipation and evaporation processes.  
  
It was assumed the Sun is not only time absorption system but time
flow production system also. This small component of the time
structure is very important since it is ordered and it introduce
the anti-entropy organizing effect in any natural process. It was
proposed to use this organizing life effect to increase the vital
processes of biological systems.  
  
10 pages. Published 1982.  
  
  

**On possibility to reduce mass and weight
under active properties of time**

  
Experimental data were published to demonstrate the weight changes
in material system when some non- reversible deformations or
heating were created. The nature of time and matter-time
interaction was investigated by this way.  
  
6 pages. Published 1984.   
  


---