Michael Ognyanov -- Electric Power Pack --- US Patent #
3766094

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**Michael OGNYANOV**

**Electrical Power Pack**

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[**http://www.panaceauniversity.org/D3b.pdf**](http://www.panaceauniversity.org/D3b.pdf)

**Excerpted from Patrick J. Kelly : *The Practical Guide to
free Energy Devices*  *---***

A patent application US 3,766,094 (shown in detail in an
accompanying document) gives the details of an interesting
device. While it is only an application and not a full patent,
the information implies strongly that Michael built and tested
many of these devices.

While the power output is low, the design is of considerable
interest. It is possible that the device works from picking up
the output from many radio stations, although it does not have
anything which is intended to be an aerial. It would be
interesting to test the device, first, with a telescopic aerial
added to it, and second, placed in an earthed metal box.

The device is constructed by casting a small block of a mixture
of semiconductor materials such as Selenium with, from 4.85% to
5.5% Tellurium, from 3.95% to 4.2% Germanium, from 2.85% to 3.2%
Neodymium, and from 2.0% to 2.5% Gallium. The resulting block is
shaped with a dome on one face which is contacted by a short,
pointed metal probe. When this arrangement is fed briefly with
an oscillating signal, typically in the frequency range of 5.8
to 18 Mhz, it becomes self-powered and can supply electric
current to external equipment. The construction is as shown here
:

Presumably the output power would be increased by using
full-wave rectification of the oscillations rather than the
half-wave rectification shown. Michael says that increasing the
dimensions of the unit increases the output power. The small
unit shown in this example of his, has been shown to be able to
provide flashing power for an incandescent lamp of up to 250 mA
current requirement. While this is not a large power output, it
is interesting that the output is obtained without any apparent
input. Michael speculates that the very short connecting wires
may act as radio reception aerials. If that is the case, then
the output is impressive for such tiny aerials.

![](fig1.jpg)

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[**http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A&date=19731016&NR=3766094A&DB=EPODOC&locale=en\_EP&CC=US&FT=D**](http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A&date=19731016&NR=3766094A&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=US&FT=D)

**SEMICONDUCTOR COMPOSITIONS**   
**US3766094**

1973-10-16   
Classification:   - international:  H05B39/09;
H05B39/00; (IPC1-7): H01B1/00 - European:  H05B39/09

**Abstract** -- A resonance oscillator electric power pack
for operating a flash lamp, for example, or other electrically
operated device, operates without moving mechanical parts or
electrolytic action. The power pack is contained in a
cylindrical metal envelope and in a preferred embodiment is
coupled to a relaxation oscillator and an incandescent lamp.
Within the envelope, and insulated therefrom, is a semiconductor
tablet having a metal base connected to the external circuit. A
metal probe makes contact with a point on the semiconductor
tablet and also with a cylindrical ferrite rod axially aligned
with the envelope. Wound about the ferrite rod are concentric
helical coils designated as a primary with many turns and a
secondary with fewer turns than the primary. The primary coil is
connected at one end to the probe and at the other end to the
secondary coil. The leads from the secondary coil are connected
to the relazation oscillator by way of an adjustable capacitor.
Oscillation within the envelope is resonance amplified, and the
induced voltage in the secondary coil is rectified for
application to the relaxation oscillator and lamp. Selenium and
germanium base semiconductor compositions including Te, Nd, Rb
and Ga in varying proportions are used for the tablet.

**Background**

In many situations it is desirable to have a source of electric
power that is not dependent on wires from a central generating
station and, therefore, portable power supplies having no moving
parts have been primary or secondary electrolytic cells which
generate or store electrical energy for release by chemical
action. Such batteries have a limited amount of contained energy
and must often be replaced at frequent intervals to maintain
equipment in operation.

Thus, as one example, flashing lights are now commonly used
along highways and other locations to warn of dangerous
conditions. These flashing lights in remote locations are
typically oncandescent or gas discharge lamps conected to some
style of relaxation oscillator powered by a battery. The
batteries have a limited lifetime and must be periodically
replaced, typically each 250-300 hours of operation. This
involves a rather large labor cost and additional cost for
primary cells or for rechargin secondary cells. it is desirable
to provide an electric power pack capable of providing a
sufficient quantity of electrical energy over a prolonged period
of time so that the requirement of periodic replacement of the
electrolytic cells can be avoided. Such a power pack is valuable
even if appreciably more expensive than batteries because of the
greatly reduced labor for periodic replacement.

**Brief Summary of the Invention**

There is provided in practice of this invention according to a
presently preferred embodiment semiconductive compositions
selected from the group consisting of selenium with from 4.85 to
5.5% tellurium, from 3.95 to 4.2% germanium, from 2.85 to 3.2%
neodymium, and from 2.0 to 2.5% gallium; selenium with from 4.8
to 5.5% tellurium, from 3.9 to 4.5% germanium, from 2.9 to 3.5%
neodymium, and from 4.5 to 5.0% rubidum; and germanium with from
4.75 to 5.5% tellurium, from 4.0 to 4.5% neodymium and from 5.5
to 7.0% rubidium.

**Drawings**

These and other feratures and advantages of the invention will
be appreciated as the same becomes better understood by
reference to the following detailed description of a presently
preferred embodiment when considered in conenction with the
accompanying drawing wherein:

**Fig. 1** illustrates in exploded schematic a flashing lamp
connected to an electric power supply constructed according to
the principles of this invention;

![](pat1.jpg)

**Fig. 2** illustrates in longitudinal cross section the
power pack of Fig. 1; and

![](pat2.jpg)

**Fig. 3** is an electric circuit schematic of the system.

![](pat3.jpg)

**Description**

Fig 1 illustrates schematically a typical flashing lamp having
a power supply constructed according to principles of this
invnetion. As illustrated in this presently preferred embodiment
an electric power pack 5 is electrically connected to a
relaxation oscillator circuit (shown only schematically) on a
conventional printed circuit board 6. The power pack 5 and
printed circuit board are mounted in a metal box 7 having a
transverse partial partition 8 defining a space for the power
pack and another space for the printed circuit board which is
supported away from contact with the box by any convenient
insulator. Preferably these elements are potted in palce in a
conventional manner. A cover 9 having mounting ears 10 is
riveted on the box after assembly. A small terminal strip 11 on
one side of the box 7 provides eelctrical contacts for
connection to a load such as an incandescent lamp (not shown in
Fig. 1). The lamp provides a flash of light when the relaxation
oscillator switches. Although the described system is employed
for a flashing lamp, it will be apparent to one skilled in the
art that this is only exemplary and other applications can be
made.

The electric power pack 10 is illustrated in longitudinal cross
section in Fig 2 and has dimensions as set out here after. These
dimensions are exemplary of the illustrated embodiment for
operating a conventional flasher lamp, and it will be apparent
that other dimensions may be employed for other applications. in
particular, the dimensions may be enlarged in many circumstances
in order to obtain somewhat high power levels and different
voltage or current levels. The power pack comprises a
cylindrical metal tube 16 having closely fitting metal caps 17
at each end, which are preferably sealed to the tube after the
internal elements are inserted in place. The metal tube 16 and
caps 17, which are preferably of aluminum, thus form a closed
conductive envelope which in a typical embodiment has an inside
diameter of about 0.8 inch and a length of about 2-1/4 inch.

Mounted within one end of the envelope is a plastic cup 18, the
dimensions of which are not extremely critical; however, a wall
thickness of at least 1/16 inch is preferred. Mounted within the
plastic cup 18 is a semiconductor tablet 19 having a flat base
and somewhat domed opposite side. The composition of the
semiconductor tablet 19 is set out in greater detail
hereinafter. Typically, the semiconductor tablet has a mass of
about 3.8 grams. A metal disk 21 is positioned beneath the base
of the ablet 19 in the cup 18, and is preferably adhesively
bonded into the cup. The metal disk is tightly fitted to the
base of the tablet so that good electrical contact is obtained
over a subtatntial area of the semiconductor. An ear 22 on one
edge of the disk is soldered to a lead wire 23 which extends
through a short insulating sleeve 24 in a hole in the side of
the metal envelope. The insulating sleeve 24 assure spacing of
the lead wire 23 from the tube 16 and prevents accidental damage
to the insulation in the lead wire which could lead to shorting
to the metal case. Preferably, the insulating sleeve 24 is
sealed with a small amount of plastic cement or the like in
order to maintain clean air within the cylindrical envelope. Two
other openings for leads through the tube 16, as hereinafter set
forth, are also preferably sealed for maintaining cleanliness
within the envelope.

A pair of circular metal disks 26 are fitted within the tube 16
and preferably cemented in place to prevent shifting. the two
disks 26 are equally spaced from the oppsoite ends of the
envelope and are spaced apart a little over 1.15 inch. each of
the disks 26 includes a central aperture 27, and there are a
plurality of holes 28 extending through the disk in a circular
array midway between the center of the disk and its periphery.
The holes 28 are preferably in the size range of about 0.010 to
0.060 inch, and there are 12 on each disk on 30 degree centers
around the circle. The two disks 26 thus divide the interior of
the cylindrical envelope into three chambers, and the pattern of
holes 28 provides communication between the chambers and affects
the electrical properties of the cavity. It is believed that the
pattern of holes affects the inductive coupling between the
sevarl caviteis within the envelope for influencing oscillations
therein. Although an arrangement of 12 holes on 30 degree
centers has been found particularly advantageous in the
illustrated embodiment, it is found in other arrangements that a
pattern of 20 holes on 18 degree centers or a pattern of 8 holes
on 45 degree centers, provides optimum operation. In either
case, the circle of holes 28 is midway between the center and
the periphery of the disk.

Mounted between the disk 26 is a palstic spool 29 having an
inside distance of 1.1 inch between the ends. the plastic spool
29 is preferably relatively thin walled and has an internal bore
diameter of 1/8 inch. A plastic mounting plug 31 is inserted
through the central aperture 27 of one of the disks 26 remote
from the semiconductor table 19, and into the bore of the spool
29. The plastic plug 31 is preferably cemented in place to the
disk 26 for holding the assembly together.

Also mounted within the bore of the spool 29 is a cylindrical
ferrite core 32 about 1/8 icnh diameter and 3/4 inch long.
Although a core of any magnetic ferrite is preferred, other
ferromagnetic materials having similar properties can be
employed if desired. The core 32 is in electrical contact with a
metal probe 33 about 1/4 inch long. Half of the length of the
probe 33 is in the form of a cone ending in a point 34 in
contact with the domed surface of the semiconductor tablet 19,
thereby making electrical contact with the semiconductor in a
relatively small point.

Electrical contact is also made with the probe 33 by a lead 36
that passes through one of the holes 28 in the disk 26 nearer
the semiconductor tablet and thence to a primary coil 37 wound
on the plastic spool 29. The primary coil 37 is in the form of
800 to 1000 turns wound along the length of the spool, and the
lead 28 at the opposite end of the coil 37 is soldered to one of
the external leads 39 of the power pack. This lead 39 proceeds
through one of the holes 28 in the disk remote from the
semiconductor tablet 19 and through an insulated sleeve 41 in
the metal tube 16. The lead 39 is also connected to one end of a
secondary coil 42 which is in the form of 8 to 10 turns around
the center portion of the primary coil 37. A thin insulating
sheet 43 is preferably provided between the primary and
secondary coils. The other lead 44 from the  secondary coil
passes through one of the holes 28 in the disk nearer the
semiconductor tablet and thence through an insulating sleeve 46
through the wall of the tube 16.

Fig 3 illustrates schematically the electrical circuit
employing an electric power pack constructed according to the
principles of this invention. At the left-hand side of Fig 3 the
arrangement of eleements is illustrated in a combination of
electrical schematic and mechanical positions within the tube 16
for ready correlation with the embodiment illustrated in Fig 2.
Thus, the semiconductor tablet 19, probe 33, and ferrite core 32
are shown in both their mechanical and electrical arragnement,
the core being inductively coupled to the coils 37 and 42. The
lead 23 from the metal base of the semiconductor tablet 19 is
connected to a variable capacitor 47, the other side of which is
connected to the lead 44 from the secondary coil 42. The lead 44
is also connected to a rectifying diode 48 shunted by a high
resistance resitor 49.

It will be seen that the variable capacitor 47 is in a tank
circuit with the inductive coils 37 and 42 which are coupled by
the ferrite core 32, and this circuit also includes the
semiconductor tablet 19 to which point contact is made by the
probe 33. The mechanical and electrical arrangment of these
elements provides a resonant cavity in which resonance occurs
when the capacitor 47 is properly trimmed. The diode 48
rectifies the oscilaltions in this circuit to provide a suitable
DC for operating an incandescent lamp 50 or similar load.

The rectifying diode 48 is connected to a complementary
symmetry relaxation circuit for switching power to the load 50.
The diode is connected directly to the collector of a PNP
transistor 51 which is in an inverted connection. The emitter of
the PNP transitor is connected to one side of the load by way of
a timing resistor 55. The base of the transistor 51 is connected
by way of a resistor 52 and a capacitor 56 to the collector of
an NPN transitor 53, the emitter of which is connected to the
other side of the load 50. The base of the NPN transitor 53 is
coupled to the diode by a resistor 545. The emitter of the PNP
transistor 51 is fed back to the base of the NPN transistor 53
by the resistor 55. Current flow through the lamp 50 is also
limited by a resistor 57 which couples one side thereof and the
emitter of the NPN transistor 53 to the two coils 37 and 42 by
way of a common lead 39.

The electrical power pack is believed to operate due to a
resonance amplification once an oscillation has been initiated
in the cavity, particularly the central caivity between the
disks 26. This oscillation, which apparently rapidly reaches
amplitudes sufficient for useful power, is then half wave
rectified by the diode 48 for use. With such an arrangement, a
voltage level of several volts has been obtained, and power
sufficient for intermittent operation of a lamp requiring about
170-250 milliwatt has been demonstrated. the resonant
amplification is apparently due to the geometrical and
electrical combination of the elements, which provide inductive
coupling of components in a suitable resonant circuit. This
amplification is also, at least in part, due to unique
semiconductor properties in the tablet 19, which has electronic
properties due to a composition giving a unique atomic
arrangement, the exact nature of which has not been measured.

The semiconductor tablet has electronic properties which are
determined by the composition and three such semiconductors
satisfactory for use in the combination have been identified. In
two of these, the base semiconductor material is selenium
provided with suitable dopant elements, and in the third, the
base element is germanium, also suitably doped. The
semiconductor tablets are made by melting and casting in an
arrangement that gives a large crystal structure. It has not
been found necessary to provide a selected crystal orientation
in order to obtain the desired effects.

 A preferred composition of the semiconductor includes
about 5% by weight of tellurium, about 4% by weight of
germanium, about 3% by weight of neodymium, and about 4.7% by
weight of rubidium, with the balance of the composition being
selenium. Such a composition can be made by melting these
materials together or dissolving the materials in molten
selenium.

Another highly advantageous composition has about 5% by weight
of tellurium, about 4% by weight of neodymium, and about 2.24%
by weight of gallium. In order to make this composition, it is
found desirable to add the very low melting gallium in the form
of gallium selenide rather than an elemental gallium.

A third suitable composition has about 5% by weight of
tellurium, about 4% by weight of neodymium, about 6% by weight
of rubidium, with the balance being germanium. The preferred
compositions set forth hereabove are not absolute and it has
been found that the level of dopant in the compositions can be
varied within limits wiothout significant loss of performance.
Thus, it is found that the proportion of tellurium in the
preferred composition can range from about 4.8% to about 5.5% by
weight, the germanium can range from about 3.9% to 4.5%;
neodymium can range from about 2.9% to 3.5% by weight; and
rubidium can vary from about 4.5 to 5.0% by weight. The balance
of the preferred composition is selenium, although it has also
been found that nominal impurity levels can be tolerated and no
great care is required in preventing minor contamination.

The other selenium base composition useful in practice of this
invention can have a tellurium concentration in the range of
from about 4.85 to 5.5% by weight; neodymium in the range of
about 2.85 to 3.2% by weight; and gallium in the range of from
about 2.0 to 2.5% by weight. As in the preferred composition,
the balance is selenium and nominal impurity levels can be
tolerated.. It is preferred to add the gallium in the form of
gallium selenide with a corresponding decrease in the selenium
used to make up the composition.

The above selenium base compositions are easier to make and
less expensive than the germanium base composition and are
therefore preferable for most applications. It is found that
these are particularly suited for relatively small semiconductor
tablets up to about 1 inch or less. For relatively large
tablets, it is preferred to use the germanium base composition.

The germanium base composition has a tellurium level in the
range of from about 4.75 to 5.5% by weight; neodymium in the
range of from about 4.0 to 4.5% by weight; and rubidium in the
range of from about 5.5% to 7.4% by weight. It is also found
that it of greater importance to maintain purity of the
germanium base compositions than the selenium base compositions.
Although the exact purity levels have not been ascertained, it
is in excess of 99%.

It has been found that it is not necessary to have single
crystals in the semiconductor tablets and any convenient grain
size in excess of about 1 mm appears satisfactory. In the above
compositions, when the recited ranges are exceeded, oscilaltion
in the power pack drops off rapidly and may cease altogether.

The reasons that these compositions are satisfactory in the
arrangemnt providing resonance amplification has not been
determined with certainty. it is possible that the semiconductor
serves as a source of electrons for providing an oscillating
current in the circuit. This is, of course, combined with a
relatively large area contact on another area. Any resonant
current in the coils wound on ferrite rod induces a varying
magnetic field in the resonant cavity, and the electrical
connection between the ferrite rod and the metal probe provides
a feedback of this oscilation to the semiconductor tablet.

It should particularly be noted that the oscilation in the
circuit does not commence until it is initiated by an
oscillating signal. In order to accomplish this, it is only
necessary to apply a few millivolts AC for a few seconds to the
semiconductor tablet and the associated coils coupled thereto.
The initial signal applied to the base of the semiconductor
tablet and the lead 39 is preferably in the frequency of 5.8 to
18 MHz, and can be as high as 150 MHz. Such a signal can be
applied from any conventional source and no great care 
appears necessary to provide a single frequency signal or
eliminate noise. Once such energization has been given the
circuit, and oscillations initiated, it does not appear to again
be necesary to apply such a signal.This is apparently due to the
feedback provided by the ferrite rod to the probe making point
contact with the semiconductor.

Energy is, of course, dissipated in the lamp, or other
utilization device, as the combination operates. Such energy may
come from the deterioration of the semiconductor tablet as
oscilaltions continue; however, if there is such deterioration
it is sufficienyly slow that a power source may be operated for
many months without attendance. Such a source of energy may be
augmented by ambient RF radiation coupled into the resonant
cavity by the external leads. This is a surprising phenomenon
because the leads are small as compared to what would normally
be considered an adequate antenna, and it is therefore
postulated that stimulated amplification may also be a
consequence of the unique electronic configuration of the
semiconductors having the above-identified compositions.

Although only one embodiment of electric power pack constructed
according to the principles of this invnetion has been described
and illsutrated herein, many modifications and variation will be
apparent to one skilled in the art. Thus, for example, a larger
power pack may be axially arranged in a cylindrical container
with various electronic elements arranged in the annular space
therebetween. it is, therefore, to be understood that within the
scope of the appended claims the invnetion may be practiced
otherwise than as specifically described...

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