James H. Rogers: Underground & Underwater Radio Antenna ![](0logo.gif) **[rexresearch.com](http://rexresearch.com/index.htm)** --- **James H. ROGERS** **Underground & Underwater Radio** **( Static-free Reception & Transmission Underwater & Underground )** --- **(1) [*Electrical Experimenter* (March 1919)](#wx319)** **(2) *[Electrical Experimenter](#ex619)* [(June 1919)](#ex619)** **(3) [*Radio Amateur News* (December 1919)](#ran19)** **(4) [US Patent # 1,220,005 ~ Wireless Signaling System](#220005)** **(5) [USP # 1,315,862 ~ Radio Signaling System](#315862)** **(6) [USP # 1,322,622 ~ Wireless Signaling System](#322622)** **(7) [USP # 1,303,730 ~ Radio Signaling System](#303730)** **(8) [USP # 1,349,103 ~ Radio Signaling System](#349103)** **(9) [USP # 1,349,104 ~ Radio Signaling Apparatus](#349104)** --- ***Electrical Experimenter*** (March 1919), pp.787-789, 834, 835 ~ **"Americas Greatest War Invention"** by **H. Winfield Secor** An invention which has been termed the greatest American war achievement is the Rogers underground and sub-sea radio system. The Rogers system does away entirely with aerial wires, and it is only a mater of months now before all aerial wire systems the world over will be pulled down. Wonderful things have been accomplished by the new system, chief of which is the total elimination of static and the increase of the loudness of received signals, which is often as high as 5000 times the usual strength. Interference, too, is done away with almost entirely now. The Rogers invention is of tremendous importance and revolutionizes our previous ideas on wireless to an extent never dreamt of before. We urge every one interested in radio to read the accompanying authoritative article which discloses the full technical data on the new system for the first time in any periodical. ~~~~~ Top photo [Photos not shown here: poor quality photocopy] shows antenna wires being placed in river by Mr Rogers assistants. The inventor has found that his system works just as well under water as through the earth. All of the high power stations in the world, from Nauen and Lyons to Honolulu, are heard in Mr Rogers laboratory at Hyattsville, MD, shown in the center and lower views herewith. The author of this article also heard the transatlantic stations coming in loud and clear. Mr Rogers invention is the greatest in the war and is so recognized by the government. It is revealed now that the Navy Department had been using a powerful undersea wireless during the war. The instruments and system were invented by James H. Rogers, of Hyattsville, MD, and were adopted by the Navy Department as an invaluable addition to the wireless system of the Navy. The two lower photos show the inventor, Mr Rogers, in his laboratory at Hyattsville. ~~~~~~ The greatest invention in the field of wireless telegraphy since Marconi first placed commercial radio-communication on a firm basis by his historic experiments in Italy, and later in England, is without a shade of doubt the latest triumph of radio research --- the "Underground and Sub-Sea Wireless", conceived and developed by an American scientist and inventor, James Harris Rogers. Mr Rogers is known as a second Edison among his towns-people in Hyattsville, Maryland, where he has lived for many years, and now the whole world acclaims him. **Who Is Mr Rogers? ~** James Harris Rogers, practically unknown a few years ago in radio circles, except by a few select radio men who were investigating his invention for the navy Department, has practically become overnight the center of all attractions in the field of science. Mr Rogers is a son of the confederacy and a veteran of the CivilWar. He has followed electrical experimenting ever since and has been a strong devotee of radio telegraphy since Marconi performed his first experiments in this new branch of applied science. He is a refined, cultured southern gentleman who makes you feel at home at once; an invariable attribute of all of the truly great. Mr Rogers was one of the first inventors of the "printing telegraph" and his full-sized working models saw actual commercial service on a circuit between Baltimore and Washington, also in New York, back in 1880. These were seen by the writer and are wonderful pieces of mechanism. The Rogers laboratory, which comprises several large rooms, is lined on all sides with glass cabinets containing electrical apparatus which he has invented from time to time through his studious career. A novel and original high frequency generator was another of the devices that greatly interested the writer. It employed a jet of water shunted by a large capacity, the stream of water being connected to a high potential source of direct current. High frequency currents of any range up to the limit of audibility, or about 30,000 cycles per second, could be readily obtained with this apparatus. The writer merely cites these facts to substantiate the standing of Mr Rogers in the scientific field. Hundreds of other electrical inventions have been made by this modest genius of the quiet little Maryland town of Hyattsville, and the principal outstanding fact of his work is that he can show you a working model of each of these inventions, unlike many other inventors whose ideas exist only on paper, and which often fall down, miserably, when actually built and tested. In this connection it is interesting to consider for a moment that not one of the new wireless "static and interference preventers" proposed to the government radio experts during the war, proved practicable in the least. Official recognition of Mr Rogers as the one and only inventor or "Underground and Undersea Wireless Communication" was soon forthcoming, and here it is in brief. These two official letters of recognition if Mr Rogers wonderful and revolutionizing invention represent but a very small fraction of those he has received from radio engineers of high repute in all parts of the world, congratulating him for his masterly work. The Navy Department has just permitted information on the Rogers system to be given out, and how well they kept their secret during the World War during which time this system has been in use by the Navy Department, may be judged by the fact that radio men everywhere are amazed at this feat. The distinguished radio savant Prof. George W. Pierce of Harvard University, congratulated Mr Rogers heartily when he first tested and heard the new system work through salt water, which he at first thought absolutely impossible. Below we give two letters of official recognition by the Navy Department of Mr Rogers accomplishments, which are all that we have space for. In response to an inquiry from Clarence Owens, director general of the Southern Commercial Congress, Admiral Griffin, USN chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineering wrote under date of December 27, 1918, as follows: "In reply to your question regarding the originator of the underground radio system, you are advised that Mr. J. H. Rogers of Hyattsville, MD, was the originator of this system. There have been other claimants to methods of underground radio signaling, but none were useful, within the Navy Departments knowledge to the extent of being a valuable asset to the general scheme of radio communications. The introduction of Mr Rogers receiving system marked the beginning of the use of underground aerials for receiving, to great advantage over raised aerials, and has been valuable to the Navy during the war". Rear Admiral Strother Smith, then Capt. Smith, wrote Mr Rogers on December 7, 1917: "It is a great pleasure to me to feel that I have been instrumental in bringing the result of your work before the Navy Department and assisting somewhat in putting it into actual practice. Out of the many thousand ideas presented you realize that a very, very small percentage are valuable and it is worth at least a years work to get one that I feel will give lasting benefit to the service that I take pleasure in serving". **The Navy Department Interested ~** Through Dr George Lamar and Senator Blair Lee the discovery and the status of the patents were brought to the attention of Secretary Daniels of the Navy, Secretary Daniels ordered inquiry into Mr Rogers claims, which showed that his invention worked, and requested Secretary Lane to give special consideration to pending patent applications. Secretary Daniels then submitted the Rogers system to Rear Admiral (then Captain) Strother Smith, who called into consultation Capt. Hooper. These officers made a thro study of the system and found it practicable. Capt Hooper ordered it installed at New Orleans first and since then it has been employed at Belmar, NJ, and at other stations. For a decade Mr Rogers has been studying radio subjects, and long before the US entered the war he had experimented with the problem of ridding aerial communication of this static atmospheric activity. He disagreed with all authorities who believed that the air, and not the earth and water, was least suited for wireless communication. At first Mr Rogers used the earth alone for sending messages to amateurs stationed nearby. Using an audion bulb, he then buried a wire from his laboratory and heard Philadelphia and other stations. Further experiments were conducted at a laboratory near Bladensburg, which he calls "Mount Hooper" in honor of Commander Hooper of the Navy, who rendered excellent service in adapting the invention to the needs of the Navy Department. When Mr Rogers first stated that messages could be received and sent from submarines when submerged it was unanimously declared to be impossible and the officials of the Bureau of Standards were not alone in this belief, as no less a personage than Marconi declared at a banquet given in his honor in Washington, that when wireless was used on submarines, "it was necessary for the submarine to come to the top in order to catch the ether waves". To demonstrate more clearly the underground system and to show how it could be used in trench warfare, Mr Rogers constructed an underground station, wholly inclosed beneath the surface of the earth, there being no visual existence outside. This place in Prince Georges country was visited by some very noted men, including Dr Abraham, the head of the French Scientific Commission, who, upon entering the cave at Mt Hooper expressed his amazement and remarked, "The Germans cant get us here". Lieutenant Paternot, of the French Scientific Commission and the radio representative of France, also heard his native stations talking and expressed equal satisfaction, pleasure, and amazement. **How He Conceived the Underground System ~** The writer asked Mr Rogers just how he came to form the idea of the "Underground and Subsea Radio". He explained that from his very first study of the method of transmitting radio signals by means of an elevated antenna, the question constantly presented itself to his mind --- "If 50 units of power are past into the aerial, then what becomes of the equal amount of energy which passes into the ground". He became so obsessed with his conundrum that he finally asked several prominent radio savants this question. What do you suppose the answer was? --- "It is dissipated in the form of heat in the ground", they answered. But still Mr Rogers thought they were wrong and now he has proved it. Another early idea of his in the theoretical aspect of radio-communication was as follows, and very logical it was, too, as you will agree: He held that if the outer crust of the earth is a conductor, and the surrounding atmospheric envelope is the insulator, then how infinitely better must the former be for the transmission of any form of electric current. To Mr Rogerss mind it was more reasonable to suppose that the energy liberated at the base of an aerial was propagated through the earth as well as through the ether above, and that an elevated aerial, at great distance, would be actuated by them as effectually as if the waves reached the same point through the ether above; when the waves through the earth reached the base of the aerial the potential of the plate would be raised and lowered and the aerial would accordingly be energized. Thus was his basic and original idea conceived and settled upon. Mr Rogers first trial with the underground wireless to nearby radio amateurs began about 7 years ago, but his theory of the reason why it must work was formulated over 10 years ago. Further, he conjectured that much less power would be required to propagate a wave or current through the earths conducting crust, which for one thing has smaller geometrical dimensions, than to propagate it through the insulating atmospheric envelope alone. See Fig. 1. ![](1rog1.jpg) **The Theory of Operation ~** A number of other radical ideas were entertained for several years by Mr Rogers, and in the course of time he has found that his ideas were correct --- it worked! It worked! And now the radio experts far and wide are holding a post mortem inquest on their theories and how it all happened. To start with, Mr Rogers stated, "special credit is die the following gentlemen, who have remained enthusiastic and sincere in all the tests and installations made of my underground radio system through all the trials and disappointments of its development, even when the system seemed to be unworkable. Their perseverance and high skill in the radio art has hastened the official endorsement and the installation of the buried and submerged antenna": Commander A. Hoyt, D Sc., USN; Dr L. W. Watson, Bureau of Standards; Admiral Strother Smith, USN; Commander Hooper, USN; G.H. Clark, Expert Radio Aid, USN; Dr George W Pierce, of Harvard University; and Ensign A. Crossley, USN, who ahs actively engaged on the installation of the Rogers system at the Great Lakes Radio Station, New Orleans, New London, CT, and Norfolk, VA. Like many other great inventions the exact mode operation is hard to ascertain and define. The views of Mr Rogers on the operation of this wireless system are briefly defined as follows: --- First, that the electrical energy liberated at the base of an antenna will be propagated through the earth even in the absence of etheric space waves above, if such a condition were possible, and which in reality does occur when great distances are signaled over, so he believes. Second, that the propagation of earth waves no more depend upon the ether waves above the surface than these etheric waves depend upon the earth waves. Further, that both waves are propagated simultaneously, one above and another below the surface of the earth, and that at the initial start each is dependent upon the other, although thereafter neither is dependent upon the other. Furthermore, Mr Rogers believes that the ether waves gradually die out in intensity in proportion to the earths curvature, and the distance over which they are propagated, and that at great distances the ether space waves do not have any appreciable effect upon receiving appliances, and that these are energized solely by the energy transmitted through the earth. These ground currents travel with the speed of light and are picked up at the receiving station. The space waves persist for an appreciable distance, which accounts for airplane-to-airplane and airplane-to-earth communication, but it is the belief of Mr Rogers that in such long-distance radio transmission as half-way around the globe (12,000 miles) that it is the ground wave current that does the work, and that the free space wave above the surface of the earth never reaches the station, due to the high resistance of the atmospheric envelope. One of the Naval experts present mentioned that it had been found that the penetration of the ground wave component increases with an increase in wavelength. This is an important fact and helps to explain the operation of this new radio system, with its aerials buried in the ground. He also mentioned that "Radio to Mars" or other planets would be impossible, if we are to believe in the well-known "Heaviside" ionization layer, surrounding the earth at a height computed at from 30 to 50 miles, for no etheric wave can pass this layer without being reflected back to the earth, or at least restrained within this passageway. **Rogers System Eliminates "Static" & "Interference" ~** Mr Rogers stated that his underground antenna, in itself, did not solve entirely the static or interference problem, but made it the nearest approach to this ideal condition -- the goal of all radio engineers -- than had ever been accomplished before. This problem has, thanks to a new arrangement perfected by Comm. A. Hoyt Taylor, D. Sc., been solved and static and interference have been practically eliminated, for all-year-round radio service. Think what an advance this means! Further, there is no rise and fall in the signal strength during the night or day, at any time of the year, due to the suns ionization effect, as is the case where elevated antennae are employed. The US Naval reports and tests made with the Rogers ground aerial in comparison with the usual form of elevated aerial, several of which are appended herewith, show the incomparable efficiency of this new radio system. **What The Facts Show ~** First we will mention the test which Mr Rogers and a naval officer conducted for the writer. The apparatus used in these tests are shown in the accompanying photographs. They included several tuning inductances, variable condensers, a one-step audion amplifier (single Audiotron bulb only!) and two pairs of Baldwin phones (telephone receivers). This apparatus was connected up to one of Mr Rogers latest buried antennas --- a single rubber-covered, stranded copper cable, extending westward for a distance of 4,000 feet, so as to be in a plane with the high-power European radio stations. This cable is encased in iron pipe (gas pipe), each 20-foot section of which is insulated from the abutting sections by means of a rubber hose (garden hose) slipped over the pipe ends for a few inches. This is buried in a dirt trench about 3 feet deep, filled in with soil. The cable is insulated at the free end and is connected up as in Fig. 2. The rubber covered wire alone has been used in all sub-aqueous tests, and gives fine results when simply buried in the ground, the decay not being so rapid as probably would be imagined. This latest aerial in the iron pipes is a new development and experiments are still going on with it. It works wonderfully well. The 4,000 foot aerial here described is best suited to receiving radio lengths of 6,000 to 16,000 meters. For shorter wavelengths aerials of smaller dimensions are employed. "Heres the Lyons station in France", said Mr Rogers. A turn of the knob on the specially calibrated condenser, and there was Lyons (France), sure enough. Static and interference were unheard. Next the great stations across the broad Atlantic, at Nauen, Germany; Carnarvon, Wales, (England; and Rome, Italy, were heard with equal loudness and clarity. This laboratory station, which has picked up practically all the high power stations on the globe. American stations are then picked up by changing the wavelength, and finally a test was made on a short (250 feet in length) buried ground antenna, adapted to receiving wavelengths of 200 to 800 meters. Wireless telephone messages were picked up from Washington, a distance of about 7 miles. It is most interesting to note at this juncture, as other tests have shown, that a radio message from an airplane cannot be picked up on the underground aerial, until the plane is directly over the station. This would seem to prove two things: first, that the short waves sent out by the airplane radio set do not penetrate into the ground very far, if at all, --- and second, that airplane radio transmission and reception are effected solely by etheric waves. ![](1rog2.jpg) Referring to Figures 3 and 4, we find several interesting points. Figure 3-A shows how a double ground aerial is sometimes connected. Also, as in the case of Mr Rogers test station, several sets of these buried antennae are best employed, distributed about the station as shown in Fig. 3-B. The Rogers underground antenna system has been used at the Belmar, NJ, station during the war with most gratifying results, as reported by the Navy Department, and its successful and unfailing operation during the 24 hours of the day, resulted in trebling and quadrupling the capacity of this great trans-Atlantic highway of intelligence communication. The official reports in connection with the work accomplished with the underground Rogers system at Belmar state that not a single word of communication was lost during the reception of thousands of important messages from Europe. The station at Tuckerton, NJ has also been equipped with the Rogers underground aerial system and all of the larger stations of the Allied powers in Europe have been copied successfully through the 24 hours, at this point also. **Submarine Wireless ~** Perhaps the most interesting tests of all are those which were made on submerged submarines in salt water! The aerial in this case was of heavily insulated stranded cable, stretched from stem to stern as Fig. 4-A illustrates. The two aerials were brought down through the conning tower and joined to the receiving apparatus. A second form of aerial is illustrated in Fig. 4-B, where the insulated aerial wires are placed in iron pipes within the submarine. Here are the results of some of these tests, which do not include the transmitting tests to the submarine from a ground antenna on shore. When submerged 8 feet, the German station at Nauen was picked up by the submarine while lying off the American coast! Submarines have, in other official tests, picked up distant stations when submerged 21 feet, on a wavelength of 12,600 meters or greater wavelengths. One of the naval officers, who has had much to do with the testing of the Rogers system, stated that experience had demonstrated that in fresh water the submerged antenna may be placed at any depth. Salt water acts differently, but the aerial may be submerged at any desired depth for wavelengths above 10,000 meters. The same officer, who has made a close study of all American and European work in radio, explained how the best work ever done in radio was accomplished at the Great Lakes Naval Station, on the shores of Lake Michigan. Figure 5 gives the general arrangement of the station. The test station was on the beach and acted as a "remote control" station for standard station at A. The shortest distance between a "receiving and control station" in the naval radio service heretofore has been 36 miles. Here a distance of 600 feet only separates the elevated aerial of the main station from the submerged Rogers antenna terminating at the test station. Said he, "Now let the inventors of static and interference preventers trot out their little pets, and show what they can do! Heres what this station actually did on schedule service: with 48 amperes, at 4,000 meters wavelength, being radiated in the elevated main antenna --- the beach station, only 600 feet away, was picking up Nauen on 12,000 meters, and New Orleans on 5,000 meters, without any interference or static --- all on the Rogers sub-aqueous aerials. These were rubber-covered cables spreading in different directions, any one of which could be used, and laying 50 feet deep in the water at their outer extremities. Imagine such a wonderful performance! But this is not all. The official tests show that the station at Cavite, PI, 8,100 miles away, was received regularly on the Rogers aerials at the Lake Michigan Station, on schedule service. **Transmitting On Underground Aerials ~** Tests were made by the naval experts, as well as by Mr Rogers in his very first experiments in transmission from a ground or underwater antenna. These were all successful. It is only a matter of properly insulating the antenna so that it will not break down under the high potential applied to it by the transmitter. The early tests by the inventor were made with a one inch spark coil to the Bureau of Standards Radio Laboratory, a distance of 7 miles, the received signals having an audibility of 2,000, i.e., 2,000 times the strength of a clear, readable signal. The audibility of the signals at the Washington Navy Yard was 1,000. The transmitting tests at the Great Lakes Naval Station were made at first with a low power Oscillion bulb transmitter and later with a Clapp-Eastham hytone set. An elevated amateur style antenna of two wires was strung up between two houses 38 miles away. Clear signals were received with an audibility strength of 2,000. The ignition cable used for the aerial finally punctured, but even then the signals received were four times louder than the best amateur transmitter could send on a regular aerial, as tests proved. **Official US Naval Tests of Underground Reception ~** In general (relating to the Rogers system), the point of interest lies in the use of wires buried in the ground, for both the transmitting and the receiving antenna. For instance, in receiving, a wire buried one foot below the surface of the earth extends for several hundred feet south of the receiving station, and a similar wire north, the receiver being located between the pairs of wires. The ordinary receiver was used. With this arrangement, signals from Darien, Nauen, and all Atlantic stations were received. **Tests at New Orleans Station ~** Federal receiver used on main antenna, Western Electric receiver used on underground antenna, 1,400 feet buried wire. The "Aud" refer to audibility. **Station Antenna: Main Underground** **Wavelength ~ Signal Aud ~ Static Aud. ~ Sig. Aud. ~ Stat. Aud.** San Diego 9800 1200 1000 750 15 Arlington 7500 2000 3000 1500 50 Impossible to read Arlington on the elevated antenna on account of static interference. United Fruit Co station of New Orleans interfered with signals from Arlington on main antenna, but offered no interference on underground antenna... [Missing Text ] Of particular interest is the fact that when static prevents reception on the main antenna, reception can be continued on the underground antenna. This has even been done during a severe lightning storm, when the main antenna would have been dangerous without grounding. Reception is also directional and permits of avoiding interference to some extent by using wire "off direction" of an interfering station. Strays are as a rule practically absent. On a few occasions, strays have risen to an audibility in excess of 5,000 on separate cracks, but even in this case, reception of signals, although a little difficult, was not interrupted. On these occasions it was necessary to ground both of the elevated aerials at the main station. Considering the matter of strays, it can be said that on four or five occasions marked by tremendous storms, that strays rose to an audibility in excess of 10,000 at the beach station. Even in this case, however, signals from boats within 100 miles and from shore stations such as Milwaukee, were usually readable, because the strays while very loud, were nowhere near as numerous as on the elevated aerial.. There seems to be no appreciable advantage in using more than one wire --- No. 12 weather proof insulated. The experiments at Great Lakes confirm the work of the Bureau of Standards on the importance of adequate insulation of the wire. If the wires are grounded a the ends, it does not necessarily make much difference unless they are adjusted to the optimum wire length; but if properly adjusted to this length, grounding of the wires produces a diminuation of the signals, which, however, even with the intentional grounding of the two ends, still leaves them 50% of their maximum value. Therefore, while the question of insulation is important, it does not mean that the system will fail entirely if the insulation becomes faulty. --- ***Electrical Experimenter*** (June 1919) **"The Rogers Underground Aerial For Amateurs"** Since the publication of the original article on the Rogers Underground Wireless System, published in March, 1919, the Editors have been besieged by hundreds and thousands of letters from radio experimenters in all parts of the world, asking for data on the construction of the Rogers Underground Aerial suited for the requirements of the Wireless Amateur. The original article contained a great deal of valuable data, which should be carefully read and digested by every radio man, whether he be a student or a professional. In the present article an effort has been made to answer some of the questions which have seemed to annoy the average radio "bug" considerably, --- especially those residing in cities where it is difficult and frequently impossible to bury an aerial longer than a few feet. We may say right here, that for those experimenters so situated, there is a solution, or in fact, two solutions, namely --- to use a spiral antenna, such as has been tried out successfully in US Navy tests on the Rogers system, and which spirals may be buried in the ground a few feet, or placed in a well or a body of water; and secondly, for the experimenter who is not allowed to disfigure an apartment house or other dwelling with a ugly-looking aerial, there is a newly developed loop antenna, which can be used right in the radio room. Indoor aerials have been greatly perfected during the war, and now by means of greatly improved and highly sensitive wireless receiving instruments and amplifiers available, particularly those using audions as detectors and amplifiers, they are excellent, and satisfactory results are obtainable by means of a concentrated loop or spiral antenna, small enough to be placed in the radio laboratory. For the present, we will listen to the sound advice given by our mutual friend, Mr James Harris Rogers, on some of the practical outstanding features of his underground system, used in conjunction with straight-away single wire underground aerials, as well as loop aerials. Among other things, Mr Rogers has the following to say regarding the installation of simple underground aerials: **Mr Rogers Talks to the Amateurs ~** "The first installation of my underground antenna was made in the woods about a mile from my laboratory and consisted in burying wires in the earth; the wires radiated from the station as the spokes of a wheel, --- some wire bare and some insulated; their lengths varied from 200 to 1,000 feet. ( Figure 1) ![](2rog1a.jpg) "It is obvious that a number of persons can receive at the same time, one operator to each wire. There is no interference. Figure 1 shows 8 wires and a bipolar selector swirch connected to the primary receiving circuit. With this switch any individual wire may be grounded, or any two wires may be used. Bare wires give the loudest signals but static is more pronounced. The deeper the wires are buried, the better the signals, with a corresponding reduction of static. Short wires show a remarkable degree of directivity; long ones to a lesser degree and in proportion to their length. (See Figs. 2 & 3) ![](2rog2a.jpg)![](2rog3a.jpg) "When using two wires at right angles to each other, signals are heard from any direction. (Fig. 4) ![](2rog4a.jpg) "The system works best in fresh water or very wet earth. The primary circuit should have a variable condenser ) 0.001 mfd or higher capacity) in series. When insulated wires are covered with metal, lead, iron, etc., some remarkable results are obtained. These wires may be entirely enclosed in an iron pipe, for instance (Fig. 5), or the joints may be connected by rubber hose". (Fig. 6) ![](2rog5a.jpg)![](2rog6a.jpg) "Regarding the tests with loops I will state briefly that I have successfully tried different forms and sizes. "I first had a well bailed out and lowered a loop antenna into it; the well was 50 feet deep (See Fig. 7). The signals were as loud at the bottom as when above the earth. I next had the well filled with water and the results were the same, excepting that the note of the sending station became higher and higher as it was lowered. Upon revolving it around, I found the directional characteristics were the same in the water as when out. These tests were made about 2 years ago, and I at once realized that the loops or cages could be used in the dugouts of France, or on submarines when submerged. ![](2rog7a.jpg) "Regarding the dimensions of loop antennae used on submarines, these coils measure about 3 feet square in some instances. The wires are very heavily insulated and placed in a box filled with pitch, the connection are led below and the coil can be revolved for directional observations." **Kind of Wire Used for Underground Aerials ~** Most of the inquiries from Radio Experimenters and those intending to install experimental stations, and wishing to make use of the "static-proof" Rogers underground antenna, on which signals may be received even through a thunderstorm, indicate that the greatest problem to solve seems to be the size and the kind of wire to be used, and how it shall be buried. Some very excellent results have been obtained in experimental work carried out at one of the leading American universities with aerial conductors laid on the ground, and where the experimenter has the time and space to try this out, he may gain some useful and valuable knowledge by experimenting in this direction. Ordinarily the wire, of whatever kind it may be, as used when installing the Rogers underground aerial, is buried about 3 feet deep in the earth. For most amateur requirements, the wire need only be about 100 to 200 feet long, and so the digging of the trench is not such a great problem; in fact, it can be plowed open, at least part of the depth, and where rivers, brooks or ponds are available the insulated wire can be placed in them directly and allowed to rest on the bed. Regarding the choice of wire to be used, it becomes evident that even bare copper or other wire may be utilized when desired, as Mr Rogers has pointed out in the above contribution. The size of this wire should be about #12 or 14 B&S gage, the heavier the better. The official US Navy report of tests on the Rogers Underground System mention that no increased efficiency is obtained by using more than one wire, and that this may be a # 12 or 14 B&S gage, weather-proof or rubber-covered copper conductor. In any case, the free end of the wire should well taped, and preferably covered with some rubber cement, so as to keep it insulated. Experiments have been tried both by Mr Rogers at his Hyattsville MD laboratory, and also by the Navy Department, with underground aerials in terra cotta pipes, but this construction is rather expensive, and the results obtained do not justify its use. Other forms of wire used both by Mr Rogers and the Navy Department experts include lead-covered telephone cable, which is, of course, thoroughly damp-proof, while a conductor holding considerable favor with the inventor is the heavy rubber-covered, high-tension, auto-ignition cable. This is highly efficient for aerial requirements, as it is stranded and therefore of low high frequency resistance. In any case, a little common sense and logic will give the answer to many of the simple problems arising in connection with the installation of these aerials, such as, for instance, the length of aerial to be used for a certain range of wavelengths. It is manifest that the longer the wavelength to which it will properly respond. Considering that an antenna is used having a length of, say, 150 to 200 feet, then practically all the shorter wavelengths up to 600 meters and more should be readily picked up on this antenna, especially with the variable condenser hooked up in series with the primary of the loose coupler, as shown in the accompanying diagrams. Naturally the wire buried in the ground has a higher electrostatic capacity than the old style antenna wires, elevated 40 to 50 feet above the ground, and we can reduce this capacity as desired, so as to tune any certain wavelengths, by connecting another capacity in series with it: in exactly the same manner as short wave lengths are tuned in on the regular elevated aerials, by connecting a variable capacity in series with the antenna circuit, and the primary of the loose coupler. Long wavelengths are tunable by using large condensers and loose couplers preferably. **Spiral or Loop Aerials ~** As shown in the diagram, Fig. 7, interesting results were obtained with a spiral antenna, composed of a dozen or so turns of insulated wire, such as a high tension cable or # 14 RC solid conductor lowered into a well. Both with and without water in it. As pointed out in the original article on the Rogers underground system in the March issue, very promising results have been obtained in transmitting with the underground antenna, and Fig. 8 shows how a small transmitting set was operated with such an aerial, coupling the exciting or spark gap circuit with the antenna oscillatory circuit by means of a two-coil oscillatory transformer, L, C. In this case two metal plates, about one yard square, are placed in the earth adjacent to the well, one of which connects with the secondary, S, of the oscillation transformer, while the other plate connects with the free end of the spiral antenna. If the spiral antenna is used, it should be placed on its vertical axis, and it should be placed in the vertical placed in the vertical plane as shown as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Excellent results have been had should be obtained in transmitting with the underground antenna, with the usual insulation incident to the form of conductors above specified, where the transmitting set is one employing an audion oscillation generator. The voltage in this case will not be extremely high and special precautions need not be taken to provide extra heavy insulation on the buried antenna. The wire in such a case, however, should be especially. Official tests by the US Navy have shown transmission by radio over 50 miles with the Rogers underground antenna. The wire in such a case, however, should be especially well insulated to stand the higher voltage. ![](2rog8a.jpg) Regarding loop aerials in general, it would appear that we can expect a great deal from them, as some of the really remarkable results achieved during the war would seem to point out. The number of turns and the amount of wire to be used in a spiral wire to be used in a spiral antenna, such as shown at Figs. 7 and 8, will vary of course for different wavelengths, etc., and here is where the radio Amateur will have a chance to carry out some original experiments, which may net him some real knowledge, fame and money. Another form of loop antenna, so-called, and which has been tried out several years ago with such success that European stations could be copied in a laboratory located in Florida, is one composing a square form, several feet in height. This was used, as just mentioned, to receive stations using fairly long wavelengths, say from 8,000 to12,000 meters. Here the insulating form was wound with a layer comprising several hundred turns of insulated wire. This antenna was successfully used in some tests made by Marconi radio engineers at a laboratory in Florida several years ago. Trans-Atlantic radio reception was effected at the radio laboratory of Union College, Schenectady NY, just prior to Americas entrance into the world war. This aerial comprised about two dozen turns of # 14 or 12 bare or RC wire, mounted on porcelain know insulators screwed on the inside wall of the laboratory. The turns were spaced about 3 inches apart. The inside turn was 3 feet square. Flexible leads, fitted with clips, serve to connect as many turns as desired. --- ***Radio Amateur News* ( December 1919), p. 274, 275, 291, 306.** **Underground Radio Made Possible for the Amateur** **by** **Edward T. Jones** This article is without doubt the most important one that has appeared in print for some years, as far as amateurs are concerned. When the Rogers Underground Aerial was first announced, many amateurs, particularly those living in cities were bitterly disappointed for the reason that they could not make use of this form of aerial die to the fact that long earth trenches were necessary. Now comes along Mr Jones with his new invention, showing us how to use a concentrated underground aerial that all of s can use in every city without any trouble whatsoever. The article is epoch-making and should be read by every radio enthusiast worth his name. Editor [ Hugo Gernsbach ] The readers of Radio Amateur News will undoubtedly greet this article with open arms since it deals with an underground system accessible to all, no matter how small the back yard. As is well known, the Rogers system with its lengthy wires stretching in all directions cannot be employed by the Amateurs of today. Take, for instance, reception of long wavelengths where a stretch of 2000 feet is required. This would mean that the Amateur would have to dig under fences, etc, for three city blocks in each direction --- impossible --- and worse than that. This state of affairs bothered me constantly and I was determined to find some possible solution for this impractical method. One sleepless night visions began to parade before my half-conscious vision and amongst the crowd was a coil of wire rolling merrily along --- Ah! The problem was solved In the morning I went forth with vim and vigor to plant some coils in old Mother Earth. Finding labor scarce decided to throw them into the lake for a trial. Ouch! Then the fun began. Now to get back to business we will begin with the first experiment carried out at this lake, in order to prove my sanity. The first experiment made use of two coils, each 200 feet of Packard auto cable, wound to have an overall diameter of 2 feet. After being bound so as to hold their form, they were lowered into the water (Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana) and rested on the bottom at a depth of approximately 4 feet. The two coils were spaced about 10 feet apart, but bringing them as close as within 2 feet of each other did not seem to have any noticeable effect upon their proper functioning. The following stations were picked up with very good audibilities [ list not included here ]. There was of course no directional effect, in that the coil was in a favorable position to respond from practically all directions. Later on it will be shown how coils were used embodying directional effects. The exceptional results obtained with this arrangement prompted me to believe that such an antenna for underground work as I had discovered would, if consistent in operation in different localities, eliminate the present practice of digging lengthy ditches in which to lay the wires. Besides, since it is recognized that the picking up of strays is governed by the length of the wire, it is to be expected that a great reduction in respect to such disturbances will be noticeable under actual operation. When employing such small antennae, what little static is picked up on the wires is entirely eliminated, and the strength of signals is not weakened in the least by employing such small coils. The position of the coils is shown in Figure 1. The second experiment followed immediately after obtaining such remarkable results from the first, and the two coils which were used in the first experiment were taken up and put into the Mississippi River. The leads from the two coils were brought into a Naval building. In this instance the coils were sunk to a depth of 12 feet in the water; they rested upon the mud bottom of the river, and the distance between the waterline and the wharf was approximately 15 feet. Reception demonstrated that the possibilities of such antennae were indeed practical. The following stations worthy of note were received: [ list not included here ]. Of course in this experiment, as well as the first, there were practically no directional effects present, as I expected when making use of coils as described; but the exceptional results obtained through the employment of the same was more than gratifying, and I think that the results of the foregoing experiments, if consistent in various localities, will provide a means of saving considerable expense involved in installing the usual Rogers system. Likewise the ration between signal and static audibility will be increased, since the inductance is concentrated, and not distributed at considerable lengths. The coils employed in both experiments were, at each location, drawn from the water and placed on the dock at various angles with absolutely no results in respect to signals, but local strays and heavy jolts were picked up. Of course the local stations could be heard, but this was of no value. Immediately after placing the coils back into the water the static and strays disappeared and signals were picked up from the various stations listed previously. Very heavy jolts of static and lightning were recorded by faint clicks. This may have been augmented by making use of non-shielded wires for the leads from the coils to the receiver proper. They acted as an open antenna from the waterline to the receiving apparatus; besides, the apparatus was not screened nor shielded. Two circuits, which gave exceptional results, are shown in Figures 3 and 4, In Figure 3 the tickler arrangement was employed to complete the regenerative circuit; however, the connections shown in Figure 4 greatly increased the selectivity of the system. In this case the plate circuit was tuned by making use of the variable condenser C2 and inductance L; and the tickler coil was set a minimum adjustment or relation to the secondary coil. As the inductance of the secondary or tuning circuit was increased, the inductance L also had to be increased, and the maximum response was had by varying condenser C2 until the bulb began to oscillate. This arrangement provides a much wider range of tuning, and instead of acting similar to the tickler coil, which has practically a very sharp point of resonance, the plate tuning circuit commences to oscillate slightly at first and gradually increases until maximum response is had In the next experiments the coils were increased in size to ascertain what effect this change would have upon the reception of signals and strays. These coils were wound and supported by the cross sticks shown in the photos having a diameter of 4 feet. The strength of signals was greatly increased; in fact, to such an extent that it was possible to read ships from 100 to 400 miles off the Mississippi river bar. The occasional jolts of very weak audibilities were picked up by the leads from the coils to the receiver, also by the connections and coils in the receiving circuit proper. This was proven when the same amount of strays was noticeable without the leads connected to the receiving apparatus. The leads of the coils as well as the receiving apparatus and the operator should be screened and grounded to totally eliminate the static. These coils were spaced 15 feet apart on the riverbed, 12 feet below the waterline, but by increasing this distance to 30 feet the signal strength was practically doubled While Swan island was transmitting, the coils were changed from 15 feet apart to approximately 2 feet, and Swan Islands signals were reduced to a minimum (just audible); then the coils were moved so as to be separated 50 feet, at which position Swan island signals were almost doubled in strength as was had when the coils were but 15 feet apart. This was the greatest distance possible, under the circumstances, but arrangements were made in order to ascertain whether spacing them further apart would have any noticeable effect on the strength of signals received and the results proved that increasing this distance did not materially increase the strength of received signal strength. Next the coils and receiving apparatus were removed to the New Orleans station grounds (NJK) where the coils were buried at a depth of 4 feet, having encountered water 3 feet below the surface. They were separated 30 feet apart, as was found best by experiments carried out at the naval building where the coils were placed in the river, and it was an easy matter to change their position. In order to have this circuit function properly, the apparatus in the receiving room of the station proper was disconnected and notations were supplied from our log, because whenever both of us were on the same setting, say 600 meters, the distance between the two receiving rooms being approximately 125 feet, any change in my apparatus cut him out and vice versa. Also his bulb, when setting on the same wavelength as mine, was easily picked up and hindered reception on that wavelength. The same effect was noticeable at his apparatus. With these coils buried as outlined, signals were received which compared favorably with those picked up from the overhead antenna. This increase in signal strength as recorded here was brought about by the improvement noticed in diagram Figure 5, where the 1 mfd condenser C was connected between the ground and the RE lead as shown. In order to get some idea of the fundamental wavelength and capacity of the coils, measurements were taken and the results were quite surprising. Coil 1 --- Capacity 0.035 mfd --- 1150 meters Coil 2 --- 0.037 mfd --- 1250 meters. These coils were both free-ended and are of the dimensions given previously (200 feet Packard cable, 4 feet diameter, approximately 14 turns). Free ended coils are used throughout and can be pointed out as the invention itself, since it is absolutely necessary that such coils be used in this work. It has been found through experiment that a buried closed loop will not function, while the open concentrated coil will give the same results as a length of wire stretched underground. Naturally, it is necessary to employ a two-step amplifier, for signals will not be audible up to any considerable distances without this essential piece of apparatus. The foregoing experiments proved beyond a doubt the value of such concentrated antennae for underground reception and the following summary can be drawn: 1. The length of wire, having serious and detrimental effects, when longer than 2000 feet, can in this manner be concentrated and will furnish the same results, if not better, in respect to signal-static ratio. Since the coils need not occupy more than a reasonable amount of space, at any rate for long waves 1/100 that necessary when employing the wires stretched to the full length, as in the Rogers system, is sufficient. 2. That practically the same signal strength is received in these tests as was had when employing the outstretched wires and the static was reduced. 3. In this short space of time the foregoing experiments were the only ones that could be tested thoroughly; but it is needless to say that this is only a beginning of this new type of antenna in connection with underground reception, which will undoubtedly save thousands of dollars at initial installation. 4. The coils themselves, being so small, could be easily encased in some form of insulating tube and finally set in a concrete casing which would undoubtedly increase the life of the coils. 5. The coils could be enclosed on the surface of the earth by large tanks which in turn must be grounded to act as the shield. In this manner it would be possible to construct large coils which could be rotated at any angle desired and thereby cause maximum reception from various directions. The coils could be rotated by motors and at the will of the operator, or they may be buried and caused to rotate in the same manner described above. In this case they would have to be installed in a concrete cellar built underground. Some further experiments which were carried out using the same principle were tried later. The coils employed in this series of tests are shown in the photographs where the author and inventor is seen standing between the two [ tubular ]coils. With these coils laid in the earth or in the water very good results were obtained, and pointing the coils towards or away from any given transmitter did not change the strength of its signal to any noticeable extent. However, it is believed that were the coils constructed at greater lengths directional effects would be present. These coils were laid in holes dug in the ground, then water was pumped into the holes. This maintained the coils under water at all times and permitted such tests as were necessary to ascertain whether or not they possessed directional properties. However, no directional effects were present, so the coils were discontinued and square frame coils were used in their place. Experiments were carried out with large square framed coils ( 200 feet to the turn, or 50 to each side of the square ) laid on the ground. This was tried for long wave undamped reception and exceptional results were had when the ground was wet, immediately after a good rain, for then the wires were practically buried. However, when the ground dried out, the signals vanished and were not received with a readable audibility. It was only necessary to have these coils buried in moist earth and excellent results have been obtained. Receiving on underground from short wavelengths with long outstretched wires demands a critical length of the wire. However on a loop or concentrated open ended coil such as mine, the length does not materially affect such reception until the length exceeds 500 feet to the coil. Now all ye Amateurs get busy and dig those 4-foot holes until permanent moist earth is assured and place your little coils some 50 feet apart, hook her up, and there you are Underground at last in reach of the average Experimenter and Amateurs at large. The Amateurs not only have my permission to use this system byt are encouraged to do so **Insulator For Rogers Underground System** Amateurs experimenting with the Rogers underground wireless will find difficulty in making an insulator for the end o their antenna. This scheme affords the necessary insulation and gives a neat finish to the antenna. From the drawing it is clear that I employ a bottle of suitable size to hold the wire and after inserting the wire into the bottle molten rosin or wax is poured into the bottle and permitted to cool. For those not familiar with the use of such accessories it may be explained that when burying wires to be employed in underground reception the end of the wire must be well insulated. This is accomplished easily and very satisfactorily in the manner shown. --- Contributed by W. Norvell. --- **US Patent # 1,220,005** **Wireless Signaling System** **(March 20,1917)** **James H. Rogers & Henry H. Lyon** Our invention relates to the transmission of electrical impulses or oscillations to a distance, primarily for the purpose of conveying intelligence, and it pertains to means for both sending and receiving. In systems of wireless sending and receiving now in general use, one or more conductors or capacities are employed disposed above the surface of the earth, which conductors or capacities serve to radiate or receive the impulses in the sending or receiving of messages. Such elevated conductors are costly to erect and maintain, as to obtain efficiency and long distance transmission it is necessary to have them at considerable distance above the surface of the earth. This necessitates expensive towers and masts, and moreover both the conductors and the towers or masts are exposed to weather conditions --- wind storms, lightning, snow and ice --- which often impede or entirely prevent the operation of the system. We are aware that it has been proposed also to employ a conductor elevated above the earth in connection with a buried conductor. Our invention has for its principal object the provision of a system not subject to the above conditions; a system in which the communication, both sending and receiving, is clear and effective; in which the communication is selective and the direction may be readily determined; in which multiple transmissions may be effected; and in which the sending and receiving of messages to and from stations on land and on the water may proceed independent of weather conditions. We have discovered that signals can be sent and received with great difficulty by the employment of wires buried beneath the surface of the earth but insulated therefrom substantially throughout their length and extending in direction substantially parallel to the earths surface, so that while the wires are not in direct contact with the earth they are intimately associated therewith. The invention consists in the novel features and combinations of circuits and apparatus in the wireless signaling system hereinafter described and claimed, and illustrated in diagram in the accompanying drawings, in which: --- Figure 1 is a system in which a single antenna is shown below the surface of the earth, but insulated therefrom by being mounted within a conduit.; Figure 2 is a similar view showing two antennae extending in opposite directions; Figure 3 is a view similar to Fig. 2, but with the instruments of a sending station; and Figure 4 is a similar view showing in while lines the antennae consisting of insulated wire buried below the surface of the ground. ![](1220005f.jpg) Referring to the drawings, signal instruments are indicated at 10, and in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 are those of the receiving station, while in Fig. 3 the instruments pf a sending station are shown. In Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, 11 is a detector of any type, preferably an audion, 12 a telephone, and 13 and 14 are the usual condensers. Any desired type of instruments and arrangement of connecting circuits may be employed. The surface of the earth is indicated at 15, and the antenna at 16. This latter extends in a direction substantially horizontal, and as shown in the figures is preferably buried below the surface of the earth. Referring particularly to Fig. 1, the antenna is mounted within a non-conducting material such as terra cotta. The mounting within the conduit may be of any preferred type, that shown being by mounting the antenna upon a series of lugs or projections 18 extending upwardly from the bottom of the conduit. From the end of the conduit connection is made between the antenna and the signal instruments. The antenna is thus intimately associated with the earth throughout its length but is insulated therefrom and, it is believed, a considerable portion of the earths surface about the antenna thus cooperates with the latter in sending or receiving oscillations. The cooperation of the antenna with a ground connection or a second antenna is desirable for proper transmission or reception of signals, and in Fig. 1 we have therefore shown the other side of the instruments connected to ground plate 19. Fig. 2 is an embodiment of the invention in which two antennae are employed extending in opposite directions, the second antenna 20 being connected in place of the ground plate shown in Fig. 1. This arrangement is more effective than with the use of the ground plate. In order to obtain the maximum efficiency it is desirable to have the antennae disposed in a line at right angles to the wave fronts, and in order that this may be accomplished for the different directions a plurality of antennae are employed extending outwardly in different directions but substantially horizontal and parallel to the surface of the earth, and under the surface as already explained. This arrangement is fully set forth in our application Serial # 130,603 (field Nov. 10, 1916), to which reference is made for complete details. It is therefore thought unnecessary to illustrate or describe such arrangements as in the present application. Fig. 3 shows the same arrangement as Fig. 2m but with sending instruments instead of receiving instruments. These latter comprise a generator 21, transformer 22, spark gap 23 and condenser 24. Any other sending arrangement and instruments may be employed instead of those shown. Referring now more particularly to Fig. 4, in place of the conduit of pipe, an ordinary insulating envelope for the antenna is shown at 25, and for this purpose the antenna may be an ordinary insulated wire of the proper size and length. It may be buried beneath the surface of the earth, as already explained. The invention is also applicable to the surface of the earth where there is water. For instance, on the sea coast the antennae may be run out from the shore into the water, and although insulated from the latter it is so closely associated therewith that there is a cooperation between the antenna and the surrounding water in the sending and receiving of oscillations. The insulated antenna may also be employed for sending and receiving signals to and from vessels in the manner fully set forth in our above-mentioned application, it being believed unnecessary to fully describe these arrangements here. We claim: --- [Claims not included here ] --- **US Patent # 1,315,862** **Radio Signaling System** **(9 Sept. 1919)** **James H Rogers** ![](315862f.jpg) --- **US Patent # 1,322,622** **Wireless Signaling System** **( Nov. 25, 1919 )** **James H. Rogers** ![](322622a.jpg) ![](322622b.jpg) ![](322622c.jpg) --- **US Patent # 1,303,730** **Radio Signaling System** **(13 May 1919)** **James H. Rogers** ![](303730f.jpg) --- **US Patent # 1,349,103** **Radio Signaling System** **(August 10, 1920)** **James Harris Rogers** My invention relates to radio signaling or the sending and receiving of signals through space by means of electromagnetic waves, and it pertains particularly to the disposition of the radio conductor or conductors. In the course of my experiments I have discovered that grounded radio conductors or antenna are highly efficient when disposed horizontally or substantially parallel to the surface of the earth, and surrounded by or inclosed in a uniform metallic screen practically throughout their length, but insulated therefrom. The advantages of long antenna are thus obtained and the objectionable effects of certain forms of static conditions are eliminated. The invention consists in the novel construction and arrangement of apparatus and parts thereof for sending and receiving radio signals hereinafter described and claimed, and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which drawings: --- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of sending instruments which may be substituted for the receiving instruments for transmitting signals: Figure 2 is a view similar to Figure 1, but showing the inclosing screen for the antenna elevated above the surface of the earth, the instruments, receiving or transmitting being merely indicated by one of the coupling coils: Figure 3 is a similar view showing the inclosing screen buried beneath the surface of the earth: and Figure 4 shows diagrammatically a modification: and Figure 5 is a similar view showing the invention applied to a boat or vessel, such asa submarine. ![](1349103f.jpg) Referring to the drawings, 10 indicates the signal instruments, which in Figure 1 are those for receiving signals, while in Figure 1 the instruments for sending signals are shown. In Figure 1, 11 is a detector of any type, preferably an audion, 12 a telephone, and 13 and 14 the usual condensers. Any desired type of instruments and arrangement of connecting circuits may be employed. In Figure 1a suitable sending instruments are conventionally shown. These comprise a generator 15, transformer 16, spark gap 17, condenser 18 and key 19. The above-mentioned instruments are well known in art of radio or magnetic wave signaling, and need not be further described. The above-mentioned instruments are well known in the art of radio or magnetic wave signaling, and need not be further described. 20 and 21 are two antennae extending in different directions by indirect coupling, as coils 22 and 23 of a transformer. These antennae may extend in opposite directions, and in order to attain maximum efficiency arrangement may be made so that they may be disposed in a line at right angles to the to the wave fronts when receiving. Such an arrangement is fully described in Patent # 1,322,622 (Nov. 25, 1919). The antennae are each inclosed in a metallic screen shown as a metal pipe 24 in which the antenna is mounted by spacers or disks 25 of insulating material, such as porcelain, clay, fiber or the equivalent, so that while each antenna is inclosed by the metallic screen it is insulated therefrom. At the outer end, or end away from the instruments, each antenna 20 and 21 is connected to earth plates 26 and 27 respectively. The length of each antenna may be selected to suit the conditions under which each system is to work, and may be several hundred or a thousand feet, or more. The pipe or screen may be of iron or other metal suitable to accomplish the purpose, and serves to protect the antenna from certain static conditions which would or might interfere with sending or receiving of signals. The surface of the earth is indicated at 28 and in Figure 1 the antennae and their inclosing screens are shown supported above the surface of the earth, and may or may not be insulated therefrom. In this figure, as also in Figures 3, 4, and 5, the sending and recalling instruments, whichever is connected for use at any given time, is merely indicated by one coil 23 of the coupling. In Figure 3 the antennae and their inclosing screens are shown buried beneath the surface of the earth, in which case the instruments may be in a covered chamber 29 below ground. In Figure 4 is shown an arrangement in which, instead of associating one set of signal instruments with both antenna, two sets of instruments are provided, one set 23 being connected to antenna 20 and screen or pipe 24" and instruments 23" being connected to antenna 21 and instruments may be used simultaneously, both sets for sending or receiving, or one set for sending and the other set for receiving. In using the terms "surface of the earth" I intend to designate the surface where there is water as well as well as where there is land. The invention is therefore applicable to boats or vessels, particularly submarines on which it is operative whether afloat or submerged. Such an embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 5 in which the vessel is indicated at 30, and the other parts designated as in Figures 1, 2, and 3, so that they require no further description. The screens 24 are preferably extended through sheathings or hull, so that each antenna is inclosed substantially throughout its length is inclosed substantially throughout its length within the vessel. The ground plate 26 at the forward end of the vessel is preferably pivoted mounted at its forward edge on brackets 31, 32 so as to swing freely with the movements of the vessel, but is insulated therefrom as shown diagrammatically at 33. The antenna 20 is connected to plate 26 in any suitable manner. Ground plate 27 is similarly mounted on brackets 31, 32 at the stern of the vessel, and is connected to antenna 21. These plates may be mounted in ay other suitable manner. In all of the embodiments of the invention the pipe or screen is preferably filled with oil such as is ordinarily used in transformers, for the purpose of preventing brush discharge, this being indicated at 34. Claims ~ [ Not included here ] --- **US Patent # 1,349,104** **Radio Signaling Apparatus** **(10 Aug. 1920)** **James H. Rogers** My invention relates to radio signaling systems and apparatus for sending and receiving signals through space by means of electromagnetic waves, and it relates particularly to that portion of such systems known as the antenna. I have discovered that radio conductors or antennae are highly efficient when disposed horizontally to the surface of the earth but completely insulated therefrom and inclosed in an inclosing metallic covering screen or casing practically throughout their entire length, but insulated therefrom. The metallic covering thus inclosing the antenna, but from which the latter is insulated, takes up the electromagnetic waves, in receiving, and transmits them to the antenna within at full strength and even with greater effect than when the antenna is used without the covering. A highly efficient action is thus obtained, the static is reduced, and at the same time the antenna is fully protected from deterioration by the corroding action of earth and water. The invention consists in the novel construction and arrangement of apparatus and parts thereof for sending and receiving radio signals hereinafter described and claimed, and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which drawings: --- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view showing the antenna buried beneath the surface of the earth, receiving instruments being associated with the antenna; Figure 1a shows a conventional arrangement of sending instruments which may be substituted for the receiving instruments for transmitting signals, it being understood that either the sending or receiving instruments shown in Fig. 1 are to be used in connection with the arrangement shown in the remaining figures; Figure 2 is a view similar to Fig. 1 showing two antennae extending in opposite directions beneath the surface of the earth, the connection for signaling instruments being located between the antennae and also beneath the surface of the earth; Figure 3 shows an antenna incased according to the invention and lying upon the surface of the earth, a ground connection and the instruments connected between the antenna and the ground connection; Figure 4 is a view similar to Fig. 3 showing two antennae instead of one antenna and a ground connection; Figure 5 is a view similar to Figure 4 but showing the antenna supported above the surface of the earth but in close proximity thereto; Figure 6 is a view similar to Fig. 2 in which the antennae are shown submerged in water. ![](1349104f.jpg) Referring to the drawings, 10 indicates the signal instruments, which in Fig. 1 are those for receiving signals, while in Fig. 1a the instruments for sending signals are shown. In Fig. 1, 11 is a detector of any type, preferably an audion, 12 a telephone, and 13 and 14 the usual condensers. Any desired type of instruments and arrangement of connecting circuits may be employed. In Fig. 1a suitable sending instruments are conventionally shown. These comprise a generator 15, transformer 16, spark gap 17, and condenser 18 and key 19. The above-mentioned instruments are well known in the art of radio or magnetic wave signaling, and need not be further described. 20 is an antenna for radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves, and as shown in Fig. 1 extends horizontally or substantially parallel to the earths surface and buried in the earth. This antenna may be of any suitable or desired length, and is completely inclosed within a metallic covering, casing or screen 21 which may be a tube or pipe of lead, iron or any other suitable metal. The antenna is insulated from the metallic covering or casing by means of insulation 22. It will thus be seen that while the antenna is buried in the earth it is completely insulated therefrom and from the metallic covering or casing. The receiving instruments shown in Fig. 1 are associated with the antenna by means of an inductive coupling comprising windings 23 and 24 of a transformer, but may be associated therewith in any other suitable manner. The other terminal of winding 24 of the coupling is connected to ground at 25. In the embodiment of the invention shown in Fig. 2 the ground connection is replaced by a second antenna 20 extending in a direction different from the direction of antenna 20, the signal instruments being connected between the antenna as indicated by the windings 24 of the indirect coupling, In this figure also is shown the arrangements by which the signal instruments are located in the chamber 26 below the surface of the earth. In the embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 3, a single antenna is employed and is shown extending horizontally substantially parallel with the surface of the earth and with the inclosing metallic covering or casing resting upon the surface of the earth, which latter is indicated at 27. Fig. 4 shows an arrangement similar to Fig. 3 but with the employment of a second antenna 20 in place of the ground connection shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 5 shows an arrangement similar to Fig. 4, but with the antennae slightly elevated above the surface of the earth by means of struts or pins 28. Thus while the antenna extend substantially parallel with the surface of the earth, the metallic covering or casing is not in direct contact with the earth but is separated therefrom by a short space. It may or may not be insulated from the earth according to the material of which the struts or pins 28 are made that is whether they are made of conducting or of non-conducting material. Fig. 6 shows the employment of two antennae submerged beneath the surface of the earth where there is water, the water being indicated at 29. Here the metallic covering or casing is in contact with the water, but the antennae and their connecting circuits are insulated from the water. It will be understood that while I have shown and described arrangements embodying my invention in which one antenna and also two antennae are employed, any desired number may be used, and it is desirable to have them extend in the proper direction to obtain the maximum effect both in sending and receiving of electromagnetic waves. For this purpose a number of antennae may be employed radiating in different directions from the instruments, and suitable switching mechanisms may be provided for connecting any one or more of the antennae to the signal instruments. Such an arrangement is shown and described in US Patent 1,322,622, dated Nov. 25, 1919, issued jointly to myself and Henry H. Lyon, to which reference is made for further details. It has been stated that the invention is applicable to the surface of the earth by means of struts or pins 28. Thus while the antennae extend substantially parallel to the surface of the earth where there is water, one such application being illustrated in Fig. 6. It will be understood also that the invention is also applicable to ships at sea, but as the employment of my new antenna in such connection is obvious it is thought that illustration is unnecessary. I claim: [Claims not included here] --- ---