Prof Rene-Louis Vallee -- Synergetic Generator ![](0logo.gif) [rexresearch.com](../index.htm) --- Prof. Rene-Louis Vallee Synergetic Generator --- --- [ Replication of Vallee's generator by an eminent astrophysicist : 4x OU ... ] http://franckvallee.free.fr/localhost/plain/content/download/137/535/file/Science%20&%20vie.PDF Science et Vie [ [PDF](scivie.pdf) ] Qui Osera Refuter la Synergetique ? by Renaude de la Taille ![](scivie1.jpg) ![](scivie2.jpg) --- [Replication by Spanish R&D group Econuclear](econuclear.htm) --- http://www.onnouscachetout.com/forum/topic/7684-synergetique-production-denergie-libre/ ... Je m'etais mis de cote l'idee de realiser une reproduction de l'experience apres les tentatives que je faisais a l'epoque pour travailler sur le MEG. Aussi j'ai bricole un dispositif, avec un baton de carbone recupere dans une pile baton (une grosse) et du fil de cuivre a bobiner. Voici mon montage provisoire: ![](figx.jpg) --- Kudos to http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/ "Acknowledgement : I am grateful to Franck Vallee for his helpful documentation and advice in this field of research." Video : ( 2.9 MB ) The Vallee Synergetic Generator ![](vsgv41s.jpg) THE VSG experiment This experiment is fully based on the Prof Rene-Louis Vallee Synergetic theory (1). The purpose of this experiment is to find a simple and reproducible device which is able to produce the nuclear reaction claimed by the Prof R.L. Vallee. The main material used in this device is a pure carbon rod. Here, the carbon is not consummed by the reaction, it acts as a pump Vs the Vacuum EM energy. So, according to the Prof R.L. Vallee theory, the required condition to get the Synergetic effect is : 1. To align the fields of the electrons and the nucleus of the carbon atoms by the use of a colinear E-Field and B-Field, 2. the energy of external photons (g) is used to absorb the kinetic energy of the electrons, 3. so, the stopped electrons can be attracted by the carbon nucleus, 4. a nuclear reaction begins: the Carbon is transmutted into radioactive Boron (which has a radioactive decay of 20ms) 5. then, the vacuum energy is tapped by the nucleus and the Boron is transmuted back to Carbon while a strong pulse of 13 Mev is sent (see the reaction below) . ![](formule.gif) ![](protelf_anm.gif) This process is the called "Capture PROTELF " 3 ( PROTon - ELectron Fusion) process by the Prof R.L. Vallee. A such process is able to produce up to 2.988 GW of Free Energy per gram of Carbon used, while the carbon is not consumed... ![](vallegenr.gif) Reference Documents : L'Energie Electromagnetique materielle et gravitationnelle, les bases de la theorie Synergetique par Rene-Louis Vallee The Electromagnetic energy, material and gravitational by Rene-Louis Vallee http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/synergetics.pdf [ [PDF Here -- 3.5 MB](valleebook.pdf) ] La Theorie Synergetique par Rene-Louis Vallee http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/theorie/index.htm Les bases de la mecanique Synergetique par Rene-Louis Vallee http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/theorie/meca.htm [ [PDF Here](meca.pdf) ] La Synergie des noyaux et la radioactivite par Rene-Louis Vallee http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/theorie/noyau.htm [ [PDF Here](noyau.pdf) ] Synergetique N deg11, edite par la SEPED Capture PROTELF - Schema de principe par Franck Vallee http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/protelf.htm La releve de l'Energie - La Synergetique, edite par la SEPED Le Vide producteur d'energie - Captation de l'energie diffuse http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/nrjduvide.htm Les certitudes du modele "Synergetique" et le principe d'incertitude de "Heisenberg" http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/certitudes.htm La gravitation et la radioactivite, actions de milieux sur la matiere. http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/neutrino.htm Rappel de quelques notions elementaires de physique nucleaire http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/physics.htm La theorie Synergetique : Une solution a la crise de l'energie http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/synergetique.htm The Synergetic theory: A solution to the energy crisis http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/synergetic.htm The Vallee Synergetic Generator (VSG) project LogBook : The Electromagnetic energy, material and gravitational by Rene-Louis Vallee http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/synergetics.pdf [ PDF Here ] La Synergie des noyaux et la radioactivite par Rene-Louis Vallee http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/theorie/index.htm La Theorie Synergetique par Rene-Louis Vallee http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/theorie/index.htm Les bases de la mecanique Synergetique par Rene-Louis Vallee http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/theorie/meca.htm Full tests of the VSG v3.5 with a VIDEO DEMONSTRATION ( Energy factor 2.66 ) http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/vsg35.htm The Synergetic theory: A solution to the energy crisis http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/synergetic.htm La theorie Synergetique : Une solution a la crise de l'energie http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/synergetique.htm Rappel de quelques notions elementaires de physique nucleaire http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/physics.htm La gravitation et la radioactivite, actions des milieux sur la matiere. http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/neutrino.htm Sucessfull High Power tests run with the VSG v4.1 ( Energy factor 3.46 ) http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/vsg41.htm Les certitudes du modele "Synergetique" et le principe d'incertitude de "Heisenberg" http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/certitudes.htm Le Vide producteur d'energie - Captation de l'energie diffuse http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/nrjduvide.htm Sucessfull tests run with the new VSG v3.1 ( Energy factor 2.53 ) http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/vsg31.htm Full detailed explanations about the PROTELF working process http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/protelf.htm Use of the full discharge energy of the capacitor, test with a 1 ohm shunt on the CT output http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/vsg21.htm Problem with the discharge area, the plastic tube of the coil has melted http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/vsg20b.htm The first VSG tests with a solid state High Power MosFET switcher ( Energy factor 2.08 ) http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/vsg20.htm Preliminary tests of the VSG with a mechanical switch http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/vsg10.htm VSG v2.0 ( 6 Feb 2005 ) As I have said previously, the main material used is pure carbon, so, I have used a pure carbon 6 mm diameter rod (see the analysis certificate below). To get a free **g** rays source to initiate the main reaction, I have used a Thoriated Tungsten rod (6mm diameter) with 2.20% of ThO**2**. A radiations counter is able to measure 0.46 uSv/h while the ambiant level is 0.10 uSv/h. A such electrode (WT20) is commonly used for TIG and Plasma welding and I have alredy used it previously in the *High Temperature Plasma Electrolysis* experiment As, the Prof R.L. Vallee said, one of the most important thing is to get the Carbon in gaseous phase, this can be simply obtained by the use of thin spark gap between the Th loaded tungsten rod (used as the cathod) and the carbon rod (used as the anode). So, when the strong discharge current pulse is sent between them, some carbon is vaporised in the B-Field area while some **g** rays are emitted by the ThO**2**. All the required conditions to get the Vallee' Synergetic effect are gathered... he Carbon and the Th-Loaded Tungsten rod assembly is inserted in the axis of a cylindrical coil. The current pulse is measured by a current transformer (400:1) loaded with a 881 ohms resistor. The nuclear reaction (if there is one...) is monitored with a radiations counter. I have used a Gamma-Scout(r) handheld radiations detector.The Gamma-Scout(r) reliably measures alpha, beta, gamma and X-radiations, it is the latest development in handheld Geiger counters, designed specifically for homeland security. Tests protocol : 1. The two 80000 uF capacitors are fully charged at 37 V. 2. The function generator sends a squared pulse to the High Power MosFET switching circuit. The capacitors are discharged through the 0.051 ohm resistor and the VSG unit. 3. The strong pulse of current is trapped with a current transformer loaded with a 881 ohms resistor. The voltage accros the resistor is measured with a Shielded Test Lead STL 120 ( 1:1, 1 Mohms/225 pF ) and recorded in real time by the digital oscilloscope Fluke 123 4. The radiations counter is checked for some eventual nuclear reactions. Two tests have been performed, the first (blank) test has been conducted without the B-Field, the second test has been conducted in presence of a colinear B-Field produced by the long coil placed around the rods. The B-Field produced by the coil is continuous. Below, you may see the recorded voltage accross the Rload resistor with and without the B-Field. In these scope diagrams, you may notice that the current pulse is stronger when the colinear B-Field is activated (red curve). During these VSG tests the radiations counter has shown a net increase of the radiations level when the colinear B-Field is used. It is interesting to notice that the measured radiations remain at least 10 seconds after that the short current pulse has been sent. This increase of the radiation level when the conditions are gathered shows that a nuclear reaction seems to occured. Comments about the radiations level : It is important to notice that the higher level of the radiation measured (0.26 uSv/h) here in this VSG experiment is located in a common ambiant radiations level range. So, the radiations level measured in this experiment is safe for your health. For exemple, when you fly in an intercontinental jet liner which flies at about 15000 meters, the radiation level is about 5 uSv/h, this is 1.3 time more than in this VSG experiment... Comments : These tests of the VSG v2.0 are very interesting and need to be developped deeply. If the effects measured during these tests are not a simple measurement artifact, they can be directly related to the Prof R.L. Vallee Synergetic theory and thus, this can be a real breakthrough and opens a new path in free and clean energy production. After more than 20 test runs with the VSG v2.0, I have noticed that the measured signal becomes more irregular than during the first serie of tests. I have tried to change the RLoad value to a 21.5 ohms ceramic resistor, whithout success, the signal was still chaotic. The efficiency has decreased to about 120%. ( see the results below ) After some investigations to find an explanation of this problem, I have found that the tip of the tungsten rod which was in contact with the carbon rod was entirely covered with a thin carbon powder. The presence of thin particles of carbon on the tip of the Thoriated Tungsten rod confirms that some carbon has been vaporized by the discharge process during the lot of test runs. Now, I need to clean up the tungsten and the carbon rod and also the reaction chamber inside the coil... After a lot of test runs, I have encountered the first problem with the VSG, the carbon rod has melted the plastic tube of the coil and the sparks have vaporized some carbon powder on the tip of the tungsten rod, this has damaged the contact area between the carbon rod and the Th-load tungsten rod ( 8 Feb 2005 ). So, after that I have cleaned the tungsten cathod and placed a new carbon rod, the VSG is now ready for new tests runs. The purpose of these new tests is -- to use the full energy of the capacitor so as to get a max useable energy at its output. In the previous experiment, I have used only a very short discharge pulse (166 us). Now, in this case the function generator has been set so as to get a full discharge of the capacitor ... to measure the real current which flows in the carbon rod with a more accurate method ... For a better accuracy of the measurements with the current transformer, I have decided to use a low resistance shunt (1 ohm) placed across the CT output instead of the 881 ohms RLoad. This will reduce strongly the influence of the magnetisation current which flows inside the Current Transformer (CT) when a high impedance load is used on its output. The Current Transformer (CT) used in this test is a 400:1 (15 KVA). To measure the resistance of the Carbon rod more accurately, I have used the 4 wires method by measuring the current and the voltage with two digital multimeters. You may notice that the major gain in energy (10 J) is obtained during the first 5 ms of the discharge process, this can be explained by the existence of a working point of the VSG. A proper E-Field and B-Field level must be found so as to get the best energy efficiency. ![](vsgv21result.gif) VSG v3.1 ( 13 Feb 2005 ) This new version of VSG seems to give a good energy efficiency, may be that this is due a stronger E-Field (1214 V/m) and a stronger B-Field (48 gauss) than in the previous design v2.0. I shall soon try with a bigger carbon rod and a bigger solenoid coil to get more nuclear interactions in the reactor. VSG v3.5 This version v3.5 of the VSG use a 6 mm diameter and 60 mm length pure carbon rod and a 6 mm diamter Thoriated Tungsten rod (loaded with 2.20% of ThO**2**). A such electrode ( WT 20 ) is commonly used for TIG and Plasma welding and I have alredy used it previously in the *High Temperature Plasma Electrolysis* experiment. A solenoid coil is tightly wound around the carbon rod, this coil produces a colinear and continuous (DC) magnetic field inside the carbone rod, its purpose is to align the spins of the carbon atoms with the main electric field. The measured B-Field with a Gaussmeter is about 135 gauss. To get a true Synergetic effect, the required nuclear reaction is : ![](formule.gif) If few carbon atoms are able to interact in this nuclear process (1st reaction), a superimposed current is produced by the **b** radiations during the reconstitution of carbon from boron 12 (2nd reaction) while a large amount of vacuum energy is tapped. To measure the additional current flow in the carbon, the apparatus is placed in the main axis of a large toroid coil used as the secundary of the VSG transformer while the carbon rod acts as its primary. Two 80 000 uF capacitors are connected in parallel and charged at 37 Volts, then, these two capacitors are discharged through the carbon rod with a High Power MosFet electronic switching unit. During the discharge sequence The current flow in the carbon rod during the discharge sequence is measured with a toroid transformer (1143:1) loaded with a 881 ohms resistor (Rload). All the datas are recorded in real time with the digital oscilloscope Fluke 123.. The resistance of the carbon rod have been measured with the 4 wires method. Test one : The solenoid coil is not powered (B-Field = 0), the capacitors are discharged through the carbon rod. The voltage is recorded with the digital scope, then the datas are stored in a computer for calculations. Test two : The solenoid coil is switched on (B-Field = 135 gauss) few second before the firing sequence. The capacitors are discharged through the carbon rod. The voltage is recorded again with the digital scope, then the datas are compared to the previous one. Expected results : If a significant change in the measured voltage between the '*test one*' and the '*test two*' can be detected, this can be only explained by the presence of an additional current flow in the carbon produced by the **b** radiations. In the case of carbon, with a coefficient of effectiveness of 10**-5** (1 atom out of 100.000 entering into reaction) and a total output of 20%, the reconstitution of carbon from boron 12 would provide 8 kw per gram of carbon used. When the continuous and colinear B-Field is active, the current flow in the carbon rod increases significantly. VSG v4.1 ( 20 Feb 2005 ) This new version of the VSG uses a bigger torus transformer as a Current Transformer (CT). It has a bigger turn ratio (1143:1) and will be able to handle more current flow in the carbon. The inner diameter of the torus is also bigger, so, in this V4.1, I have used a 11 mm diameter and 120 mm length pure carbon rod with a solenoid coil wound around it. The VSG v4.1 gives a very good energy efficiency ( Energy factor With/Without B-Field = 3.46 ), this is due to a stronger E-Field (2030 V/m) and a stronger B-Field (60 gauss) than in the previous design v3.1. As you may see above, the power factor is also very high... --- http://www.overunity.com/index.php?topic=1310.0 Single Circuits Generate Nuclear Reactions Tesla\_2006 \* Newbie Single circuits generate nuclear reactions August 01, 2006 Hello, there are many single electric and electronic circuits can generate controlled nuclear reactions, totally ecology and of low costs, I've tested 3 circuits with full results 1) Discharging a condenser in a carbon rod When a condenser is discharged in a carbon rod acelerated electrons hit the carbon atoms in a fusion reaction creating Boron in the following reaction C + e = B For this process is needed a fews Kilo-electronvolts (Kev) of energy powered for the condenser bank But that Boron atom is a inestable isotop and desintegrates in the original Carbon atom in a reversible reaction B = C + e This reaction liberates about 13 Mev, and liberates the same electron used for the first reaction but with more energy in a way of beta radiation. Other detail is than for each 100000 atoms is bombarded for this electrons discharge of Carbon only one go in this nuclear reaction, this is know in physics as the coefficient of effectiveness. For a initial volume of carbon rod there is a minimal energy for start this process calculated determinated for the condenser bank and can get that from a single battery, when this nuclear process begin, electrons in form of beta radiation can be collected for a toroidal coil arround of the carbon rod, that toroid must be in the principle polarized with a little current for align the magnetic dipoles in the carbon rod for help the process. My results was get in the external toroid about 6 KW in my firsts tests and then autopowereds devices at 110 VAC, 60 Hz and 220 VAC, 50 Hz , and I've published some results in a web site, but in spanish http://econuclear.tk This single nuclear circuit may be the used for Nikola Tesla in 1931 for power his electric car, because he use a little circuit keep in the radio box and have 2 carbon rods labeled "Here is the power". 2) A magnetic version of the before mentioned discharge device I build using the know nuclear magnetic resonance phenomena, all atoms have a nuclear precesion known as the Larmor precesion frequency, his value for a magnetic field of 0,5 Teslas is about 21 MHz, this suggest than if we create a magnetic circuit tuned to this frequency by the quantum relation E = h \* f , the nucleons proton-neutron area break and there is a nuclear desintegration and energy liberation. I test a common iron rod and place 3 coils, one for the polarization field of 0,5 Teslas, another for generate the resonance at 21 MHz and a third for get de power, in my firsts tests I get about 10 KW with the starting polarization and oscillator using less than 100 watts, and autopowered devices to 220 VAC, 50 Hz and 110 VAC, 60 Hz, I see the frequency output is the tuning difference between the resonance Larmor frequency and the external oscillator, thats say if the nuclear resonance is in 21 MHz and the oscillator was at 21,001 MHz the output power frequency is in 1 KHz , I see in this magnetic circuit there is a desintegration of the Fe atom in a isotope for a delay of time for reciver his initial state. This method is used in medicine but not used for energy generation and too many more single than the here shown system use Uranium , this is an ecologyc device and low cost in comparation to that, I wait upload this to the before web site I mentioned. 3) Discharge in gases, I've build a gas version of the carbon rod discharge version for proof an aditional phenomena only known in gases discharge, I use a common fluorescent lamp of 8 watts, a battery generator of high voltage with voltage doubler, a condenser discharge into the tube when his voltage exceed the breakdown avalanche state. I can get from the battery about 2 watts but the tube light at full power, thats say 4 times the power of the source Russians work with the SGD ( Self generating discharge ) in gases for nuclear reactions of the accelerated electrons with the gas atoms Very single circuit , an oscillator a doubler with a discharge condenser All this circuits shown there is single electric and electronics circuits, of very low costs get nuclear reactions such as in the nature there is spontaneous nuclear reactions in lighting discharges, carbono 14,etc,..... Any question to this email I can answer gigawattgratis@123mail.cl Speedy23 \* Newbie Re: Single circuits generate nuclear reactions October 13, 2006 Seems very similar to the Vallee synergetic generator duplicated by JLNaudin Kator01 \* Hero Member October 14, 2006 I know this one. No, the valle-stuff is something total different. Koen1 \* Hero Member April 09, 2008 Well then please explain what is so totally different about it? It does seem remarkably similar to the Valle synergetic process as described on Jean Naudins website... untill I hear what is supposed to be so totally different about it, I'm going to assume it is the same thing. After all, they are both tallking about pumping several KeV into a Carbon rod, having something happen, and getting several MeV out of the rod again. And they are also both talking about the C turning into a B isotope, which decays back into C again while releasing excess energy. Sounds crazy, but also very similar. exnihiloest \* Full Member Right. In this paper (in french): http://franckvallee.free.fr/localhost/plain/content/download/137/535/file/Science%20&%20vie.PDF it is said page 3: "with an efficiency of 10-5 (reaction of 1 atom on 100,000) and a global performance of 20% the replenishment of 12C from 12B disintegration gives 8 KW per gram". A similar setup to this from Tesla\_2006 is showed page 4. It is said that OU appears only when the current in the coil around the carbon rod, provided through the "rh?ostat", is above a certain threshold. Then the output current is 4 times that given by the capacitor discharge. Tesla\_2006's setup seems to be a plagiarism. Feynman \* Moderator \* Hero Member May 01, 2008 You have duplicated this? What voltage and current did you use for the pulse into the carbon rod? Did you use mechanical switching or MOSFET/IBGT? Does the rod need to be a specific type of carbon? As for the collector, this is simply the torroid with a small current bias? Also, what do you mean "with and without the B-field"? Is this referring to the current bias on the torroid, provided by a small battery? UncleFester \* Jr. Member May 01, 2008 I used 30 VDC power supply and ran it into some 40,000uF caps (2) and used a mosfet switcher, gate driven by TC4420 gate driver. You gotta watch the energy levels though. I started raising the voltage and got some scary large output on the torroid. It became clear that in order to run continuously I would need a very large gauge winding on the toroid in order to handle the pulses. The first setup was a small 1/8" tungsten rod (Thoriated) and a 1/4" carbon rod. I moved up to 3/8" Tungsten rod and 1/2" carbon rod and that's when things got really fun. Geiger counter started to really tick at that point. I shielded everything with aluminum after that just to be safe. Thin aluminum appears to stop the B-radiation easily. Answers: 1.Yes, Mosfet switcher 2. I got my carbon here: http://www.tedpella.com/carbon\_html/carbon1.htm 3. Torroid was setup just like JLN's with current shunt and separate meter to read peak pulse current and voltage 4. B-field is the field that aligns the molecules in the carbon rod, this increases the effect tens, hundreds, or even thousands of times over no B-field. The B-field is simply a coil wound around the carbon rod and a straight DC current run through it during the firing of the spark gap (Tungsten to Carbon gap). Please read and re-read the JLN experiements on the VSG system. It explains much better than I and has very good images of everything. I will send you a photo of my setup if you like, it's too big to post here. http://jlnlabs.online.fr/vsg/index.htm This is the most promising technology I have seen in more than 15 years of OU research/experiments! This paired with a high voltage pulse motor should be able to power any vehicle or home. My next step is to add multiple VSG's and get a large generator working on a pulse motor. Feynman \* Moderator May 01, 2008 Okay thanks, I actually went and read JLN's stuff and it makes a lot more sense now. From what I can tell however, he did not achieve COP>1, although that would seem to be rather trivial considering the large amounts of power available. As for self-powering, I am curious why you are going the pulse motor route? Wouldn't it be possible to switch the current output of the collector toroid back into a capacitor bank (say, via IBGT), for a fully solid-state method of power storage/conversion? UncleFester \* Jr. Member May 02, 2008 Minimum of two times output versus input. That also takes into account time period (current), voltage and total capacitor input VS time. I'm sure there are others working on it quietly, it's too damn good to pass up if used with a HV pulse motor I.E. Gray. The amazing fact is that the reaction becomes a compounding equation based on how much voltage potential is used in the test. Anything above 100 volts or so and you end up with Kiloamperes and at least three times output versus input. Can you imagine what a Gray circuit would do under the same circumstances? You are looking at 10uF charged to 3KV and you might have problems containing that much beta radiation, and the output I can guarantee would be in the 100's of kilowatts output for single digit kilowatt input. Remember that Gray's system (which I've also built) was NOT this high of an energy gain. The engine would run the equivalent of 500 miles before the batteries needed to be recharged (granted it was only 4-60AH batteries), so it was NOT overunity. The big difference here is that Gray was seeing the same effect as the VSG, but only tenths of a percent of the energy gain because he was not using the B-field on his carbon rod, and thus with this massive energy gain of the VSG we should have a 100HP high voltage pulse motor that recycles charge just like Gray's system BUT with a massive lower voltage pulse in the hundreds of amperes back the batteries as a side effect. In this case you can clearly see you have have a car that should a minimum have a range of 1000's of miles possible 5000 or more miles before the small bank needed to be recharged. Furthermore the power supply for this system is simplified to only require a IGBT, or other high current device to discharge the capacitor bank, but at much lower voltages. I have 1200V @ 200 Ampere IGBT's here just for that purpose. The only problem I can see so far is that the carbon and or tungsten rods would need to be resurfaced so that the glazing that happens does not eventually ruin the conduction across them. You would also need to switch banks back and forth just like the Gray system in order to avoid problems with the sensitive switching devices and it would need a decent amount of shielding for the beta radiation (gamma and alpha is not a problem in this design). And yes, the whole system could run on capacitors but they would need to be huge and made for high current pulse applications. Not sure if a bank of super caps could be wired in series and handle the abuse this system would dish out or not. Koen1 \* Hero Member May 02, 2008 @UncleFester: Naudins experiments show that the version he tested went slightly unstable when the tungsten electrode got covered in carbon dust from the hV spark discharges... He then needed to remove the electrode and clean it, and then it worked nice and smooth again. Naudin also mentions that free "gaseous" carbon atoms must be available for the Protelf process to work efficiently. What are your experiences with carbon dust coating the cathode and hindering spark discharges? And did you use the spark gap method shown by Naudin, or did you use some other method? I ask because I wonder if it also works if we do away with the spark gap and pump a hV pulse directly throught the carbon rod. Feynman \* Moderator May 02, 2008 You need the spark gap to get the carbon into a gaseous phase. It is a precondition for the reaction. One solution may be to place the rods parallel so that the spark gap is spread on a larger area on the carbon surface. UncleFester \* Jr. Member May 02, 2008 Yes, this is a problem with this particular reaction between these particular elements, but look at the other elements that are hundreds of times more powerful than this reaction, in fact the reaction between carbon is the LOWEST energy potential of all the reactions at only 8KW/g. For instance lithium with an energy potential of 1,910,000 GW/g is insanely huge and should not suffer the same issues as the carbon. Also Nitrogen, Helium and Oxygen are listed as high energy potential as well. If this could be figured out in terms of the B-field alignment of these gases then it is solved and not just solved, but at hundreds of times the energy gain of the original carbon reaction! Yes, the carbon rod being constantly vaporized is a problem. Simple mechanical automated means could be used to quickly clean the spark gap materials but a gas or liquid might be easier to deal with in the long run. I only ran a dozen one-shot runs like JLN did, so I only saw a minimal amount of reduction during those runs, but pulsing a thousand times per second or more would require some sort of cleaning system for carbon. [ &c... ] ---